CHAPTER 1

Women’s Leadership Institute

The Women’s Leadership Institute (WLI), a unit of the College of Liberal Arts, was established to help women associated with Auburn University take a proactive step in closing the gender gap created by the underrepresentation of women in politics, corporate boardrooms, and the administrations of business and educational institutions.

The WLI creates a network, think tank, and cutting-edge learning environment to empower all women for a lifetime of leadership through timely professional publications, presentations, and social media outlets, outreach trainings, classroom experiences, and outstanding leadership programming.

Women’s Leadership Institute. 2227 Haley Center. Auburn, AL 36849. (334) 844-2491 www.cla.auburn.edu/wli

CHAPTER 2

Authors’ Biography

Dr. Brauss, Ms. Lin, and Dr. Baker in WLI

Minerva Brauss, PhD

Dr. Minerva R. Brauss obtained her Bachelor’s Degree in Mathematics at the University of Belize. She obtained both her Master’s Degree in Statistics and Ph.D. in Administration in Higher Education at Auburn University.

Her research focus is on job satisfaction factors influencing mentorship of faculty in academia particularly by type of discipline (STEM vs. Non-STEM) and gender. Other areas of interest are on international students’ social and educational experiences in higher education and factors influencing their decision to stay or leave after completing their studies.

During her free time, Minerva enjoys time with family (husband – Dan, daughter – Eliana and dog – Hank), loves reading, hiking and volunteering.

3

Barbara Baker, PhD

Dr. Barbara A. Baker, Executive Director of the Women’s Leadership Institute at Auburn University, has published and taught in African American and Southern literature and music, women’s leadership, women’s studies, Africana studies, and community and civic engagement. 

She is the author of The Blues Aesthetic and the Making of American Identity, and the editor of Scholarship in Action: Communities, Leaders, and Citizens, Albert Murray and the Aesthetic Imagination and Lewis Nordan: Humor, Heartbreak, and Hope, as well as a number of articles, chapters, and entries.

As Executive Director of WLI, Dr. Baker founded the Extraordinary Women Lecture which has featured Maya Angelou, Gloria Steinem, Lilly Ledbetter, and Marie C. Wilson.

Xi Lin, PhD Candidate

Xi obtained her Master degree in Communication at Auburn University in 2013, and is currently a PhD candidate in Adult Education at Auburn University.

Xi’s research focuses on cultural diversity, motivation, and e-learning. Being a member of Women’s Leadership Institute, Xi also examines gender issues aims to make the world better.

During her free time, Xi does photography and graphic design. She is also a podcaster and game designer. Her various hobbies prove that she is not a nerd.

Please feel free to visit Xi’s e-Portfolio for more information at: http://whoisxilin.weebly.com

CHAPTER 3

Abstract

This study looks at the differences and similarities in the number of full-time faculty and salary at doctoral research land-grant institutions in the southeastern United States particularly across academic levels (full, associate, and assistant professor), gender (male and female), and institution type (Historically Black Colleges and Universities—HBCU, and Predominantly White Institutions—PWI). Some surprising differences related to rank and salary between men and women emerged in the period examined, 1980-2011, at both university types and across university types. While gender disparities in salaries as well as the number of faculty across ranks persist at both types of institutions, these gaps widened more significantly at PWIs than at HBCUs. The salary differences indicate that as women faculty enter at the assistant professor rank in academia and progress to full professor, the discrepancy between their salaries and their male counterparts’ salaries increase significantly. These salary differences have a major impact on women’s academic careers, retirement packages, as well as on their communities.

