WOMEN’S AND CHILD’S RIGHT

CONTENTS

CHILD’S RIGHTINTRODUCTION

IMPORTANCE

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

RIGHT

WOMEN’S RIGHTINTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

LEGAL PROVISIONS

RIGHT’S OF WOMEN

RIGHTS ARE LEGAL, SOCIAL, OR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF FREEDOM ABOUT WHAT IS ALLOWED OF PEOPLE OR OWED TO PEOPLE, ACCORDING TO SOME LEGAL SYSTEM, SOCIAL CONVENTION, OR ETHICAL THEORY.

Rights are protections against laws and other powers of the government.

Law is the way to make right legal by constitution in written form

"A child is any human being below the age of eighteen years.

Child Rights are fundamental freedoms and the inherent rights of all human beings below the age of 18.

The Charter of Child Rights (CRC) is built on the principle that "ALL children are born with fundamental freedoms and ALL human beings have some inherent rights".

IMPORTANCE OF CHILD RIGHT

IN REALITY children have been abused and exploited.

Suffer from hunger and homelessness, work in harmful conditions, high infant mortality, deficient health care and limited opportunities for basic education.

2 million Indian babies will die before they celebrate their first birthday.

More girl children will be killed at birth than in any previous year.

At least 35 million children aged 6 – 14 years will not be in school.

17 million children in India work

Childhood can and must be preserved.

Children have the right to survive, develop, be protected and participate in decisions that impact their lives.

Their lives should mature gradually, as they gain new experiences.

CRY AND CHILD RIGHT

Founder(s) Rippan Kapur

Type Community Service

Founded 1979

Headquarters Mumbai, IndiaBranches - Bangalore,Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata

Key people raijain mandarica

Focus Children's Rights

Method Partnership with NGOs

Revenue ~Rs.36 crores

Employees 150

Motto Stand up for what is right

CRY is Child right and you.

Non-profit organization in India that aims to restore children's rights in India.

Primary source of revenue - donations by individuals and organizations

CRY’s role is to support for this cause by speaking out, demanding, negotiating as required with the relevant state or citizen bodies for the rights of children.

CRY started work on empowering under-privileged children and the communities they belonged to by actively partnering smaller / grassroots-level NGOs working in remote and neglected areas of India.

CHILD’S RIGHT

THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION: 50% of Indian children aged 6-18 do not go to schoolDropout rates increase alarmingly in class III to V, its 50% for boys, 58% for girls.

THE RIGHT TO EXPRESSION: Right to express himself freely in which ever way he likes. Majority of children however are exploited by their elders and not allowed to express.

THE RIGHT TO NUTRITION: More than 50% of India's children are malnourished. While one in every five adolescent boys is malnourished, one in every two girls in India is undernourished.

THE RIGHT TO HEALTH & CARE: 58% -below the age of 2 years are not fully vaccinated. 24% -do not receive any form of vaccination. Over 60% -are anemic.

THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION FROM EXPLOITATION 17 million work as per official estimates. Children put in an average of 21 hours of labour per week.

THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT: Every child has the right to development that lets the child explore her/his full potential..

The right to Name & Nationality: Every child has a right to identify himself with a nation. A vast majority of underprivileged children in India are treated like commodities and exported to other countries as labour or prostitutes.

THE RIGHT TO SURVIVAL: Of the 12 million girls born in India, 3 million do not see their fifteenth birthday.A million of them are unable to survive even their first birthday. Every sixth girl child's death is due to gender discrimination.

Project H.O.P.E.

(Helping Other People Eat)

makes yearly donations to homeless shelters in our community,

Allowing employees to donate their time to the help the lives of those less fortunate.

SAVE THE CHILDREN:

world’s leading independent organization for children.

Aim-every child attains the right to survival, protection, development and participation.

Actively works with the communities, the State governments and the National government to bring lasting changes for the most marginalised children by:•Providing them with immunisation and nutrition.

•Chance to join formal school.

•Exposing and preventing exploitative child labour practices and running prevention programs.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

It our resposibility and priveledge to help resolve social issues faced within our community, and strengthen them through our dedicated community service.

HISTORY OF WOMEN’S RIGHT

WOMEN’S IN INDIA

VEDAS PERIOD(Some laws of Manu(200 - 400 C.E)•Honored and respected by the male member who desire their own welfare.”

•In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, and when her lord is dead, to her sons; a woman must never be independent.”

•“A husband should be worshiped as a God.

•Women, shudra,dog and crow embody untruth, sin and darkness.”

•“A woman should not go to a meeting place; and they should not dance like the young, but sit at their proper places.”

Women were educated in the early Vedic period. Rigvedic verses suggest that the women married at a mature age and were probably free to select their husband.

MEDVIAL PERIOD

Women had to obey men, but they were often treated well. We could say that women were treated based on their social rank, but this would also show some inconsistencies.

Women were below men, they were ruled by the males in their families.

The Indian woman's position in the society further deteriorated during the medieval period.

The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent brought the purdah practice in the Indian society.

IN SPITE OF THESE CONDITIONSSome women excelled in the fields of politics, literature, education and religion.

Razia Sultana became the only woman monarch to have ever ruled Delhi.

The Mughal princesses Jahanara and Zebunnissa were well-known poets.

