1. FeaturesGeography Of FlipbookSettlementsMega city More than 10milMegacity eg. New YorkCapital CityMore than 2milPopulation 10 mil +City150,000-2 mil Numerous large universities andLarge town25,000-150,000schoolsSmall town2,500-25,000 Many airportsVillage 100-2,500 Very rich and very poor peopleHamlet10-100Stock exchangeIsolated dwelling 1-10 Overcrowded City eg. OxfordTowns on outskirts containprimary schools which feed into Large Town eg. Readingsecondary in the centreCouncil estates HospitalsFire and police stationsUniversitiesBanks, retail outlets and fast foodHQ of many banksOverpriced housingBuses, trains and taxis High end jobsMulticultural Village eg. HurstSmall Town eg. Sheridon Village hall Few primary schools Butcher, baker, newsagent Local businesses Commute for work Local GP Church1 bank PubsIn Sheridon: 17,000 people 1 bus an hour Local shopsNo trains

2. Rural-Urban ContinuumNo human inhabited place istruly urban or truly rural, theyare all shades of grey within the Structurecontinuum, though many arecloser to one than the other. Ofthere are not always clearboundaries, but may be some Settlementsindicating factors eg. PopulationBurgess ModelThe model is based on 1920sChicago and show the centre of the city is the oldest, most economic district. The innercity has factories and industry, with the next ring providing working class residential areas. middle class and commuters live in the out-most rings. Advantages of BurgessMost older areas are basedon a similar structureLimitations of BurgessHoyt Sector ModelThe model is very old and many The model is a modified version things have changed sociallyof the Burgess model and since thenallowed for city developmentNew working and housing and the expansion of zones trends have developed and outward progression ofEvery city is different growth. It also shows it isnt The model may be as simple as just rings.oversimplifying cities. 3. Advantages of Hoyt It looks at the effect oftransport and communication linksSome cities do seem to followthe modelHarris-Ullman Model Limitations of Hoyt It says that even though a city may There is no reference to have began with a CBD, other smallerCBDs develop on the outskirts of the the physical environmentcity near the more valuable There is no reference to out ofhousing areas to allow shortertown servicescommutes from the outskirts of the The growth of a sector can be city. This creates nodes or nuclei instopped with land use leapfrogging other parts of the city besides theout of the inner cityCBD thus the name multiplenuclei model. Advantages of Harris-Ullman It is suitable for big, expanding citiesIt is clear to understandIt was the first model toconsider then complexity of a city rather than simplifying it Manns Model Limitations of Harris-Ullman Combines the sector theory with It assumes that land is flat with the concentric zone model.an equal distribution of Four basic sectors are postulated:resources and workers. middle class, lower middle class, It doesnt work as well inworking class, and lower working smaller settlementsclass. Each sector displays four zones. 4. Advantages of Manns More up to date than the othermodelsCan be adapted to fit cities Limitations of Manns Social andDoesnt fit all cities or urbanareasCultural StructureStudentification Studentification: Social impactsStudentification is a large influx Graduation celebrationsof students moving into an area, Students having funSocializing at parties often to be closer to aDrunk and disorderly behaviour university and may seem toIllegal activitytake over the area, changingObesity from fast foodsocial, economic andNeed for more police environmental aspects of it.Spread of STDsStudentification: Economic impactsUniversity gets more studentsand more moneyStudentification: Environmental Impacts Increased income for barsVandalizing public property Fast food outlets make lotsHorrible eyesoresof moneyVermin and maggots from litter Increased house pricesMore pollutionPaying to enforce lawHouses abandoned after term use only 5. Studentification Case Study Studentification Case StudySwansea Brynmill & Uplands Swansea Brynmill & UplandsNoise problem 7/95 houses have permanentLitter and damages problemsresidents in Bryn road Houses damagedSleepless nights for residentsBackyards used as dumps University isnt perceived as Neglected and run down Doing enough to control studentsproperties18,000 students and only Unkempt gardens3,500 roomsStudentification Case Study Studentification Case Study Swansea Brynmill & Uplands Swansea Brynmill & UplandsFamilies moving out as more