Tables

1. The absolute average salary difference for full professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (women vs. men)

2. The absolute salary difference for full professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (HBCU women vs. PWI women, and HBCU men vs. PWI men)

3. The absolute average salary difference for associate professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (women vs. men)

4. The absolute salary difference for associate professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (HBCU women vs. PWI women, and HBCU men vs. PWI men)

5. The absolute average salary difference for assistant professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (women vs. men) 6. The absolute salary difference for assistant professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (HBCU women vs. PWI women, and HBCU men vs. PWI men)

Figures1. Faculty at the 25 Land Grant Institutions 2. Instructional Faculty 3. Number of Full Professors by gender 4. Percent of Full Professors by Gender 5. Number of Associate Professors by gender 6. Percent of Associate Professors by Gender 7. Number of Assistant Professors by gender 8. Percent of Assistant Professors by Gender 9. HBCU Faculty 10. PWI Faculty 11. Instructional Faculty Average Salary 12. HBCU Average Faculty Salary 13. PWI Average Faculty Salary 14. Full Professor Average Salary (All, HBCU, and PWI) 15. Associate Professor Average Salary (All, HBCU, and PWI) 16. Assistant Professor Average Salary (All, HBCU, and PWI)

CHAPTER 4

IntroductionOver the course of 31 years, the number of faculty members at land grant institutions in the Southeastern US has increased. Figure 1 shows that in 1980 there was a total of 11,611 faculty members compared to 15,103 in 2011. That is an increase of 30.07% in the number of instructional faculty at these institutions. Despite obstacles affecting higher education in the US, there is a slightly increasing rate in the number of full-time faculty. Also, these twenty-five institutions have seen a shift in the number of female faculty. Female full-time faculty in 1980 accounted for 24% (2,797) of all full-time faculty compared to 38% (5,744) in 2011.

The number of male faculty members remained fairly constant whereas the number of female faculty members increased up until 2008, and then remained constant for the next three consecutive years. From 2008 to 2011, the number of women in faculty positions at land grant universities in the Southeastern US has only very slightly increased.

Figure 1. Faculty at the 25 Land Grant Institutions

CHAPTER 5

MethodsThere are 25 land grant doctoral research institutions in the southeastern U.S. This study highlights the number of full-time instructional faculty by type of institution (Historically Black Colleges and Universities - HBCU and Predominantly White Institutions - PWI), academic level (full, associate and assistant professors), gender, and salary for the years 1980 to 2011. Only full-time instructional faculty were considered for this research. The 25 institutions were divided into HBCU (13) and PWI (12) institutions. Alabama A&M University, Alcorn State University, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Fort Valley Sate University, Kentucky State University, North Carolina A&T State University, South Carolina Stare University, Southern University and A&M College, Tennessee State University, Tuskegee University, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Virginia State University and West Virginia State University are HBCU institutions represented in this study. PWI institutions consisted of Auburn University, Clemson University, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Mississippi State University, The University of Tennessee, University of Arkansas, University of Florida, University of Georgia, University of Kentucky, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and West Virginia University.

Data on these 25 institutions were collected through the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), which is the main governing body for collecting data related to education in the U.S. The trends associated with the number of faculty and salary was supported through 31 years of data (1980 – 2011) collected from NCES database. These 25 institutions were selected for being land grant doctoral research institutions in the southeastern U.S. The data was collected, organized, and analyzed for key issues specific to the type of institution (HBCU vs. PWI), academic level (full, associate and assistant) and gender.

CHAPTER 6

Instructional Faculty

Figure 2 represents instructional faculty at the assistant, associate, and full professor at Doctoral Land Grant Research Institutions in the Southeastern United States. In 1980, male faculty across academic level had the highest representation compared to female faculty - Full professor (2,815), associate (2,831), and assistant (2,489) male faculty. As compared to their female counterparts, the higher their academic level, the less representation they had - Full professor (223), associate (563), and assistant (1,167). Fast-forward 31 years later, across academic levels, female faculty (full professor - 924, associate – 1,571 , assistant – 1,695) have increase in numbers but still lower than male faculty (full professor – 3,522, associate – 2,666, assistant – 2,107) across academic levels.

Figure 2. Instructional Faculty

The trend for instructional staff varies by gender and academic level. In 1980, male faculty across the three academic levels were similar in numbers. After 1980, the number of full professors (male) has increased at a faster rate than associate and assistant male professors. As for women faculty, the number of assistant professor female and the number of associate professor female are close in numbers in 2011 academic year. And, the gap in faculty numbers increases between male and female faculty as their academic level increases.