Mirabai was a female saint-poet

PRE-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD

Reformers such as Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyotirao Phule etc. fought for the upliftment of women.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy's efforts led to the abolition of the Sati practice under Governor-General William Cavendish-Bentinck in 1829.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's crusade for the improvement in condition of widows led to the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856.

Chandramukhi Basu, Kadambini Ganguly and Anandi Gopal Joshi were few of the earliest Indian women to obtain educational degrees.

In 1917, the first women's delegation met the Secretary of State to demand women's political rights, supported by the Indian National Congress.

THE CHILD MARRIAGE ACT RESTRAINT - 1929, •14 as the minimum age of marriage for a girl through the efforts of Mahomed Ali Jinnah

Sarojini Naidu-a poet and a freedom fighter, was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the governor of a state in India.

POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIODFaced a major upheaval as regards their position, perception and role in society.

Women were no longer subordinate to men.

The Constitution of India declared equality as one of the Fundamental Rights.

Equal protection of the law, equal opportunities in public employment, and prohibited discrimination in public places.

In 1954 Vibhla Farooqui and her female colleagues in the Communist Party of India organized a national conference to address women`s issues.

This was a time when Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister .

India was one of the few countries in the world that regularly sent women abroad as ambassadors, representatives to the United Nations, and delegates to international conferences.

INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN

1. Right To Vote First countries to grant women electoral equality with the men –New Zealand (1893), Finland (1906), Norway (1913)and Iceland (1915)

In 1989 general election out of a total of 498,406, 429 voters 236, 861, 287 were women .

In the 1991 general election, the number of women fielded by the major political parties was very low.

In developed countries, like the United Kingdom(6.3 %), the United States (5.3 %), France (6.4 %)and Japan (1.4%) the representation of women in parliament is extremely poor.

In India participation of women in parliament is 8.3%.

POLITICAL RIGHT OF WOMEN(Articles 325 and 326 )

2. RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN POLITICAL PROCESS

Beginning of women’s participation in politics-Swadeshi movement in Bengal (1905-8) .

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act-33 % reservation in the Panchayat Raj institutions in the rural areas.

74th constitutional amendment act-33% reservation in Nagara Palike and Municipalities in towns and urban areas.

1991 –The Janata PartyGovernment in Karnataka passed a bill to implement 25 per cent reservation For women in local elections.

High female literacy rates-Kerala and Mizoram

NFE centers have provided education –0.12 million girls out of 7.42 million children

SAAKSHAR BHARAT MISSIONLaunched-Dr. Manmohan Singh

Centrally sponsored scheme of - Department of School Education and Literacy (DSEL),Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India (GOI)on the International Literacy Day,

Date-8th September, 2009.

Aims -promote and strengthen Adult Education, specially of women

RIGHT TO EDUCATION

LAND RIGHT

Pre 1978 Amendment ACT

Article 19(1)(f)

Post1978 Amendment Act

Articles 31(a), 31(a), 31(a), 300 A

deals with the rights to use, alienate, or exclude others from land.

stem from inheritance, transfers from the State, tenancy arrangements, land purchase etc.

Importance : welfare, efficiency, equality, and empowerment.

Bina Agarwal is a prize-winning development economist and Director and Professor of Economics at the Institute of Economic Growth in Delhi.

According to Bina Agarwal- Land ownership is

• social status

• political power

• shaping relationships

• creating family dynamics

• decreases the chance of domestic violence

TheTebhaga StoryEMERGED IN –• 1946–47

• undivided Bengal

• in the footsteps of the great Bengal famine of 1943.

REASON-• Sharecroppers in the region had no occupancy

rights.

• faced a constant threat of eviction.

• The landlords took half the produce.

• Sexually abused the women.

SPEARHEADED BY- the Bengal Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS), under the leadership of the Communist Party of India.

The women’s self-defense league played a critical mobilizing role among women.

PWESCRSTARTED -2005

FOCUS-South Asia

Programme on Women’s Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

international advocacy and educational initiative in the area of women and their economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR).

PROMOTE -human rights of women

GOALSTo build leadership and capacity of groups, organizations, activities and other actors in the field of human rights and economic justice to promote women’s ESCR.

LEGAL PROVISION THE CRIMES IDENTIFIED UNDER THE INDIAN PENAL CODE (IPC)---•Rape (Sec. 376 IPC)

•Homicide for Dowry, Dowry Deaths or their attempts (Sec. 302/304-B IPC)

•Torture, both mental and physical (Sec. 498-A IPC)

•Sexual Harassment (Sec. 509 IPC)

•Importation of girls (up to 21 years of age)

•The Crimes identified under the Special Laws (SLL)-

•Family Courts Act, 1954

•The Special Marriage Act, 1954

•The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

•Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961

•The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006

•Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987

•Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

SPECIAL INITIATIVES

NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN (JANUARY 1992)-Constitutional and legal safeguards provided for women, review the existing legislation to suggest amendments wherever necessary, etc.

NATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION FOR THE GIRL CHILD (1991-2000)-Survival, protection and development of the girl child with the ultimate objective of building up a better future for the girl child.

NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001)-• Prepared by-Department of Women & Child Development in the Ministry of Human Resource Development .• Goal-advancement, development and empowerment of women.