Wonders of Biotechnology - excitingscience.org · 2010. 12. 9. · • Possible Biomass based...
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Wonders of Biotechnology
Copyrights 2010 Praj Matrix
Praj Matrix- The Innovation Center
Dr. Balu SarmaDr. Ashvini SheteDr. Mangesh Kulkarni
November 28th ‘10
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Contents
� Need for Alternative Transportation Fuels
� Production of Alternative Fuels using Renewable Resources
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� Biodiesel and Ethanol
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Modern Energy
� Modern energy created our prosperity� Without it everything ends:
- Automated Transportation- Electricity- Most Agriculture
Copyrights 2010 Praj Matrix
- Most Agriculture- Potable Water etc.
Crude oil is a major source of modern energy
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Crude oil is the term for "unprocessed" oil, the stuff that comes outof the ground. It is also known as petroleum.
Crude oil is a fossil fuel, meaning that it was made natural-ly fromdecaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of yearsago
What is Crude Oil?
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Crude Oil Components
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-refining1.htm
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CarbonHydrogen SulphurOxygenNitorgen
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Crude Oil Refining Process
Copyrights 2010 Praj Matrixhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-refining1.htm
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Diesel consumption for Transportation
Contry/Region Petroleum Diesel Consumption (MT/Yr)
% Diesel Consumption for Transportation
Transportation Petroluem Diesel Consumption (MT/yr)
Canada 23.4 46 10.8
Petroleum diesel consumption for transportationPetroleum diesel consumption for transportation
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Canada 23.4 46 10.8 USA 178.4 65 116.0 EU 258.5 59 152.5 World 934.3 60 560.6
Source: IEA 2004a data, balance of consumption utilized for industry, agriculture and public services
India: Annual diesel consumption ~ 40 million tonnes- 70% of crude oil is imported.
Every day we spend 1000 Cr for importing crude oilEvery day we spend 1000 Cr for importing crude oil
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Crude Oil Reserves
Crude oil Proved Reserves (billion tonnes) R/P Ratio (years)
Middle East 89.4 93.4
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USA 3.8 9.8
Total World 137 43
http://stason.org/TULARC/vehicles/gasoline-faq/4-2-When-will-we-run-out-of-crude-oil.html
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Crude Oil Prices
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Crude oil prices Source: Simmons and Company, 2006Source: Simmons and Company, 2006
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Principal Pollutants
CO (%) NOx (%) HC (%)
Gasoline vehicles 90 52 40
Domestic 5 3 2
Sources of the principal pollutants
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Power stations 1 26 < 1
Industry 4 11 56
Others - 8 1
www.efoa.org
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� Reduce use of fossil fuels
� Invest in alternative renewable fuels.
Global concern !!!
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Biomass As A Source of EnergyBiomass As A Source of Energy
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Biomass Production in IndiaAverage Production of Various Types of Agro Field & Industrial Residue
Type of Agro residuesQuantity
(Million Tonnes / annum)
Straws of various pulses & cereals 225.5
Bagasse 56
Rice Husk 10
Groundnut Shell 11.1
Stalks 2
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Stalks 2
Various Oil Stalks 4.5
Others (wood chips, wood dust, Agro waste etc) 65.9
Total 375
• Total Biomass production in India = 375 Million MT per annum
• Production of Agro straws is much higher among all biomass materials
• Possible Biomass based energy production is estimated at 16000 MW and Bagasse based and Bagasse based Cogeneration potential is estimated at 3500 MW which can be increased upto 5000 MW
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Non Edible Oils in India
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� Need to find a substitute to worlds finite non-renewable energy sources
� Help to reduce the gaseous emissions, eg. Green house gases, particulates
� Improve security of transport fuel supply
Why consider biomass as energy?
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� Improve security of transport fuel supply
� Less dependency on imported fuel
Biodiesel, Ethanol
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Biodiesel
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Feedstocks for Biodiesel
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Soybean seeds (USA) Rape Seed (Europe)
Palm Oil Fruit (South East Asia)15
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Feedstocks for Biodiesel in India
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Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) Jatropha Curccus
Mahua
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Seeds
Oil Extraction Process
Oil Cake
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Components of vegetable oil
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Glycerides
Gums
90
Free Fatty acids
Unsaponifiable matter
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Biodiesel
Making Biodiesel
CH2
CH2
CH +
RO
RO
RO
H
H
H
CR1
CR2
CR3
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CH2 ROH
Glycerol
Transesterification Reaction
CR3
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Biodiesel- Challenges
• Feedstock (Food Vs Fuel Issue in case of edible oils)- 85% contribution to the cost of biodiesel
Look for new, economical feedstock for biodiesel
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• Utilization of crude glycerol
Generate Value added products from Glycerol
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New Sources of Vegetable Oils
Algae� Algae are "plant-like” organism� Photosynthetic group of organism � Algae are mostly found in aquatic ecosystem� Algae synthesizes lipids ( oils) , starches, and
proteinsAlgae can grow under natural and artificial light
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� Algae can grow under natural and artificial light
Important classes of Algae for oils� The Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)� The green algae (Chlorophyceae)� The blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae)� The golden algae (Chrysophyceae)
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Algae for Biodiesel
� Can yield average 35% oil by weight � Can double their numbers in a single day.� Are much more efficient converters of solar energy than any
known plant
Crop Oil yield (L/ha) Percent of existing US cropping area
Comparison of Oil Yields for Various Crops
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cropping area
Corn 172 846 Soybean 446 326 Canola 1190 122 Jatropha 1892 77
Coconut 2689 54
Oil Palm 5950 24
Microalgaec 58,700 2.5
Source: Biotech Adv:25 (2007) 294-30622
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Algal production
Raceway ponds: Algae, water and nutrients circulate around the race track
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MOV05592.MPG
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Photobioreactor
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Algae - Challenges
• Oil yield in a large scale ponds
• Open pond- Contamination issues
• Economical method for removing algae from water
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water
• Extraction of oil from algae
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Ethanol
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Use of Ethanol
� Solvent in chemical industry� Biofuel : As an additive in petrol � Potable
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How to make Ethanol ?