The linear forecast for faculty at land grant public institutions in the Southeastern US by gender and faculty status (i.e. Full Professor, Associate Professor and Assistant Professor). If the trend continues in the same direction for faculty, women faculty will increase, but will take approximately 20 years to reach the same proportions as male faculty for assistant and associate faculty. Female full professors will also increase, however, they will not reach the same number as male full professors in the next 20 years or more. This trend suggests that it will approximately take more than 80 years to reach parity. This means that the limited number of female faculty representation among full professors will also limit representation for promotion, decision and policy making in higher education

SECTION 1

Full Professor

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Figure 3. Number of Full Professors by gender

Figure 4. Percent of Full Professors by Gender

Figure 3 shows the number of male vs. female full professors, and Figure 4 shows the percentage of male vs. female full professors in the Southeastern US land grant institutions from 1980 to 2011.

According to Figure 3, full professors accounted for 3,038 in 1980 compared to 4,446 in 2011. That is 26.16% in 1980 and 29.44% in 2011 of the total number of faculty at these land grant institutions. Female faculty accounted for only 7% (223) in 1980 and 21% (924) in 2011 of full professors. Over the course of three decades, female full professors have increased but not at the level necessary to give women a full say in criteria for promotion and equity in leadership and decision-making at these institutions.

SECTION 2

Associate Professor

11

According to Figure 5, associate professors accounted for 3,394 in 1980 compared to 4,237 in 2011. That is 29.23% in 1980 and 28.05% in 2011 of the total number of faculty at these land grant institutions. Interestingly, there is a slightly larger representation of female faculty among associate professors than at the full professor level. Female faculty accounted for 17% (563) in 1980 and 37% (1,571) in 2011 of associate professors. Over the course of three decades, these numbers have increased but not in proportion to the number of male associate faculty at land grant public institutions in the Southeastern US.

Figure 5. Number of Associate Professors by gender

Male associate faculty showed slight gains between 1980-1996 but fluctuated slightly thereafter. Figure 5 shows the number of male vs. female associate professors, and Figure 6 shows the percentage of male vs. female associate professors in the Southeastern US land grant institutions from 1980 to 2011.

Figure 6. Percent of Associate Professors by gender

SECTION 3

Assistant Professor

12

According to Figure 7, assistant professors accounted for 3,656 in 1980 compared to 3,802 in 2011. That is 31.49% in 1980 and 25.17% in 2011 of the total number of faculty at these land grant institutions. Female faculty accounted for 32% (1,167) in 1980 and 45% (1,695) in 2011 of assistant professors. Assistant female faculty has steadily and rapidly gained representation over the course of the last 30 years. This means that there are more and more female assistant professors being hired at these land grant institutions. One possible explanation is the increasing numbers of Ph.D. female recipients. According to the National Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), in 1982 there were 21,016 male and 10,093 female PhD graduates in the US. In 2002 there were 21,812 male and 18, 141 female PhD graduates and finally, in 2012, there were 27,390 male and 23,562 female PhD graduates in the US. Definitely, there are more female PhD graduates in recent years.

According to the Figure 7, the number of male assistant faculty steadily fluctuated during 1980-2011. The number of male assistant faculty fell from 68% (1980) to 55% (2011). Figure 7 shows the number of male vs. female assistant professors, and Figure 8 shows the percentage of male vs. female assistant professors in the Southeastern US land grant institutions from 1980 to 2011.

Figure 7. Number of Assistant Professors by gender

Figure 8. Percent of Assistant Professors by gender

SECTION 4

HBCU Faculty

13

In 1980, the highest faculty representation was from assistant professor male (569) followed by associate professor male (482), assistant professor female (455), full professor male (350), associate professor female (181), and full professor female (98). Compared to 2011 (31 years later), associate professor male (504), assistant professor male (480), assistant professor female (463), full professor male (449), associate professor female (357), full professor female (172). Figure 2 represents HBCU instructional faculty at the assistant, associate, and full professor at Doctoral Land Grant Research Institutions in the Southeastern United States by gender.

After 2011, the number of associate professor female faculty have steadily increased to a close representation with associate professor male (504), assistant professor male (480), assistant professor female (463), full professor male (449). Full professor female faculty continues to exhibit a constant trend over the 31 years and continues to have the smallest representation across the other trends. The number of HBCU faculty differs from faculty in PWI institutions.

