Womenswork and Childbearing v4

8/7/2019 Womenswork and Childbearing v4

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Lim, Pua, Sio, Sy, Tan, ZaratePrecious LimDiana PuaMart SioNicole SyNicole TanDominic Zarate

FAMIPOP C32

Women·s Work

and Childbearing



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+Parti ipants

3,327pregnant women

from 33 barangays of the

metropolitan Cebu area

who subsequently had abirth or pregnancy

termination in a one-year

period in 1983

2,395of the women in

1991 (follow-up survey)



+Background

There are significant health costs of high level

reproductive stress for women in developing

countries Chronic under nutrition

Physically demanding work

Repeated cycles of pregnancy and lactation

depletes maternal energy and nutrition stores



+Background

Hypothesis:

Childbearing has a strong effect on women·s earnings



+Background

Possible childbearing effects on women·s

earnings:

Whether or not women work for pay at various phases of theirlives

Influence of having young children on women·s work

Late in pregnancy may find it difficult to continue

working due to physical constraints



+Factors Affecting Work-Childbearing

Relationship

type of work women do

place of work

hours of work

availability of child careindividual, household, and

contextual factors



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+Profile of High Fertility Women in the

PhilippinesFactors High Fertility Low Fertility

Age 5 yrs older 5 yrs younger

Age at first marriage lower higher

Age at first child lower higher

Education 2 yrs less 2yrs more

Household weekly

income P1,205 P1399

Mean weekly income P246 P308Live in Rural Areas 33% 22%

Electricity in home less more

Diets poor better

Weight 1kg less 1kg more




PhilippinesFactors High Fertility Low Fertility

Time span between first

and most recent

pregnancies 14.5 7.1

Use of family planning

measures less more

Traditional contraceptives great reliance less reliance

Fetal losses 9% 6%

Birth intervals 25.6 mos 31.8 mos

Breastfeeding

more children for more

than 12 mos

less children for more

than 12 mos

Lactation overlapping

pregnancy 68% twice as less




Philippines

Stressed by environmental factors:

Low income

Rural residence

Low educational attainment

Poor diets

Lowest energy intake



+Effects of Childbearing and Labor

Force Participation and Earnings

Characteristics of workers in 1983:

more children,

lower household income,

worked prior to marriage,

higher education,

negative effect of child under two decreased the probability of a

woman working



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+Effects of Childbearing and Labor Force

Participation and Earnings

� 74% of the women in thestudy were working forpay (samecharacteristics in 1983)

� Working women weresignificantly older thannon-working women

� Total number of children

was not differentbetween working andnon-working women.

1991





The percentage of women

doing piece work declined to

15%,

Women who were self-

employed rose slightly to 44%





The likelihood of woman was

working:

in 1983 was higher if she

had several children in 1991 was lower if she had

a child under two years of

age in 1991.





Among the 837 women who worked at both points

in time, mean income increased about 47 pesos

per week from 1983 to 1991

The mean change in income for women with no

subsequent surviving child in the 8.5 year period

was 2.3 times higher than that of women with at

least one additional child (70 versus 26 pesos perweek, respectively).





� Maternal education, work

before marriage and urban

residence had no significant

effect on earnings

� But children born during the

8-year interval meant a

significant decrease in

earnings

Additional

Child

Decreased

Weekly

Earnings

Decreased

Hourly

Earnings

1 11 pesos 0.3pesos

4 or

more

56 pesos 1.2

pesos





Negative effect of additional children on women·s

earnings

a reduction in work hours and a shift to lower-paying jobs

Maternal age is inversely related to total earnings

and earnings per hour

Presence of a spouse significantly increased hourly

earnings





� Increases in earnings of others in the household werepositively related to women·s weekly and hourlyearnings

� Women who remain in the wage sector increaseearnings through improvements in hourly wages, whileself-employed women increase earnings by increasinghours worked

� Remaining in the same sector of employment has astrong positive effect on earnings over time. This jobstability may make women more ́ resistantµ to theeffects of childbearing.



+Relationship of Childbearing and

Quality of Women·s Lives

Factor1 Relationship Factor2

Primiparity

negative*

Housing

Conveniences

Mother's nutrition

negative Assets

positiveChild

development

*non-significant



+Effects of Childbearing on Quality of

Women·s Lives

Factors

Women who continued

childbearing

Women with NO

subsequent pregnancy

Quality of housing lower higher

Value of selected

household assets lower higherPresence of conveniences

and labor-saving devices lower higher

Mother·s nutritional

status* lower higher

Child nutrition and

physical and mentaldevelopment status lower higher

Quality of life score lower higher

BMI lower higher*not as significant



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+Nutritional Status of High-fertility

Women

Family planning for adequate birth spacing thatwill allow women the time necessary to recuperatebetween pregnancies and lactation

Nutrition policies should focus on ensuringadequate dietary intake among older high-fertility women

Policies should emphasize both the importance of breastfeeding as well as meeting the increasedenergy and nutritional needs of lactatingwomen



+Effect of Childbearing on Labor Force

Participation, Earnings, and Quality of Life

Spaced or

reducedchildbearing

and

increasedwomen·s

earnings

improved quality of life for

women:

- improved nutritional status,household labor-saving

devices

- improved child nutrition and

physical and mental

development.

=



+Effect of Childbearing on Labor

Force Participation, Earnings, and

Quality of Life

Women·s access to technical training and higher paying

formal sector work.

Women-centered health care that can provide a range of

services in central locations at times convenient for women.

Family planning and reproductive health information and

services in the workplace.

Promote gender equality in the workplace.

Task sharing in the household, especially when women are

working for pay.

Womenswork and Childbearing v4

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