Attracts investment students move inProvides new jobs A minority of the students are Cheap tuition fees make the Causing problems and altering Perception of students inArea attractiveGeneralCant force students to liveContrast between term time On campus And non term time Wheelie bin fights and ASB Ghettoisation Studentification Case StudyAn area is isolated for residenceSwansea Brynmill & UplandsPubs converted into bars by only people of one ethnic, Increase in fast foodreligious or national group. The Increase in cheap booze Most famous historical ghettosDiversification of services Were those that Nazis kept Multi-occupancyJews in, but now many differentHouse stock rehabilitationPeople are kept in various ghettos For different reasons.Manns Model Ghettoisation: Causes Combines the sector theory with Prejudice towards a certainthe concentric zone model.group Four basic sectors are postulated: A misconception or incorrect middle class, lower middle class,perspective of a groupworking class, and lower working A segregation of peoplesclass. Each sector displays fourzones. 6. Ghettoisation: Social impacts Ghettoisation: Economic impactsHigh crime rate High cost on hospitals Discrimination Money to replace areas damagedUnemployment in conflictsIlliteracy PovertyConflictc Ghettoisation Case Study SouthallLess than 12% of the population Ghettoisation: Environmental ImpactsDerelict buildings Is white. Urban decayOver 55% of the population isIndian or Pakistani It is home to one of the largestSikh temples outside of IndiaGhettoisation Case StudyGhettoisation Case StudySmall Heath, BirminghamSouthallThe population is mainly ofThe culture of the area has been Pakistani (51%) and Bangladeshiheavily swayed to a more (9%) descent, while peopleAsian theme of White British ethnicity is 22%. The sign at the train station is There are many mosques andwritten in both English and The majority of the population is Punjabi Muslim It has a bad reputation Push factorsHigh crime rate Cost of living MigrationLack of services Drought FloodingPovertyWar 7. Pull factorsCounter-urbanisationBetter environmentDecentralisation of populationAbility to commute to workfrom large urban areas to smallerBetter transport links ones or rural areas. Thought to be aresult of both improved Better servicescommunicationCheaper cost of living and connectivity as well as a More space reaction against the problemsMore suited to needsassociated with large urban areas Counter-urbanisation Case StudyCardiff - Llantwit Major Why Counter-urbanisation Cardiff docks reached its peak inAreas are more accessible now 1913, exporting 13.5 mil tonnes of There are better services and coal facilitiesThis dropped rapidly after WWIIThere is available housing and, coupled with the closure of theThe local environment isEast Moor Steelworks, unemployment rose attractiveLow income, racial prejudice andageing housing rose Counter-urbanisation Case StudyCounter-urbanisation Case Study Cardiff - Llantwit MajorCardiff - Llantwit Major Llantwit major offered employmentBy the 1970s, people were movingin Industrial Estates, building on away from the bay as an area ofBrownfield sites and businesses discard It has very good accessThese urban refugees bought As it is brownfield, planning property in fairly close Llantwitrestrictions are relaxed Major (15 miles) and commutedThe rural environment provides ato jobs in central Cardiffnicer place to work Why Sub-urbanisation Sub-urbanisationThe area is more accessible thanThe process by which people, it used to be factories, offices and shopsThere is more space to expandmove out from the centralIt is a more pleasant environmentareas of cities and into the suburbs. People have the ability to commute or even work from home 8. Re-urbanisationthe process whereby towns andWhy Re-urbanisationcities which have been experiencing The area may have beena loss of population are able toregenerated/gentrifiedIt is closer to work and services reverse the decline and begin to There is better educationgrow again. Some form ofNew malls and shopping centresredevelopment is often have been developed required to start re-urbanisation. Re-urbanisation Case Study Re-urbanisation Case StudyLondon DocklandsLondon Docklands In the 1950s, the docks had becomePopulation had declinedderelict and abandonedEmployment was in decline An increase in ship size meant 95%+ of housing was rented and they found it difficult to comeincluding high density terraced down the river houses and large estatesContainerisation meant few dominated by high rise blocks dockers were needed with largeShopping