Figure 9. HBCU Faculty

SECTION 5

PWI Faculty

15

In 1980, male faculty across academic level had the highest representation compared to female faculty - Full professor (2,465), associate (2,349), and assistant (1,920) male faculty. As compared to their female counterparts, the higher their academic level, the less representation they had - Full professor (125), associate (382), and assistant (712). Fast-forward 31 years later, across academic levels, female faculty (full professor -752, associate – 1,214 , assistant – 1,232) have increase in numbers but still lower than male faculty (full professor – 3,073, associate – 2,162, assistant – 1,627) across academic levels. Figure 3 represents PWI instructional faculty at the assistant, associate, and full professor at Doctoral Land Grant Research Institutions in the Southeastern United States by gender.

The trend for instructional PWI faculty varies by gender and academic level. In 1980, male faculty across the three academic levels were similar in numbers. After 1980, the number of full professors (male) has increased at a faster rate than associate and assistant male professors. As for women faculty, the number of assistant female faculty has slightly higher representation compared to associate female faculty. The biggest difference between male and female faculty is at the full professor academic level across the 31 years in this study.

Figure 10. PWI Faculty

CHAPTER 7

Instructional Faculty SalaryFigure 11 shows instructional faculty average salary for twenty-five land grant doctoral institutions in the southeastern U.S. It shows the average salary for HBCU, PWI and all institutions for men and women. HBCU average salary instructional staff, average salary instructional faculty men and women differ significantly from their counterparts PWI faculty. These differences have increased and are getting wider since 1980. The rate of increase for PWI faculty’s average salary is significantly higher than for HBCU faculty’s average salary.

Figure in Next Page

Figure 11. Instructional Faculty Average Salary

SECTION 1

HBCU Faculty Salary

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HBCU faculty across all academic levels and gender were clustered around similar salary figures in 1980 - full professor male ($25,153.46), full professor female ($20,444.08), associate professor male ($21,545.38), associate professor female ($20732.69), assistant professor male ($18,431.90), and assistant professor female ($17,447.90) for HBCU institutions in 1980. Thirty-one years later, there is a more defined difference amongst the academic levels. Full professor male ($76,528.92), full professor female ($72,731.38), associate professor male ($63,296.08), associate professor female ($62,178.00), assistant professor male ($54,612.2), and assistant professor female ($54,081.20). Figure 12 shows the average faculty salary for HBCU institutions in the southeastern U.S. from 1980 to 2011.

Figure in Next Page

Figure 12. HBCU Average Faculty Salary

SECTION 2

PWI Faculty Salary

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PWI faculty across all academic levels and gender were clustered around similar average salary figures in 1980 - full professor male ($31,180.00), full professor female ($26,228.25), associate professor male ($24,005.92), associate professor female ($22,848.33), assistant professor male ($19,775.40), and assistant professor female ($18,536.10) for HBCU institutions in 1980. Figure 13 shows the average faculty salary for PWI institutions in the southeastern U.S. from 1980 to 2011.

Thirty-one years later, the associate and assistant academic levels are clustered so much so that assistant professor male faculty only makes on average $1,602.52 less than associate professor female. Also, there is a wider difference in full and associate faculty average salary in 2011. Full professor male ($113,942.42), full professor female ($102,247.33), associate professor male ($81,296.08), associate professor female ($75,173.92), assistant professor male ($73,571.40), and assistant professor female

Figure 13. PWI Average Faculty Salary

SECTION 3

Full Professor Salary

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Figure 14 shows the average faculty salary for HBCU, PWI, and at the 25 land grant doctoral research institutions in the southeastern U.S. at the full professor academic level. Since 1980, the average salary difference for men and women full professor faculty at HBCU institutions have decreased. In 1980, the average salary for full professor male was $25,153.46 compared to full professor female average salary of $20,444.07. There was an average salary difference of $4,709.38 in 1980. In 2011, the average salary for full professor male was $76,528.92 compared to full professor female $72,731.38. The average salary difference in 2011 between men and women was $3,797.54.

