wk¶v I bvMwiKZv BDwbU-1 · K‡g© `¶Zv AR©b ev †Kvb wKQy AvqË Kiv‡K eySvq| Avevi Gi Øviv...
Transcript of wk¶v I bvMwiKZv BDwbU-1 · K‡g© `¶Zv AR©b ev †Kvb wKQy AvqË Kiv‡K eySvq| Avevi Gi Øviv...
![Page 1: wk¶v I bvMwiKZv BDwbU-1 · K‡g© `¶Zv AR©b ev †Kvb wKQy AvqË Kiv‡K eySvq| Avevi Gi Øviv Ávb I Awf¶Zv AR©b ev †Kvb wewa-wb‡la cvj‡bi K_vI eySvq| GgbwK Ab¨vq ev](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070901/5f48b7dcb2f0fb758e009539/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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wk¶v I bvMwiKZv Education and Citizenship f‚wgKv wk¶v mf¨Zvi gvcKvwV| wk¶v MÖnY P‡j †`vjbv †_‡K Kei ch©šÍ A_©vr Rxebe¨vcx| mvwe©K Kj¨vY I kvwšÍi Rb¨ wk¶vi weKí wKQy †bB| gvbe m„wói j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi R‡b¨ Ávb PP©v AZ¨vek¨K| D‡jøL¨ †h, Avj-†KviAv‡bi cÖ_g Avnevb n‡”Q-BK&iv, A_©vr co, Ávb AR©b Ki| Avi G Kvi‡YB wek¦bex nhiZ gynv¤§` mvjøvjøvû AvjvB‡n Amvjøvg wk¶vi cÖwZ we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Ávb mvabv‡K diR ev Aek¨ KZ©e¨ e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv †h, bvMwiK Rxe‡b wk¶vi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| mywkw¶Z bvMwiK †`k I RvwZi g~j¨evb m¤ú`| wk¶vi ga¨w`‡qB GKRb gvbyl Av`k© bvwMiK wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V| wk¶v Qvov bvMwiK iv‡óªi cÖwZ Zvi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ h_vh_fv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wk¶v gvbyl‡K †hvM¨ bvMwiKiƒ‡c Rxeb hvcb I wPšÍv Ki‡Z wkLvq| wk¶v hLb cÖwZwU gvby‡li †`n I g‡bi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i, †Kej ZLbB GKwU †`‡k Av`k© bvMwiK †Mvôx M‡o D‡V|
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BDwbU-1
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D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- � wk¶vi eyrcwËMZ A_© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � msKxY© I e¨vcK A‡_© wk¶v ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| � wk¶v m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gbxwli e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � evsjv‡`‡k wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wk¶vi eyrcwËMZ A_© Ôwk¶vÕ kãwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q ms¯‹…Z Ôkvm&Õ avZz †_‡K| Ôkvm&Õ avZzi A_© nj Ôkvmb KivÕ, Ôwbqš¿Y KivÕ, Ôwb‡`©k †`Iqv, wZi¯‹vi KivÕ, Dc‡`k †`qvÕ, BZ¨vw`| Ab¨w`‡K wk¶v k‡ãi mgv_©K Ôwe`¨vÕ kãwUi D™¢e n‡q‡Q ms¯‹…Z Ôwe`&Õ avZz †_‡K| Ôwe`&Õ-Gi A_© Rvbv ev Ávb AR©b Kiv| Zvn‡j eyrcwËMZ A‡_© wk¶v nj ÁvbvR©‡bi cÖqvm| Z‡e evsjv fvlvq Ôwk¶vÕ kãwUi Øviv bvbv A_© cÖKvk cvq| Ôwk¶vÕ kãwUi Øviv Ávb PP©v, Abykxjb ev Af¨v‡mi gva¨‡g †Kvb we‡kl K‡g© `¶Zv AR©b ev †Kvb wKQy AvqË Kiv‡K eySvq| Avevi Gi Øviv Ávb I Awf¶Zv AR©b ev †Kvb wewa-wb‡la cvj‡bi K_vI eySvq| GgbwK Ab¨vq ev AevÃbxq Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ kvw¯Í`v‡bi K_vI G Ôwk¶vÕ kãwU Øviv cÖKvk cvq| †hgb, KvD‡K DwPZ wk¶v †`Iqv A_©vr kvw¯Í`vb Kiv eySvq| Zvn‡j †`Lv hvq, wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Ôwk¶vÕ kãwU‡K e¨envi Kiv hvq|
GLb Avgiv Ôwk¶vÕ k‡ãi cÖK…Z A_© Abyave‡bi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR Awfav‡bi mvnvh¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvwi| Ôwk¶vÕ k‡ãi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e ÔEducationÕ kãwU e¨eüZ nq| ÔEducationÕ
kãwU Bs‡iwR fvlvq G‡m‡Q j¨vwUb fvlv †_‡K| j¨vwUb fvlvq wZbwU †gŠwjK k‡ãi mÜvb cvIqv hvq, h_v ÔEducatumÕ ÔEducereÕ Ges ÔEducareÕ| cÖ_gwU A_©vr ÔEducatumÕ kãwUi A_© wk¶v Kg© (Act of teaching) ev wk¶KZv| wØZxqwU A_©vr Educere k‡ãi A_© jvjb-cvjb Kiv (To bring up) ev cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i cÖwk¶Y †`Iqv (To train)| Z…ZxqwU A_©vr Educare kãwUi mgv_© nj cÖKvk Kiv (To Lead out) ev weKvk NUv‡bv (To draw)| Dc‡ii wZbwU j¨vwUb k‡ãi fveMZ A_© Bs‡iwR Education k‡ãi gva¨‡g cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