faciliities were limited cranes used to lift containers Lack of open space and recreation from shipsRe-urbanisation Case StudyRe-urbanisation Case Study London Docklands - EnvironmentalLondon Docklands - EconomicMore pedestrian areas were 1120 was invested from the developed public sector150 ha of open space was made8420 was invested from the17 conversational areas were setprivate sector upUnemployment fell from 14% to 7.4 100,000 trees were planted 100,000 commuters travel on aThe Docklands Light Railway was daily basisdeveloped with 126 stopsBusinesses doubled from 1160 to 2360Re-urbanisation Case Study Re-urbanisation Case StudyLondon Docklands - Successes London Docklands - Social It provided trade for local shopkeepers There was a wide range of social, 15,200 new houses were builtenvironmental and economic benefits 17,000 new jobs were createdAccessibility in and out of thePopulation doubled from 35,000docklands was greatly improved to 70,000It addressed the land, housing andA new shopping centre was built commercial problems the area had previously faced 9. Re-urbanisation Case Study London Docklands - FailuresIt didnt actually help the original Nappy Valley eg. Battersearesidents of the area many found Nappy Valley is a term orit to be too expensive to stay and had epithet applied to variousto moveplaces to denote a particularly It completely changed the job structure high local reproductiveof the area from secondary to tertiary There was a reduction in a feeling demographic profile. of community in the areaConsequences of Nappy ValleyWhy is there a Nappy Valley?There are more parent and toddler An area with vast amounts of groups mothers already living there will There are many good nurseriesattract other mothers looking for a There is increased sales for cafs secure environment for their childrenand restaurants The area caters specifically for House prices may rise mothers with Cafe culture andChildless couples or singles maymany schools and mother and move away toddler groupsThe area may become overcrowdedPaedophiles may prey on the areaRetirement areas eg. Dorset Why is there a Retirement Area?Retirement areas is a term or The elderly move to better areas toepithet applied to various enjoy retirementplaces to denote a particularly The impact of the ageing population from the baby boom is startinglow local reproductiveSome areas offer a better suited demographic profile with thelifestyle to the elderlymajority of residents being The may want a prettier environment older than 65for their last years. eg. With a beachConsequences of Retirement Areas Elderly are less likely to litterThere is more use of public transport More jobs are available for the younger people that are there Inner CityDeclinePressure on social services andhealthcare Tax increase to support them Possible abuse and discrimination More vunerable people 10. Causes of Inner City DeclineLack of investmentIt is easier to outsource than have Consequences of Inner City Declinepeople from the inner city working Those who can afford to leave do, New industries dont want to locate leaving just the poorest people in the inner city in the already declining inner city It may get a bad reputation as a slum People are able to suburbanise and There is even less investment and itcounterurbanise so live in other areasdeclines furtherinsteadThere is a poor physical environmentGentrificationA process by which run-down houses Regeneration and redevelopment in an inner city or other neglected area The improvement of old houses are improved by better off (affluent) people who move there in and the addition of amenitiesorder to have easier access to thein an attempt to bring new lifejobs and services of the city centre.to old inner city areas.The improving social group changesattract more people of the similarwealthier social group. Regeneration Case Study Regeneration Case Study London Docklands London DocklandsIn the 1950s, the docks had become Population had declined derelict and abandoned Employment was in declineAn increase in ship size meant95%+ of housing was rented andthey found it difficult to come including high density terraceddown the riverhouses and large estates Containerisation meant fewdominated by high rise blocksdockers were needed with large Shopping faciliities were limitedcranes used to lift containersLack of open space and recreationfrom ships Regeneration Case Study Regeneration Case Study London Docklands - EnvironmentalLondon Docklands - EconomicMore pedestrian areas were 1120 was invested from the developed public sector150 ha of open