MODELING AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

(OFDM) SCHEME FOR RADIO OVER FIBER SYSTEM

WONG YOON KHANG

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment o f the

requirements for the award o f the degree of

Master o f Engineering (Electrical - Electronics and Telecommunications)

Faculty o f Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

MAY 2011

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First o f all, Alhamdulillah, praise to ALLAH SWT whom we seek help and

guidance to face all this difficult times and under His most gracious and most

merciful we exist and without His help this project could have not been completed

and accomplished.

I would like to express my gratitude goes to my honorable Assoc. Prof. Dr

Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus, my supervisor for her guidance, support and encouragement

throughout my study. Thank you for her advice, understanding and concern even

though being a part time student in Kuala Lumpur while she is in Skudai sometimes

limit my communication with her throughout this project. I am also thank you to my

colleagues for providing an enjoyable study environment at UTM. Furthermore, I

would like to express sincere appreciation with deeply for all my panels for their

suggestion, critics and guidance o f my thesis.

I would also like to thank Encik Nuzli Mohamad Anas from MIMOS for his

ideas and helpful hands in completing this project. My gratitude also extended for

having the chance to use the optical simulation tool at the Photonic Simulation

Laboratory, Photonic Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).

Finally, I would never have been able to make accomplishment without

support and patience from my beloved parents, my brothers, my lovely Siti Hajar and

her family. Their words o f encouragement never failed to keep me going even

through the hardest o f times and it is here that I express my sincere gratitude to them.

I am indebted to my parents, Wong Thean Chiew and Yong Peak Joong for their pray

and continuous support throughout my journey o f education. My sincere appreciation

goes to my UTM postgraduate friends for their encouragements and their assistance

in helping me managing my time between study and work. Special thanks to my

superior and work colleagues who have always been caring on my study progress.

lA it but not least, I thank my good friend for his valuable friendship. From the

deepest o f my heart, thank you very much.

V

ABSTRACT

The demand for broadband services has driven a number of applications such

as, mobile and satellite communications, wireless local area networks (WLANs),

wireless local loop and mobile broadband service, etc. However, for wireless

communication links, gigabit per second data transmission is required to keep up with

the remarkable speed up and huge bandwidth criteria. One o f the solutions to

overcome this requirement is by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM) technique to distribute the data over a large number of carriers that are

spaced apart at precise frequencies with overlapping bands. Hence by incorporating

OFDM along with the optical fiber, the ROF system can be used for both short

distance as well as long-haul transmission at very high data rate. In such ROF

systems using, broadband microwave data signals are modulated onto an optical

carrier at a central station, and then transported to remote sites or base station using

optical fiber. The use o f FFT for OFDM modulation provides orthogonality to the

subcarriers, which prevents the demodulators from seeing frequencies other than their

own. Radio over fiber (ROF) is a hybrid system that having both a fiber optic link

and free-space radio path that applies the concept when radio signals are transmitted

over optical fiber from central station (CS) to several remote base stations (BS).

Radio over Fiber (ROF) is consider as integration of optical fiber for radio signal

transmission within network infrastructures that is considered to be cost-effective,

practical and relatively flexible system configuration for long-haul transport of

millimetric frequency band wireless signals. This improves the system flexibility and

provides a very large coverage area without increasing t he cost and complexity o f the

system very much. The project is about to simulate OFDM Radio Over Fiber using

Optisystem and Matlab. This particular system was utilized to cam data rates

lOGbps and the modulation type for OFDM is 16QAM 4 bit per symbol enough for

the study purpose. The finding of this project is the OFDM-ROF is suite with 4G

application along with increasing users every year whole the world. The conclusion is

the simulation o f OFDM-ROF was success developed throughout objective.