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msKxY© A‡_© wk¶v msKxY© A‡_© wk¶v ej‡Z cÖPwjZ cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v‡K eySvq| wk¶v cÖwZôvb AvbyôvwbK Dcv‡q wk¶‡Ki mnvqZvq wbe©vwPZ cvVµg Abymv‡i G wk¶v`vb K‡i| wk¶v_x© G cÖwµqvq wbw`©ó cvV¨ wel‡q Ávb I KzkjZv AR©b K‡i| wk¶v_x©‡K wWMÖx MÖn‡Yi Dchy³ K‡i †ZvjvB G ai‡Yi wk¶vi g~j D‡Ïk¨| msKxY© A‡_© wk¶v‡K A‡b‡K cÖwµqv (Process) Ges Drcv`b (Product) wn‡m‡eI we‡ePbv K‡ib| GK_v g‡b Kiv nq †h, wk¶v nj Avgv‡`i Ávb, †KŠkj ev `¶Zv, Av`k©, g~j¨‡eva, evÃbxq `„wóf½x BZvw`i weKvk NUv‡bvi cÖwµqv (Process)| G †¶‡Î c~e© wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Yi w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L †h wk¶Y cÖwµqv cwiPvjbv Kiv hyw³hy³ Zvi Dci ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Avevi D‡Ïk¨ cyiY KZUzKz nj A_ev wK wK D‡Ïk¨ mv_©K nj Zvi Dci ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i ejv nq wk¶v nj Drcv`b (Product)| A_©vr wk¶v nj Ávb, `¶Zv, Av`k©, `„wóf½x, g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw` m„wó Kivi mvgwMÖK djvdj|
e¨vcK A‡_© wk¶v e¨vcK A‡_© wk¶v Rxe‡bi mv‡_ Mfxifv‡e hy³| wk¶v I Rxeb G‡¶‡Î mgv_©K| gvbe Rxe‡bi ïiy †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ G wk¶v weivgnxb cÖwµqvq cwiPvwjZ nq| ZvB G wk¶v AvbyôvwbK cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ A_©vr ¯‹zj-K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MwÛi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| Rxe‡bi cÖwZ †¶‡Î cÖwZ¶‡Y bZzb bZzb hZ AwfÁZvB gvbyl mÂq K‡i Zvi meB wk¶vi AvIZvfz³| wk¶vi e¨vcK A‡_©i wePvi †h †Kvb wbi¶i gvbylI Kvh©Kix AwfÁZv mÂq K‡i wkw¶Z wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e AwfÁZv ZLbB ¯^fve-PwiÎ, AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| ZvB e¨vcK A‡_© e¨w³i gb, PwiÎ A_ev kvixwiK mvg_©¨ cÖm‡½ †Kvb MVbg~jK Dc‡hvwMZv Av‡Q Ggb †h †Kvb Kg© ev AwfÁZv‡K wk¶v ejv nq|
wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gbxlxi e³e¨ eûKvj a‡i `vk©wbKMY wk¶v m¯^‡Ü Zuv‡`i wPšÍvaviv ev gZev` cÖKvk K‡i Avm‡Qb| wKš‘ A`¨vewa wk¶vi †Kvb mve©Rbxb msÁv wba©vwiZ nqwb| wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K©I `vk©wbK-wk¶v wPšÍvwe`‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ aviYv i‡q‡Q| MÖxK `vk©wbK I wk¶vwe` m‡µwU‡mi g‡Z wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ nj Ôm‡Z¨i Avwe®‹vi I wg_¨vi Ac‡bv`b|Õ `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv e‡j‡Qb, Ôg‡bi I †`‡ni cwic~Y© DbœwZ I weKvk mva‡bi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mewKQyB wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ e‡j cwiMwYZ|Õ Gwi÷Uj AZ¨šÍ `„pZvi mv‡_ AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb †h, Ôagx©q Abykvm‡bi Aby‡gvw`Z Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g myL AvniYB wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨|Õ wPšÍvwe` Rb jK AZ¨šÍ †Rviv‡jv fvlvq e‡j‡Qb, Ôwk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e my¯’ †`‡n my¯’ gb cÖwZcvj‡bi bxwZgvjv AvqËKiY|Õ wk¶v-wPšÍvwe` nve©vU© g‡b K‡ib, Ôwk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e wkïi g‡a¨ myKvwqZ m¤¢vebv I Abyiv‡Mi c~Y© weKvk Ges Zvi ˆbwZK Pwi‡Îi Kvw•¶Z AvZ¥cÖKvk|Õ wkï wk¶vwe` †d«v‡q‡ej gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, Ôwk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e GKwU my›`i, wek¦vm‡hvM¨ I cweÎ Rxe‡bi Dcjwä|Õ wk¶vwe` cvK©v‡ii g‡Z, GKRb c~Y©v½ gvbyl wn‡m‡e mgv‡R AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki R‡b¨ †h mg¯Í ¸Y wb‡q wk¶v_x© c„w_ex‡Z G‡m‡Q, wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e †m mKj ¸‡Yi cwic~Y© weKvk mvab|