space was made8420 was invested from the17 conversational areas were setprivate sector upUnemployment fell from 14% to 7.4 100,000 trees were planted 100,000 commuters travel on aThe Docklands Light Railway was daily basisdeveloped with 126 stops Businesses doubled from 1160 to 2360 11. Regeneration Case StudyRegeneration Case Study London Docklands - Successes London Docklands - SocialIt provided trade for local shopkeepersThere was a wide range of social, 15,200 new houses were built environmental and economic benefits 17,000 new jobs were created Accessibility in and out of thePopulation doubled from 35,000 docklands was greatly improved to 70,000 It addressed the land, housing andA new shopping centre was builtcommercial problems the area hadpreviously faced Regeneration Case StudyLondon Docklands - Failures It didnt actually help the original residents of the area many found it to be too expensive to stay and had to moveIt completely changed the job structureCBD of the area from secondary to tertiaryThere was a reduction in a feelingof community in the area Pedestrianising and upgradingCompetition with out of town These may make areas like theShopping centreshigh street more attractive to Out of town shopping centres people and may change their offer things that require more spacemind about going to out of townand may not be available in CBDsshopping centres instead. It makes There is less traffic to get to the area it easier to move around, there are These big shopping centres may often parking areas availableoffer other facilities such as swimming surrounding the pedestrian areas pools as well as shops People go to them and not the CBDand the do not need to look outwhen moving between shops.CBD Case Study ReadingThe abandoned brewery andtransport depot were replaced withshops Retail parks, the oracle and broad street mall were developed Broad street became pedestrianised CCTV was installed to make it saferIt has some of the most secure car parksIt is one of the top 10 shopping areas 12. Changes in the RUFRuralThere are new developments asland is cheaper and both housing and commercial developers want toUrban make money out of itTransport links are being built in it It offers more space for servicesFringethat cant be built in centresUrban sprawl is taking over areasaround cities Pull FactorsPush FactorsCheaper land Expensive land and cost of livingLess planning permissions Strict planning permissionMore open space Having to build up, not outAbility for houses to have gardens No chance for gardens Can house transport links LoudHigh crime rateRUF Case Study South London Motorways: M25 Airports: Gatwick Theme Park: Chessington Race Courses: EpsomGolf courses Rural Commuter towns: LeatherheadVillages: BrockhamSettlements Cemeteries Prisons: FelthamReasons for decline Second home owners buying Decline in rural areas properties but not contributing at all Population becoming smaller to the local community or businessesLocal services and businesses Commuters using services in townclosing rather than local ones Less education facilitiesYoung people moving into the No jobs availabletowns and cities, leaving a smallworking population with limitedskills 13. Rural Decline Case StudyRural Decline Case Study Helford Isle of Purbeck 70% of homes are empty for muchThe Isle of Purbeck has become aof the year favoured retirement area, so theThe milkwoman only has 1 customeraverage age is above the nationalThere is conflict over the planning With people migrating in, house of a jetty: fisherman think it is vital,prices go up and young residentssecond home owners think its an leave eyesoreThere is a decline of traditional2HO place demands on the area services as new people move in even when they arent there Growth and urbanisation People are moving more towards town and cities than the traditionalrural areas, so some rural areas are becoming more urbanisedDemographicChangeto cater for the new demand. eg.Twyford is more accessible,Leatherhead has become a commutertown for London and Llantwit MajorFor Cardiff.Birth Rate Population Change (natural)The number of live births per 1000 The difference in number betweenwomen between 15-45 per year. those who are born and thosewho die in a year. Additionaleffects of migration are not Death Rateincluded. The number of deaths per 1000 people per year.Infant MortalityDemographicThe number of babies dyingbefore their first birthday perTransition1000 live births. Model 14. Stage 2: Bangladesh Birth Rate: 22.98/1000 Death Rate: 5.75/1000 Population Growth: 2.4% Life Expectancy: 70.06 years Infant