ABSTRAK

Permintaan yang semakin tinggi dalam perkhidmatan jalur lebar telah

membuka ruang dalam banyak aplikasi, termasuk komunikasi bergerak dan satelit,

WLANs, dan layanan pita lebar bergerak lainnya. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam

komunikasi tanpa wayar, penghantaran maklumat dalam giga bit sesaat diperlukan

untuk memastikan kelajuan pantas dan kriteria bandwith besar. Antara jalan

penyelesaian untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut ialah menggunakan teknik modulasi

OFDM mendistnhusikan data melalui banyak pembawa yang dipisahkan dengan

frekuensi yang akurat dengan pita yang saling berdekatan. kerana itu

menggabungkan OFDM dengan serat optik, sistem RoF dapat digunakan untuk

transmisi jarak dekat maupun jauh dengan kelajuan data yang tinggi. Dalam

penggunaan sistem RoF, gelombang mikro pita lebar sinyal data dimodulasikan pada

pembawa optikal di pern an car utama dan kemudian dikirimkan ke tempat yang

beijauhan atau ke pangkalan pemancar lainnya dengan menggunakan serat optik.

Penggunaan FFT pada modulasi memberikan orthogonality untuk setiap pembawa,

yang dapat menghindarkan demodulator dalam membaca frekuensi yang bukan

miliknya. Radio over Fiber (RoF) adalah suatu sistem hibrida yang mempunyai dua

jalur transmisi, serat optik dan jalur bebas radio di mana menggunakan konsep di

mana frekuensi radio dihantar melalui laluan opt'k dari stesen pusat ke stesen asas.

Isyarat radio menggunakan gentian dianggap sebagai penggabungan gentian optik

untuk penghantaran isyarat radio dalam rangkaian infrastruktur yang

mempertimbangkan kos-efektif’ praktikal dan sistem konfigurasi fleksibel secara

relatif untuk penghantaran jarak jauh isyarat jalur frekuensi tanpa wayar. Ini

meningkatkan kemudahan suai dan menyediakan cakupan wilayah yang lebih besar

tanpa menyebabkan kenaikan dalam biaya dan kesukaran pada sistem. Projek ini

berkisar dengan simulasi OFDM isyarat radio dalam gentian menggunakan perisian

Optisystem dan Matlab. Sistem ini khas dibuat untuk dapat membawa data 10 Gbps

dan jenis modulasi untuk OFDM ialah 16QAM 4 bit untuk setiap symbol cukup

untuk tujuan uji kaji sahaja. Projek ini menemukan penggunaan OFDM isyarat radio

dalam gentian ini sangat sesuai digunakan bagi pembangunan sistem 4G dengan

pertambahan pengguna setiap tahun di seluruh dunia. Kesimpulannya, simulasi ini

beijaya dibangunkan mengikut objektif projek.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION jj

DEDICATION Hi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS * ii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv

