Women in Management€¦ · • Gender stereotyping was a major barrier to women's entry into...
15
Boston University School of Management Women in Management Janelle Heineke Boston University School of Management Presented at PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN PRACTICE ANNUAL CONFERENCE Boston University, Metropolitan College, MA 02215 http://www.projectmanagementinpractice.com
Transcript of Women in Management€¦ · • Gender stereotyping was a major barrier to women's entry into...
Boston University School of Management
Women in Management
Janelle Heineke
Boston University
School of Management
Presented at PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN PRACTICE ANNUAL CONFERENCE Boston University, Metropolitan College, MA 02215 http://www.projectmanagementinpractice.com
Boston University School of Management
Labor Force Participation Rates
• Research question: is there a relationship between gender stereotyping and important management characteristics.
• How did successful middle managers perceive those management characteristics as either male or female characteristics?
• Sample: 300 male middle level managers and 167 female middle level managers from 13 US insurance companies.
Women in management: reflections and projections Schein, Virginia E . Women in Management Review 22.1 (2007): 6.
Women in the Workforce: 1970s
Virginia E. Schein, (2007) "Women in management: reflections and projections", Women In Management Review, Vol. 22 Iss: 1, pp.6 - 18
Boston University School of Management
Labor Force Participation Rates
Results confirmed a relationship between gender stereotypes and perceptions of requisite management characteristics. Among both men and women:
• There was a strong relationship between the ratings of men and that of managers.
• There was almost no relationship (somewhat higher for female respondents) between the ratings of women and managers.
Women in management: reflections and projections Schein, Virginia E . Women in Management Review 22.1 (2007): 6.
Women in the Workforce: 1970s
Virginia E. Schein, (2007) "Women in management: reflections and projections", Women In Management Review, Vol. 22 Iss: 1, pp.6 - 18
Boston University School of Management
Labor Force Participation Rates
Women in the Workforce: 1970s
Conclusion:
• Gender stereotyping was a major barrier to women's entry into management in the US.
• Women were perceived by male and female managers as less likely than men to possess the characteristics, attitudes, and temperaments required of successful managers.
• Characteristics such as leadership ability, desire for responsibility, and objectivity were seen as requisite management characteristics and more likely to be held by men than by women.
• To "think manager" was to "think male," and this view worked against women seeking to enter and advance into management positions.
Women in management: reflections and projections Schein, Virginia E . Women in Management Review 22.1 (2007): 6.
Boston University School of Management
Labor Force Participation Rates
• Among men, the attitudes were remarkably similar to those held by 1970s male managers. • There was a strong relationship between the ratings
of the characteristics of men and managers.
• There was almost no relationship between the ratings of the characteristics of women and managers.
• Among women, the attitudes had changed. • There was a still strong relationship between the
ratings of the characteristics of men and managers.
• But … there was about the same degree of relationship between the ratings of women and managers.
Women in management: reflections and projections Schein, Virginia E . Women in Management Review 22.1 (2007): 6.
Women in the Workforce: 1980s and 1990s
Boston University School of Management
Labor Force Participation Rates
• The attitudes of male corporate managers were remarkably similar to those held by male managers in the early 1970s. • There was a strong relationship
between the ratings of the characteristics of men and managers.
• There was a near zero relationship between the ratings of the characteristics of women and managers.
Women in management: reflections and projections Schein, Virginia E . Women in Management Review 22.1 (2007): 6.
Women in the Workforce: 2007
Virginia E. Schein, (2007) "Women in management: reflections and projections", Women In Management Review, Vol. 22 Iss: 1, pp.6 - 18
Boston University School of Management
Labor Force Participation Rates
• But the attitudes of female corporate
managers had changed. • There was still a strong relationship
between the ratings of the characteristics of men and managers.
• There was about the same degree of relationship between the ratings of women and managers.
Women in management: reflections and projections Schein, Virginia E . Women in Management Review 22.1 (2007): 6.
Women in the Workforce: 2007
Virginia E. Schein, (2007) "Women in management: reflections and projections", Women In Management Review, Vol. 22 Iss: 1, pp.6 - 18
Boston University School of Management
Labor Force Participation Rates
• Males continue to perceive men as more likely than women to possess characteristics necessary for managerial success.
• Women’s gains would likely have been smaller without the legal pressures.
• The psychological barriers, at least among male decision makers, did not diminish. They lost some force with government pressures.
Women in management: reflections and projections Schein, Virginia E . Women in Management Review 22.1 (2007): 6.
Women in the Workforce: 2007
Boston University School of Management
http://www.dol.gov/wb/stats/recentfacts.htm#rates
Labor Force Participation Rates
Women in the Workforce: Leadership
Good News: • 2009: women held 49% of the jobs in the
U.S. and 50% of all managerial positions.
• 2006: women outnumbered men in mid-level occupations (financial managers; human resource managers; educational administrators; medical and health services managers; accountants and auditors and budget analysts; property, real estate, and social community service managers. (US Department of Labor)
Boston University School of Management
http://www.dol.gov/wb/stats/recentfacts.htm#rates
Labor Force Participation Rates
Women in the Workforce: Participation
Industry (top 3) Percent of Women
Employed
Education and Health Services
36.3%
Professional and Business Services
10.2%
Leisure and Hospitality 10.1%
Participation = Share of the population 16 years and older working or seeking work.
57.7%
70.2%
Boston University School of Management
Women in the Workforce: Earnings/Income
In 2013: Women Men
Median annual earnings for full-time, year-round workers
$37,791 $49,398
Median weekly earnings for full-time management, professional, and related occupations
$973 $1,349
http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/statistical-overview-women-workplace
Boston University School of Management
Women in the Workforce: Earnings by Degree
Degree Women Men %
Doctoral $1,371 $1,734 79.1%
Professional $1,415 $1,836 77.1%
Master’s $1,125 $1,515 74.3%
Bachelor’s $930 $1,199 77.6%
Associate’s $682 $880 77.5%
High school graduate, no college
$554 $720 76.9%
Labor Force Participation Rates
Boston University School of Management
Labor Force Participation Rates
Women in management: reflections and projections Schein, Virginia E . Women in Management Review 22.1 (2007): 6.
Women in Leadership: Fortune 500 CEOs
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
Fortune 500 Women CEOs (percent)
Good news!
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
Fortune 500 Women CEOs (percent)
Bad news…
Boston University School of Management
Labor Force Participation Rates
Good News: Women in PM
2007 survey of experienced project managers in the US:
Female project managers surpassed male project managers on similar projects, with:
• Fewer projects abandoned.
• More projects delivered that met or exceeded expectations.
• Substantially better adherence to the project schedule.
• Better budget results.
http://pmperspectives.org/article.php?view=full&aid=3
Boston University School of Management
Labor Force Participation Rates
Women in the Workforce: Leadership
Advice Better Advice
Assert yourself forcefully. Use your natural style strategically.
Find role models at the top. Find role models a couple of levels above yours.
Find female role models. Find good role models.
Ask superiors to back you up when others second guess your decisions.
Establish yourself as the project manager – and use your sponsor in advance to prepare the way.
http://blogs.gartner.com/donna_fitzgerald/2011/08/28/advice-for-young-women-entering-project-management/