Mortality Rate: 48.99/1000 Reasons for Bangladesh Stage 3: Brazil Birth rate: Lack of contraceptionBirth Rate: 17.48/1000Death rate: Higher chance ofDeath Rate: 6.38/1000 living if they didnt die as an infantPopulation Growth:1.102% Infant mortality rate: High levels of tetanus, prematurity, pneumoniaLife Expectancy: 72.79 yearsand malnutrition.Infant Mortality Rate: 20.5/1000 Reasons for Brazil Birth rate: People are beginning to have less need of children for Stage 4: United Kingdomlabour and want to have one toBirth Rate: 12.27/1000 give them a better lifeDeath Rate: 9.33/1000Death rate: New medicine and Population Growth: 0.553% surgery is allowing people to live longerLife Expectancy: 80.17 years Infant mortality rate: Rising incomeInfant Mortality Rate: 4.56/1000 and better healthcare mean lessinfants are dying Reasons for United KingdomBirth rate: People are waiting tilltheyre older or not having childrenStage 5: JapanDeath rate: People are starting toBirth Rate: 7.53/1000 have self destructive tendanciesDeath Rate: 10.09/1000 such as smoking or eating junk Population Growth: -0.2%Infant mortality rate: Hospital Life Expectancy: 83.91 years standards have improved highlyInfant Mortality Rate: 2.21/1000enough that we can combat manythings that may otherwise kill infants 15. Reasons for JapanImplications of changeBirth rate:There is an ageingLarger dependant population population so less fertile people More debt for future generations to available to have children and some support the current one Are waiting longer or not having kidsLess working age citizens meansDeath rate: The Japanese haveless potential economic growth always had good diets and Possible encouragement ofhospital advances can combat moreimmigrationInfant mortality rate: There is a very More demands on healthcare andsmall amount that medical advancessocial services cant prevent Rising taxesVoluntary Migration People move anywhere they want to because of all the pull factorsMigration that it offers. It may be to sendmoney home in the case of economic migrants, for holidays,missionary work or educational reasons.Voluntary Migration: Push and pullMay prefer the other country Family may live thereVoluntary Migration: Examples More work Poole, Dorset for retirees (15.93%)Cheaper 31,689,000 Mexicans in USA Better place to bring up family2,000 a week move from Ireland Crimeto AustraliaBad area Unemployment Lack of healthcareForced Migration: Push and pull SafetyPolitical stabilityForced Migration Better quality of lifePeople have no other optionFreedom of speech but to leave a place eg. Refugees Marriage for love, not arrangedleaving a place to avoid furtherConflict prosecutionWarThreat to life and/or property Lost everything eg. In hurricane 16. Forced Migration: Examples 7.4 mil people left Rwanda aftergenocide Internal Migration10,671 people living in UK after thePeople move for various reasonsSudanese civil warwithin the same country. 56,000 Afghans living in the UKInternal Migration: Push and pullLow crime Internal Migration: ExamplesQuiet and peaceful People from Northern EnglandGood servicesmoving to Southern EnglandPlenty of jobs In 2004, 259,000 left North and Cheaper239,600 moved just to South EastHigh crimeSouthern Italians moving to NorthExpensiveChinese rural-urban migrationOvercrowded 126 mil moved in 2004 Bad services High unemployment International Migration: Push and pullBetter quality of life Better healthcare International Migration More jobsPeople move for various reasonsBetter education to different countries.PovertyPoor healthcare and QoLUnemployment Less sophisticated education facilitiesInternational Migration: Examples240 mil world wide in 20102009 estimate for Indians in UK: 1,414,100 Permanent Migration2001 census: 140,201 South Moving with the intention of staying Africans in UK (avoiding high crimethere with a visa that will allowrate) residence if it is abroad.2010 estimate: 1,192,879 Britishin Australia 1/3 of Polands population migrates each year 17. Permanent Migration: Push and pull Permanent Migration: Examples Nicer areaRetirees in Poole, Dorset Family live there800,000 permanent British residents High crime rate in SpainPoor facilities 11,000 Czechs in Canada 1969 Temporary Migration: Push and pullFamily are thereTemporary MigrationNicer environment Moving for an allocated space of Possible employment time with the intention of comingHolidays back.Low incomeUnemployment Inadequate healthcare Impacts on host country: Social Temporary Migration: Examples Stops rural depopulation Going to work on an oil right in theCreates