LIST OF SYMBOLS ivii

1 INTRODUCTION I

1 -1 Project Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Objectives 4

1.4 Scopes of Work 5

1.5 Methodology 5

1.6 Thesis Outline 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 What is RoF? 9

2.2.1 Overview 9

2.2.2 The Radio Over Fiber Technology 12

2.3 Radio over Fiber System 14

2.4 Radio over Fiber Concept 15

viii

2.5 Advantages o f Using ROF in Mobile 16

Communication Networks

2.6 Architectures of ROF Networks 18

2.7 Radio System Functionalities 20

2.8 Summary 20

3 OFDM FOR RADIO OVER COMMUNICATIONS 21

3.1 Introduction 21

3.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 21

3.3 Advantages of OFDM 24

3.4 Disadvantages o f OFDM 25

3.5 ROF Using OFDM 25

3.6 Parameter o f OFDM 28

3.7 Basic Principles of OFDM 30

3.7.1 Fast Fourier T ransform 30

3.7.2 Guard interval and its implementation 31

3.7.3 Synchronization in OFDM Systems 32

3.7.4 Multicarrier transmission 33

3.8 Basic Multicarrier Transmission Technologies 37

3.9 Characteristics o f OFDM (Technical) 37

3.10 The Multicarrier Transmission Properties 38

of OFDM Allow Higher Efficiency

3.11 OFDM System for Radio over Fiber 38

IX

THE OFDM ROF SYSTEM MODEL 41

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Basic System Model

A) Optisystem

4.3 The RoF Transmitter Model Section.

4.4 The KoF Transmission Link Model Section

4.5 The RoF Receiver Model Section

4.6 Conclusion of Optisystem

B) MATLAB

4.7 Generation of a m. file

4.8 Conclusion of Matlab Coding

41

42

43

43

46

47

48

49

49

53

SIMULATION RESULT AND PERFORMANCE

ANALYSIS DISCUSSION

54

5.1 Introduction 54

A) Optisystem simulation result and discussion 55

5.2 Optisystem Baseband Modulated Simulation Results 55

5.3 Optisystem Optically Modulated Simulation Results 58

5.3.1 Design Performance in Terms o f Optical Fiber

Length

59

5.4 Optisystem Receiver Simulation Results 60

5.4.1 Constellation diagram 62

B) Matlab simulation result and discussion 63

5.5 Matlab Baseband Modulated Simulation Result 64

5.6 Matlab Optically Modulated and AWGN Simulation

Results

66

5.7 Matlab Receiver Simulation Results 67

5.8 Comparison BER Simulation 69

4

5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusions

6.2 Future Recommendations

REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Parameter of common based OFDM system 29 (IEEE 802.11a)

4.1 Global Parameter Setup 44

4.2 Component's Values of transmission link 47

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGITRFS NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Radio Over Fiber Concept 2

1.2 Project Flow Chart 6

2.1 Typical layout o f a bidirectional analog optical 11

link using direct modulation o f laser diodes

2.2 Radios over Fiber model 13

2.3 Optically fed remote antenna network 16

for microcellular ROF systems

2.4 Transport schemes for Fiber/Wireless systems 18

2.5 IF to RF up-conversion at the base stations 19

3.1 (a) OFDM symbol with three orthogonal sub-carriers 23

in one. (b) OFDM symbol with spectra o f three sub-carriers

3.2 Block Diagram IFFT/FFT 31

3.3 Guard Interval 32

3.4 A block diagram of an OFDM transmitter 34

3.5 Block diagram for multicarrier transmission (1) 36

3.6 Block diagram for multicamer transmission (2) 36

3.7 OFDM model for Radio over Fiber Network 40

4.1 Basic OFDM - RoF network system 43

4.2 OFDM Transmitter Design 44

4.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 45

xiii

FIGURES NO. TITLE PAGE

4.4 OFDM Optical Link Design 46

4.5 OFDM Receiver Design 48

4.6 OFDM - RoF MoDem 48

5.1 Random binary at Binary Visualizer 55

5.2 Constellation diagram at M-ary Pulse Generator 56

5.3 Optical spectrum of Baseband Modulation 56

5.4 Measure Total Power OFDM Optical Signal 57

5.5 Transmitter OFDM-ROF signal 57

5.6 OFDM signal after pass through optical fiber 59

5.7 Measure Total Power OFDM Optical Signal Before and After 59

Amplification at optical link

5.8 Measure Signal Power detected against fiber length (IOkm) 59

5.9 Measure Signal Power detected against fiber length (50km) 60

5.10 Received signal from PIN photodetcctor 61

5.11 Received signal after amplified 62

5.12 Measure Total Power receive OFDM signal After 62

Amplification

5.13 Received signal constellation diagram 63

5.14 Signal Source Random binary data stream 645.15 Constellation diagram for the 16-QAM before filtering and 65

pass through the AWGN channel

FIGURES NO. TITLE PAGE

5.16

5.17

5.18

5.19

5.20

5.21

5.22

5.23

5.24

5.25

Eye diagrams for the in-phase and quadrature 65

transmitted signals before pass through the AWGN

channel

Optical OFDM signal after being injected through 66

optical fiber

Optical OFDM signal after being injected through 66

optical fiber with noise

Constellation diagram of 16 QAM in RX system 67

Eye diagrams for the in-phase and quadrature receive signal 68

when SNR is 50 dB

Eye diagrams for the in-phase and quadrature receive signal 68

when SNR is 70 dB

OFDM-ROF simulations between AWGN and Transmission 69

Length (Before: 10km)