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Sugar
Sugary Feedstocks Starchy Feedstocks Cellulosic Feedstocks
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Chemical Composition of Feedstocks
Starch Feedstocks
Starch : 85-90 %Protein : 7-9 %
Sugary Feedstocks
Sucrose : 35-40 % Fructose : 5-7 %Glucose : 2-3 %Protein : 6-7 %
Cellulosic Feddstocks
Cellulose : 30-50%Hemicellulose : 20-40%Protein : 7-9 %
Oil : 0.8-1 %Ash : 0.3-0.5%Sugars : 0.5%Fiber : 1.5-2%Metal salts and
vitamins
Protein : 6-7 %Nitrogen : 1-1.5%
Ash : 8-10%Metal salts : 4-4.5%
(Ca, K, Cl, mg, S, Na,Cu, Fe, Mn, Z, CO, I, Se)
Vitamins : 0.5-0.7 %(Biotin, Folic acid, Inositol,
Riboflavin, Thiamin, Niacin)
Hemicellulose : 20-40%Lignin : 15-25 %
Ash : 3-10%Proteins : 5-10%
Resins, fats and fatty acids, phenolics, phytosterols,
salts, minerals, and other compounds.
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Who can Produce Ethanol ?
Bacteria Yeast Fungi
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Industrially Used Microbes for Ethanol Fermentation
Yeast Film.avi
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Why any microbe should produce ethanol ?
High Availability of sugar : Fruit juices, Jaggery, Cereals, Tubers
High energy production during ethanol production
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Ethanol is exported out of the cell easily
Ethanol is poisonous to other organisms
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Starch Breakdown
Starch Feed stocks
Amylase
Starch
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Glucose
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Cellulase Enzyme
Trichoderma reesei
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Transport
Transport through cell wall
Different receptors for import of different sugars
Different types channels across the wall
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Different types channels across the wall
Different types of channels for export of chemicals formed inside the cell
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Transport Through Cell Wall
Outside
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Inside
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Conversion of Glucose to Ethanol
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Other Than Ethanol !!!
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Pharma Ingredients
Special Chemicals Bulk/Platform Chemicals
Replacement of Chemicals Produced Through
Petrochemical Route
Other Than Ethanol !!!
Pharma Ingredients
Food and Feed
Cosmetic Ingredients
Petrochemical Route
Solvents
Plastic
Paints and Dyes
Rubber
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Other Than Ethanol !!!
Glucose (C6)
Glyceraldehyde 3-P
Pyruvate
Xylulose
Acetoin
2,3 Butanediol
Tyrosine p-Hydroxy Cinnamic acid
ValineLeucine
Isoleucine
Xylose (C5)
Xylitol
2,3 ButanediolMethyl Ethyl Ketone2-Butanol
Organic AcidsSuccinic Fumaric Malic Lactic Acetic
1,4 Butanediol,� – ButyrolactoneTetrahydrofuran
Bio Oils and PUFA
Acetyl CoA
ButanolAcetone
Poly lactic acid
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Production Routes
C5/C6 Sugar
C5/C6 Sugar
C5/C6 Sugar
C5/C6 Sugar
FERMENTATION
I
BIOTRANSFORMATION
FERMENT
CHMICAL
CHEMICAL CONVERSION
CHEMICAL CONVERSION
I
P
I
P PP
TATION
CONVERSION
FERMENTATIONBIOTRANSFORMATION
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Challenges in Ethanol Fermentation
First Generation Technology
Sugary Feedstock :Dirty Feedstock : Organism can not survive
Starchy Feedstock :
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Starchy Feedstock :Food Vs Fuel Debate
Availability of feedstockHigh water consumption per liter of ethanolEffluent Disposal
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Challenges in Ethanol Fermentation
Second Generation Technology
� Efficient breakdown of feed stock� Efficient enzymes: Cellulase� Microorganisms to ferment difficult sugars like xylose
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� Microorganisms to ferment difficult sugars like xylose and arabinose
� Development of genetically modified organisms which can breakdown cellulose as well as ferment glucose and xylose
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