Figure 14. Full Professor Average Salary (All, HBCU, and PWI)

At PWI institutions the average salary difference for men and women full professor faculty has increased since 1980. In 1980, the average full professor male average salary was $31,180 compared to full professor female average salary of $26,228.25. Their salary difference between men and women at the full professor academic level was $4,951.75 in 1980. Thirty-one years later, the average full professor male salary was $113,942.42 as compared to full professor female average salary of $102,478.33 at PWI institutions. Their salary difference was $11,464.09 in 2011.

24

FULL PROFESSOR SALARY

Salary Differences by GenderTable 1The absolute average salary difference for full professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (women vs. men)

a & e. Full Professor HBCU-W(Women $20,444.07) and HBCU-M (Men $$25,153.46) have an average salary difference of $4,709.38, which is about 20.66% higher for men at HBCU institutions compared to women at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was lower at 5.09% or $3,797.54 in 2011.

b & f. Full Professor PWI-W(Women $26,228.25) and HBCU-M(Men $25,153.46) have an average salary difference of $1,074.79, which is about 4.18% higher for women at PWI institutions compared to HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 28.99% or $25, 949.41 in 2011.

c & g. Full Professor HBCU-W(Women $20,444.07) and PWI-M(Men $31,180.00) have an average salary difference of $10,735.92, which is about 41.59% higher for men at PWI institutions compared to women at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 44.15% or $41,211.03 in 2011.

d & h. Full Professor PWI-W(Women $26,228.25) and PWI-M(Men $31,180.00) have an average salary difference of $4,951.75, which is about 17.25% higher for men at PWI institutions compared to women at PWI institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was lower at 10.59% or $11,464.08 in 2011.

25

Table 2The absolute average salary difference for full professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (HBCU women vs. PWI women, and HBCU men vs. PWI men)

i & k. Full Professor HBCU-W(Women $20,44.07) and PWI-W(Women 26,228.25) have an average salary difference of $5,784.17, which is about 28.78% higher for women at PWI institutions compared to women at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 33.96% or $29,746.95 in 2011.

j & l. Full Professor HBCU-M(Men $25,153.46) and PWI-M(Men $31,180.00) have an average salary difference of $6,026.54, which is about 21.4% higher for men at PWI institutions compared to men at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 39.29% or $37,413.49 in 2011.

SECTION 4

Associate Professor Salary

26

Figure 15 shows the average faculty salary for HBCU, PWI, and at the 25 land grant doctoral research institutions in the southeastern U.S. at the associate professor academic level. Since 1980, the average salary difference for men and women associate professor faculty at HBCU institutions have increased. In 1980, the average salary for associate professor male was $21,545.38 compared to associate professor female’s average salary of $20,732.69. There was an average salary difference of $812.69 in 1980 at HBCU institutions. In 2011, the average salary for associate professor male was $63,296.08 compared to associate professor female’s average salary of $62,178.00. The average salary difference between men and women was $1,118.08 in 2011.

At PWI institutions the average salary for associate professor faculty have increased since 1980. In 1980, the average salary associate professor male was $24,005.92 compared to associate professor female’s average salary of $22,848.33. There was an average salary difference between men and women of $1,157.59 in 1980. As of 2011, the average associate professor male salary was $81,914.58 compared to associate professor female’s average salary of $75,173.92 at PWI institutions. The average salary difference between associate professor men and women was $6,740.66 in 2011.

Figure 15. Associate Professor Average Salary (All, HBCU, and PWI)

27

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR SALARY

Salary Differences by GenderTable 3The absolute average salary difference for associate professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (women vs. men)

m & q. Associate Professor HBCU-W(Women $20,732.69) and HBCU-M(Men $21,545.38) have an average salary difference of $812.69, which is about 3.85% higher for men at HBCU institutions compared to women at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was lower at 1.78% or $1,118.08 in 2011.

n & r. Associate Professor PWI-W(Women $22,848.33) and HBCU-M(Men $21,545.38) have an average salary difference of $1,302.95, which is about 5.87% higher for women at PWI institutions compared to men at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 17.16% or $11,877.84 in 2011.

o & s. Associate Professor HBCU-W(Women $20,732.69) and PWI-M(Men $24,005.91) have an average salary difference of $3,273.22, which is about 14.63% higher for men at PWI institutions compared to women at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 27.39% or $19,736.58 in 2011.

p & t. Associate Professor PWI-W(Women $22,848.33) and PWI-M(Men $24,0005.91) have an average salary difference of $1,157.58, which is about 4.94% higher for men at PWI institutions compared to women at PWI institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 8.58% or $6,740.67 in 2011.