OFDM-ROF simulations between AWGN and Transmission 70

Length (After: 10km)

OFDM-ROF simulations between AWGN and Transmission 70

Length (Before: 50km)

OFDM-ROF simulations between AWGN and Transmission 71

Length (After: 50km)

XV

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

WLANs - Wireless local area networks

ROF - Radio Over Fiber

CS - Central station

BS - Base stations

DAS - Distributed Antenna System

SMF - Single mode Fiber

MMF - Multimode fiber

SRS - Stimulated Raman Scattering

SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio

OCDMA - Optical code-division multiple-access

MLSE - Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimate

BER - Bit Error Rate

SC - Switching Centers

RAU - Remote antenna unit

OFDM - Optical Frequency Division Multiplexing

GIPOF - Graded Index Polymer Optical Fiber

IM-DD - Intensity modulated-direct detection

RAP - Radio access point

MBS - Mobile Broadband System

MVDS - Multipoint Video Distribution Services

B-ISDN - Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network

LOS - Line-of sight

RF - Radio Frequency

BB - Base Band

IF - Intermediate Frequency

MZM - Mach-Zehnder modulator

NRZ - Non retum-to-zero

PRBS - Pseudo Random Bit Sequence

RZ - Retum-to-zero

FP - Fabry Perot

DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

CW - Continuous-wave

1S1 - Inter-Symbol Interference

ICI - Inter-Carrier Interference

VDSL - Very high-speed Digital Subscriber Lines

QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

BPSK - Binary Phase Shift Keying

QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

DAB - Digital Audio Broadcasting

HDTV - High Definition Television

ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines

IFFT - Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

FFT - Fast Fourier Transformation

DSL - Digital subscriber loop

DFT - Discrete fourier transform s

IDFT - Inverse discrete Fourier transform

PSK - Phase-shift keying

1 - Inphase

Q - Quadrature

xvii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Xk - Data symbols

| aif - Channel gain

f - carrier spacing

Ttotal - Total symbol duration

1' - Symbol duration

Tg - Guard interval

B - Channel spacing (MHz)

k - FI7T size

N - Subcarriers

n2 - Clodding Rcfraclivc index

ni - Core Retractive index

Oc - Critical angle

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

For many years, mobile radio communications have been the main form of

communication technique to distribute RF signal for microcell or picocell radio base

station over analogue optical links. Radio over Fibre (ROF) has been developed since

20th century and has been used efficiently for the provision o f untethered access to

broadband wireless communications in a range o f applications including last mile

solutions, extension o f existing radio coverage and capacity, and backhaul. Future

generation of mobile communication system must be capable o f serving high quality

and broadband services even in highly dense populated area. The radio-over-fiber is

one o f the promising systems which can be used along the emerging wireless

technologies. Wireless networks based on ROF technologies have been proposed as a

promising cost-effective solution to meet ever increasing user bandwidth and

wireless demands. Such a technology is expected to play an important role in present

and future wireless network since it provides end user with wireless access to the

network while guarantee the increasing requirement for mobility.

Before ROF was introduced, physical installation has been constructed using

passive copper cable distribution networks. Electronics and passive system

components are concentrated at the base stations or repeater and the signal is

distributed via copper cable. This is idle to give indoor coverage for smaller

building. However, as the building grew larger, the usage o f long copper cable will

2

cause signal loss. As a result, fibre was introduced. A simple design illustration of

ROF concept is shown in the figure 1.1 below.