evsjv‡`‡k wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ wk¶vi mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ †`k-Kvj wbwe©‡k‡l Awfbœ n‡jI †Kvb †`‡ki †fŠMwjK Ae¯’vb, mvgvwRK cwi‡ek, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` †m †`‡ki wk¶vi we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY K‡i| G me †¶‡Î cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y GK †`‡ki wk¶vi we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ Ab¨ †`‡ki wk¶vi we‡kl
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D‡Ï‡k¨ cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq| GR‡b¨ gvwK©b hy³ivóª, weª‡Ub wKsev Px‡bi wk¶vi we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ Ges evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶vi D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨ wfbœZv cwijw¶Z nq| evsjv‡`k GKwU AwZ RbmsL¨v Aay¨wmZ Ges AbybœZ A_©bxwZi †`k| agx©q †PZbv, mvgvwRK m¤úK© I i¶YkxjZvi cwi‡ek M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| ZeyI AvaywbK `„wóf½x M‡o †Zvjv I mg„w× AR©‡bi AwfcÖv‡q wk¶vi KZK¸‡jv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ ¯úó n‡q D‡V| †hgb-
• e¨w³i m„RbkxjZvi weKvk • mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ wk¶v`vb • mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Dc‡hvMx gvb, `¶Zv I ˆbcyY¨ m„wó • †`‡ki cÖwZ kª×v, ˆbwZK †eva, mZZv, gvbweK ¸Y I wek¦åvZ…Z¡‡eva BZ¨vw` ˆbwZK ¸‡Yi
weKvk| • †`k‡cÖg I mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejxi weKvk mvab|
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~Px cÖYqb KwgwU Zv‡`i wi‡cv©‡Ui cÖ_g L‡Û evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK cUf‚wgi †cÖw¶‡Z †h KqwU we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨i K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Q Zv n‡jv:
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2. wmwfK GWz‡Kk‡bi wfZ M‡ob †K? K. m‡µwUm L. †cø‡Uv M. Gwi÷Uj N. iy‡kv|
3. Encyclopedia of Educational research MÖ‡š’i †jLK †K? K. n¨vwik L. †Rvnvb †nbwiK M. Rb wWDB N. iy‡kv|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. wmwfK GWz‡Kkb ej‡Z Avcwb wK ey‡Sb? 2. wmwfK GWz‡Kk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
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mnvqK MÖš’ Robert Ulich, History of Educational Thought, New York, The American Book Company, 1950
Cortcr V. Good. Dictionary of Education, New York, The Mcgraw Hill Book Company, 1951
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Avgiv GKw`‡K GKwU iv‡óªi bvMwiK Ab¨w`‡K wek¦bvMwiK|
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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœt mwVK DËiwU wjLyb 1| mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb− K. B. Gg. †nvqvBU L. Mvb©vi M. jvw¯‹ N. †M‡Uj| 2| eyw×, we‡eK I AvZ¥mshg mybvMwi‡Ki G wZbwU ¸‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb †K ? K. jW©-K¬vBf L. jW©-KvR©b M. jW©-eªvBm N. jR©-evb©vWk| 3| k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiyb K. Aa¨vcK B. Gg. †nvqvB‡Ui g‡Z mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx n‡jv− Ávb, cÖÁv I ----| L. ------------ Zuvi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ h_vh_fv‡e cvjb K‡ib| M. we‡eKevb gvbyl n‡”Qb -----------| N. eZ©gvb we‡k¦ †Kvb bvMwiK ev ivóª ------ emevm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ: 1| mybvMwi‡Ki ¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2| wek¦bvMwiKZv wK? e¨vL¨v Kiyb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœt 1| mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2| jW© eªvBm mybvMwi‡Ki †hmKj ¸Yvejxi K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv eY©bv Kiyb| DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. M, 3. K-wbôv, L-mybvMwiK, M-Av`k©, N-wew”Qbœfv‡e| mnvqK MÖš’t 1| GgvRDÏxb Avn‡g`, ivóªweÁv‡bi K_v (XvKvt evsjv‡`k eyK K‡c©v‡ikb, 1990) 2| wbg©j P›`ª fÆvPvh© Ges k¨vgb Kzgvi PµeZx©, AvaywbK ivóªweÁvb (KwjKvZvt BwÛqv
B›Uvib¨vkbvj, 1971)
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