28

Table 4The absolute average salary difference for associate professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (HBCU women vs. PWI women, and HBCU men vs. PWI men)

i & k. Associate Professor HBCU-W(Women $20,732.69) and PWI-W(Women $22,848.33) have an average salary difference of $2,115.64, which is about 9.71% higher for women at PWI institutions compared to women at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 18.92% or $12,995.92 in 2011.

j & l. Associate Professor HBCU-M(Men $21,545.38) and PWI-M(Men $24,005.91) have an average salary difference of $2,460.53, which is about 10.80% higher for men at PWI institutions compared to men at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 25.64% or $18,618.51 in 2011.

SECTION 5

Assistant Professor Salary

29

Figure 16 shows the average faculty salary for HBCU, PWI, and at the land grant doctoral research institutions in the southeastern U.S. at the assistant professor academic level. Since 1980, the average salary difference for men and women assistant professor faculty at HBCU institutions have decreased. In 1980, the average salary for assistant professor male was $18,431.90 compared to female assistant professor with an average salary of $17,447.90. Their average salary difference between men and women was $984 in 1980. In 2011, the average salary for assistant professor male was $54,612.20 compared to assistant professor female’s average salary of $54,081.20. The average salary difference between men and women was $531 in 2011.

At PWI institutions the salary difference for men and women assistant professor faculty has increased. In 1980, the average salary for assistant professor male was $19,775.40 compared to the average salary for assistant professor female $18,536.10. There was an average salary difference between men and of $1239.30 in 1980. As of 2011, the average assistant professor male salary $73,571.40 compared to assistant professor female’s average salary of $67,341.10 at PWI institutions. There was an average salary difference between men and women of $6,230.30 in 2011.

Figure 16. Assistant Professor Average Salary (All, HBCU, and PWI)

30

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SALARY

Salary Differences by GenderTable 5The absolute average salary difference for assistant professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (women vs. men)

aa & ae. Assistant Professor HBCU-W(Women $17,447.90) and HBCU-M(Men $18,431.90) have an average salary difference of $984.00, which is about 5.48% higher for men at HBCU institutions compared to women at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was lower at 0.98% or $531.08 in 2011.

ab & af. Assistant Professor PWI-W(Women $18,536.10) and HBCU-M(Men $18,431.90) have an average salary difference of $104.16, which is about 0.56% higher for women at PWI institutions compared to men at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 20.88% or $12,728.85 in 2011.

ac & ag. Assistant Professor HBCU-W(Women $17,447.90) and PWI-M(Men $19,775.40) have an average salary difference of $2,327.49, which is about 12.41% higher for men at PWI institutions compared to women at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 30.54% or $19,490.26 in 2011.

ad & ah. Assistant Professor PWI-W(Women $18,536.10) and PWI-M(Men $19,775.40) have an average salary difference of $1,239.33, which is about 6.47% higher for men at PWI institutions compared to women at PWI institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 8.84% or $6,230.33 in 2011.

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Table 6The absolute average salary difference for assistant professors at HBCU and PWI institutions (HBCU women vs. PWI women, and HBCU men vs. PWI men)

ai & ak. Assistant Professor HBCU-W(Women $17,447.90) and PWI-W(Women $18,536.10) have an average salary difference of $1,088.16, which is about 6.05% higher for women at PWI institutions compared to women at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 21.84% or $13,259.93 in 2011.

aj & al. Assistant Professor HBCU-M(Men $18,431.90) and PWI-M(Men $19,775.40) have an average salary difference of $1,343.49, which is about 7.03% higher for men at PWI institutions compared to men at HBCU institutions in 1980. The average salary difference was higher at 29.58% or $18,959.19 in 2011.