Figure 1.1 Radio Over Fiber Concept

Rof concept was introduced where radio signals are transmitted over optical

fiber from Central Station(CS) to several remote Base Stations(BS) and it’s

technology has emerged as a potential candidate for the transport of microwave,

cellular and wireless broadband signals for coverage extension, antenna remoting and

other high speed applications. One o f ROF applications is to be applied in Distributed

Antenna System (DAS). This basically will provide the uniform coverage area of

radio frequency (RF) services in a building to customer specification. A single mode

(SMF) or multimode (MMF) optical fiber is used as a transport mode between the

antenna and the base stations which offers minimal RF loss—which limits the

distribution loss. These fibers which maximize the transmission rate.

Mainstream optical fiber technology is digital. Telecommunication networks

use synchronous digital hierarchy transmission technology in their cores. Fiber-based

data networks such as fiber distributed data interface and gigabit Ethernet all use

digital transmission. Fiber transmission links to base stations in mobile

communications systems are digital. Digital optical fiber transmission links are

3

therefore ubiquitous in telecommunications and data communications, constituting a

high volume market worth billions o f dollars worldwide.

OFDM is a broadband multicarrier modulation method that offers superior

performance and benefits over older, more traditional single-carrier modulation

methods because it is a better fit with today 's high-speed data requirements and

operation in the UHF and microwave spectrum and also a promising candidate for

achieving high data rate transmission in mobile environment. The application o f

OFDM to high data rate mobile communication system is being investigated by many

researchers.

Hence by incorporating OFDM along with the optical fiber, the ROF system

can be used for both short distance as well as long-haul transmission at very high

data rate. This improves the system flexibility and provides a very large coverage

area without increasing the cost and complexity o f the system very much. Recently,

it has been proved that OFDM is better compared to the conventional single carrier

modulation for long haul optical transmission.

This thesis report will focus in investigating the modelling and analyze the

performance o f the OFDM scheme for radio-over-fiber system to utilized

applications for WLAN IEEE 802.11 b/g standard, Digital Video Broadcasting

(DVB) and Fiber-To-Home (FTH). The modelling work o f the proposed method will

involve in the use o f suitable commercial optical system simulator, Optisystem

8.0/9.0 for performance optimization.

1.2 Problem Statement

In wireless communication links, gigabit per second data transmission is

required to keep up with the remarkable speed up. The demands o f human society for

transmission bandwidths increase at a rapid speed. However, the limited spectrum

resources and finite transmission distance greatly restrain the development of

wireless communications. ROF is the next generation communication systems that

4

can utilize the high capacity of optical networks along with the mobility o f wireless

networks.

In optical communication nowadays, there is an urgent need to cater the

service requirements o f ultra-high speed and ultra-large capacity. By incorporating

OFDM along with ROF solution, the system can be used for both short distance as

well as long-haul transmission at very high data rate that enhance enhance the

network's radio coverage. Large-capacity RF signals as well as ultra-wide band

wireless access is achieved. This improves the system flexibility and provides

seamless coverage area without increasing the cost and complexity o f the system

very much. In the case o f further wireless communication system significant effort is

done to reduce the multipath fading and small base station matched to demands made

by the bigger number of mobile cells and high frequency applications.

The integration o f both techniques emerged the possibility o f cost-effective

and high data rate ubiquitous wireless networks. OFDM is seen as the modulation

technique for future broadband wireless communications because it provides

increased robustness against frequency selective fading and narrowband interference,

and is efficient in dealing with multipath delay spread.

1.3 Objectives

From the research, main cause of using ROF is to shift the system complexity

away from the remote base station antenna and toward centralized radio signal

processing installation. In a ROF link, laser light is modulated by a radio signal and

transported over an optical fiber medium. The laser modulation is analog since the

radio-frequency carrier signal is an analog signal.

The objectives o f this project are:

• To investigate the characteristics and performance o f the deployment of

OFDM scheme for wireless over fiber communication Link by modelling

5

and simulate the OFDM scheme for RoF using commercial software such

as Optisystem 7.0/8.0 and Matlab.

• To predict and calculate the optimum parameter for the OFDM scheme

using numerical simulation.

1.4 Scopes of Project

Fhe scope o f this research basically concentrates on 3 parts:

1. Design and analysis;

• Understanding the basic principle o f OFDM modulation technique and ROF

through literature study

• Review on the current progress o f the ROF system especially on the OFDM

of radio fiber.

2. System characterization;

• Modeling and simulation o f OFDM signals trough RoF network using

commercial software; Optisystem 7.0 from Optiwave and Matlab.

• Pre-exquisite method that only uses standard components o f optical

telecommunications.

• The OFDM system are modelled for application based on WLAN

IEEE802.I Ib/g standard (2.4 GHz).

3. Result Analysis

• System performance analysis and optimization

• The performance analysis parameters :

o Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

o Bit Error Rate (BER)

1.5 Methodology

This project is focus on the understanding o f the performance analysis

process in modelling the OFDM scheme in wireless over fiber communication link.

This is important before moving into a higher process including development and full

6

system integration process. The overall project flow is shown in the chart in figure

1.2 on the next page.

Start

Figure 1.2: Project Flow Chart

The methodology starts with a thorough literature review on current design of

ROF system and modulation techniques being used to generate OFDM signal of

modulated RF. This will be followed by theoretical analysis o f OFDM and ROF

system. Main thing to analyze here is the basic concept o f ROF system. OFDM

modulation technique and incorporating OFDM along with ROF.

This will be followed by the modeling and designing the system and analyze

characterization o f the system modelled. Simulation will be done using commercial

optical simulation software such as Optisystem and Matlab. The simulation result

will be analyze and compared with the theoretical and numerical analysis plus

previous work if any. Optimizing the system performance will involve the modeling

in order to produce an improvement performance o f simulation result.

7

OptiSystem is a comprehensive software design suite that enables users to

plan, test, and simulate optical links in the transmission layer o f modem optical

networks. It enables users to simulate and design next generation optical networks,

current optical networks, a SONET and SDH ring networks, amplifiers, receivers and

transmitters. The software is equipped with analysis tools such as eye diagrams,

BER, Q-Factor, signal chirp and constellation diagrams.

Among the software comprehensive features:

• Four-wave Mixing, SBS, Self-Phase Modulation and Cross-Phase

Modulation.

• Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and full bi-directional capabilities.

• MLSE (Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimate) and advanced component

using the Viterbi algorithm.

• A robust library o f multimode fiber models including parabolic-index and

measured-index profile.

• The most advanced optical amplifier design library available.

OptiSystem also allow professional design environment which can simulate

emerging passive optical networks (PON) technologies, such as the various optical

code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) techniques for OCDMA-PON

architectures. The robust simulation environment enables users to plan, test and

simulate optical links in the physical layer o f a variety o f PON.

Finally after all the simulation had been done and all the result derived,

compare the result with previous work and theoretical analysis. Then finished

writing also writes some publications.

1.6 Thesis Outline

This thesis report will consist o f six chapters with the details as shown below:

Chapter 1 is introductory part of this project which consists o f the project

background, problem statement, and objective, scope of work, followed by

8

methodology and thesis outline.

Chapter 2 gives an overview of the current ROF link, its architecture,

applications o f ROF technology and advantages plus the fundamental review on

some o f the optical transmission components. Previous works done by others to

model the optical transmission link for the same purpose will also be reviewed.

Chapter 3 deals with the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

which consists o f introduction, general principles and coded OFDM and also

discusses the advantages and disadvantages of OFDM. The mathematical modelling

o f SBS in optical fiber will also be presented in this chapter

The OFDM - ROF system design technique and Optisytem software are using

to model and implement the system will be elaborated in chapter 4. The principle of

operation of the method proposed, its features, modelling work and parameters used

are reviewed. In this chapter proposed OFDM with 16 QAM modulation systems for

radio over fiber networks are presented. Chapter 5 on the other hand will analyze the

simulation Fesults and comparison will be made with the theoretical analysis and

previous work. Optimizing the system performanre which involves the improvement

of the modeling is also being discussed here.