SECTION 6

Scatter Plots – 25 Institutions (1980, 1990, 2001, 2011)

32

There are a total of twenty-five land grant institutions in Southeastern US for 1980, 1990, 2001, and 2011 academic years. This section summarizes faculty by rank, salary, and gender. The first four scatter plots show the total number of faculty, full, associate and assistant professors divided by gender for the 25 institutions for 1980, 1990, 2001, and 2011. Similarly, the last four scatter plots show average faculty salary by full professors, associate professors and assistant professors; and gender for the same academic years.

In the first four scatter plots, women faculty have increased since 1980. A few of the 25 institutions have improved in recruiting, hiring and retaining women faculty but almost all have not reach parity. Women faculty have a smaller representation as the academic level increases throughout the thirty-one years in this study. The last four scatter plots representing faculty salary by academic level and gender, shows two distinct groups of faculty. One cluster shows those institutions whose salary has not changed since 2001 and the other cluster shows a significant increase since 2001. This means that in a lapse of 10 years since 1980 almost half of the twenty-five institutions’ faculty’s salaries remained the same for both men and women. There could be both external and internal factors influencing stagnant salaries for these institutions.

Scatter Plots showing Faculty by Rank at Land Grant Institutions - Southeastern US 1980, 1990, 2001, and 2011

Number of Faculty Number of Full Professors

Number of Associate Professors Number of Assistant Professors

Scatter Plots showing Average Salaries of Faculty by Rank at Land Grant Institutions -Southeastern US 1980, 1990,

25 Land Grant Doctoral-Research Institutions

CHAPTER 8

Conclusions

This study explores the number and salary of full-time faculty members at 25 doctoral research land-grant institutions in the southeastern United States particularly across academic rank (full, associate, and assistant professor), gender (male and female), and institution type (Historically Black Colleges and Universities—HBCU, and Predominantly White Institutions—PWI) from 1980 to 2011.

Many of the changes in the number of members employed and salaries of faculty members over of the past three decades

were changes among women in faculty positions. While the number of women serving in faculty positions steadily increased, faculties were still male-dominated in 2011. The gap between the number of women and men serving on faculties widened the higher up the academic ladder faculty climbed. For example, the gender gap was smaller at the assistant professor rank, and larger at the full professor rank.

The linear forecast for faculty members at land grant public institutions in the Southeastern US by gender and faculty status (i.e. full professor, associate professor and assistant professor) shows that if the trend continues as it has, the number of women faculty will increase. However, it will take approximately 20 years to reach parity with male faculty for assistant and associate professors. The number of female full professors will also increase; however, they will not reach parity with male full professors for more than 80 years. The long-term effect of having fewer women at the full professor rank than men means that women will not be equally represented in decision-making spheres on faculties at these institutions. They will not have full representation in promotion, tenure, and policy-making decisions for more than 80 years.

Some surprising differences related to rank and salary between men and women emerged in the period examined, 1980-2011, at both university types and across university types. While gender

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disparities in salaries as well as the number of faculty across ranks persist at both types of institutions, these gaps widened more significantly at PWIs than at HBCUs. The salary differences indicate that as women faculty enter at the assistant professor level in academia and progress to full professor, the discrepancy between their salaries and their male counterparts’ increased significantly. These salary differences have a major impact on women’s academic careers, benefit and retirement packages, research agendas, as well as quality of life, influence within communities, and many other factors.

At the 25 land grant doctoral granting institutions examined here, differences in hiring and pay persisted over the 31 years studied. Most significantly, the gender pay gap persists at both institution types as women are paid less than men at every academic rank. While HBCUs have narrowed the gender pay gap, they have not closed that gap completely. Further examination of the factors that cause faculty salaries at HBCUs to lag behind faculty salaries at PWIs is needed. Another important question for future research is whether lagging pay scales at HBCUs generally correlate with decreasing gender pay gaps compared to PWIs. Does lower pay across the board lead to less disparity in pay between genders. Is the smaller distance between men’s pay and women’s pay at HBCUs a matter of egalitarianism or simply a matter of stagnation? Finally, why is the gender pay gap for instructional faculty increasing at the predominantly white institutions?