Finally chapter 6 gives the conclusion for the whole project whether the

objectives o f this project are met and if it is successful or not. Furthermore, it also

provides suggestion for future recommendation works for development and

modifications of the system presented in this project.

REFERENCES

[1] Ivan B. D jordjevic* and Bane Vasic, LDPC-coded OFDM in fiber-optics

com m unication systems, University o f Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, FEB 22,

2008

[2] C.-H.Yeh, C.-H.Chow, C.-H.W ang, F.-Y.Shih, Y.-F. Wu, S.Chi and Y.-L.Liu

‘Understanding Standard OFDM W iMax Signal Access in Radio over Fiber

System ’, Progress in Electrom agnectic Research C, Vol 10, 201-214, 2009

[3] Gurphh Sin& sind Arokiaswami Alphones, “OFDM M odulation Study for a

Radio-over-Fiber system for W ireless LAN(IEEE802.1 la ),” IEEE, Nanyang

Technological University, Singapore.

[4] Chun-Ting L in l, Yu-M in Lin, Jason (Jyehong) Chen, Sheng-Peng Dai, Po

Tsung Shih, Peng-Chun Peng, and Sien Chi,” Optical direct-detection OFDM

signal generation for radio-over-fiber link using frequency doubling scheme

w ith carrier suppression”, ©2008 Optical Society o f America.

[5] K. Kisiel, D. Sahota, G. Swaminathan, “Quadrature Amplitude M odulation :

A simulation study” , Simon Fraser University, Canada, November 29, 2005

[6] Razali Ngah. Optical Time Division Multiplexing For Optical

Communication System. W ireless Communication Centre, University

Teknologi M alaysia; 2008.

J. Lowery and J. Armstrong, “Orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing

for dispersion com pensation o f long-haul optical systems,” Opt. Express 14,

2079-2084 (2006).

75

[8] A rthur Jam es Lowery, Senior M ember, IEEE, Liang Bangyuan Du, and Jean

A rmstrong, Senior M ember, IEEE,” Performance o f Optical OFDM in

Ultralong-Haul W DM Lightwave Systems”, Journal o f Lightwave

Technology, Vol. 25, No. 1, Jan 2007.

[9] I. A. Kostko, M. E. M ousa Pasandi, M. M. Sisto, S. Larochelle, L. A. Rusch,

D. V. Plant,” A radio-over-fiber link for OFDM transmission without RF

am plification”, D epartm ent o f Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill

University, M ontreal and Centre d'optique, photonique et lasers (COPL),

Laval University, QC, Canada.

[10] Dr. M ary Ann Ingram, “Smart Antenna Research Laboratory,” Guillermo

Acosta, Aug 2000

[11] H. Yang, E. Tangdiongga and A.M.J. Koonen, “Simulations o f Modulator

N onlinear Effects in Radioover-Fibre Systems”, Proceedings Symposium

rEEE/LEOS Benelux Chapter, 2007, Brussels.

[12] Ahmad Said Chahine, Uche A. K Okonkwo and Razali Ngah, “ Study the

performance o f OFDM Radio over Fiber for Wirelessn Communication

Systems,” IEEE, W ireless Comm unication Center, Faculty o f Electrical

Engineering, UTM, M alaysia.

[13] Wei Jian, Cheng Liu, Hung-Chang Chien, Shu-Hao Fan, Jianguo Yu, Jianxin

W ang, Chongxiu Yu, Ze Dong Jianjun Yu, and Gee-Kung Chang,, “Link

Performance Improved 16QAM-OFDM 60-GHz Radio-over-Fiber System

Employing Convolutional Codes,” IEEE, OSA/ OFC/ NFOEC 2010.

[14] Jia Liu, Erik Bergenudd, Vinod Patmanathan, Romain Masson,” OFDM

Project” , KTH, Stockholm ,3Oth May 2005.

[15] Mohammoud Munsor Mohammoud Hadow, “Radio Access Point Design For

Radio Over Fiber Technology,” UTM report project, pp. 1, April 2008