a diverse culture Atlantic OceanMigrants tend to be working age - Swansea for university studentscounteracts ageing problem 2010: 238,000 came to the UK to Original residents may resent migrantsstudy Migrants belief/religion/tradition may2005: 1,500 asylum seekers arrived differ from the locals in the UK each day (565,000 total) It is mostly men that migrate, leadingto a gender imbalanceImpacts on host country: Economic Impacts on host country: Environmental Migrants help the economyBarn conversion and other regenerationMigrants fill the skills gapmakes use of old rural buildingsPoor neighbouring countries bearGentrification may take placethe heaviest burdenRural urban migration creates ghettoisationUnemployment in the host countryShortage of resources eg. Water in may become higher with moreCosta Del Sol with demand for pools competition for jobsMexico-USA migration has forced theUS to build a large, unsightly wall to tryCost of housing asylum seekers -to limit illegal migration.430,000 to detain 73 people 18. Impacts on origin country: Social Impacts on origin country: Economic Raised status of women, gain ofMigration led to a decrease inautonomy and management skillsPoverty and unemploymentNew ideas from new migrants Increased taste Western servicesMigrants send over $20 bil back Improved support of democracy annuallyIn dictatorial countries, only a few have Philippines received $12.8 bil in 2008 Access to profitable economic sectorsIndia received 20 bil in 2005So there is more poor peopleMost skilled workforce leavesGender imbalanceBuganda lost 20% of educatedIf many doctors move out, there is a Population in the past 10 yearshigher death rateImpacts on origin country: EnvironmentalVoluntary Migration: Mexico to US Outmigration reduces pressure on the land and resources2000km being built between US Money returned can be invested in and Mexico improving infrastructure 900,000 Mexicans migrate to theAbandoned land can be returned to nature US annually Rural depopulation means the land has Illegal migration is a huge problemto change a second time US border patrol guards try toWater supply problems and diseases control the migrationspread with loss of healthcare and sanitation Detention centres need to be built850,000 Mexicans were caught in in intervening places1995Voluntary Migration: Mexico to USPush and Pull factorsImpacts on USA1800 per doctor Border patrol and prisons costGNP: $3750 millions55% Literacy $6 billion sent from US to MexicoLife expectancy: 72 years annually 40% unemployed Migrants will work for less 400 per doctorCultural and racial issues GNP: $24750Mexican culture has enriched99% LiteracyLife expectancy: 76 years border states Many jobs Incidents of TB increasedImpacts on MexicoShortage of economically activeMen migrate and leave womenunmarried Young people migrate, leaving the old and the very young Legal and illegal immigrants sendback $6 billion a year Villages like Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of their inhabitants 19. Voluntary Migration: Africa to Europe Push and Pull factorsVoluntary Migration: Sub Saharan Life expectancy: 47 yearsAfrica to Europe2.3% growthPeople from poor African countries 65.7% Literacytry to come through Spain, the HIV prevalence: 5.8%Internet usage: 29/1000Canary islands and Italian islands Life expectancy: 80 yearsThey leave through Libya and0.6% growthMorocco98.9% Literacy HIV prevalence: 0.3%Internet usage: 439.4/1000Impacts on Europe120,000 illegal immigrants deported Impacts on Africa from Spain in 2002Loss of skilled workers Tighter security at certain points1 in 10 people crossing diejust changes where people areHaving to build detention centresdeporting fromeg. in Manila, MoroccoMillions are spent in processing feesRefugees and Asylum seekers Asylum seeker: A refugee who has arrived at their desired country Refugees and Asylum seekersand asks to seek asylum. If they Refugee: A person who has been are granted it, they becomeforced to leave their country in refugees again, within the new order to escape war, persecution,country. They are not allowed to or natural disaster. work for 2 years and must liveon benefits to prove they are not economic migrants.Forced Migration: Uganda to UKUganda to UK: Push and pullIdi Amin came to power in 1971Dictatorial regime In 1972 he gave all Asians an Major financial instability ultimatum to leave within 90 daysHigh death rate He ran a regime of people whoMany people disappearing disagreed with him simplyStable democratic governmentdisappearing or dying in accidentsBetter economicsMore than 50,00 fled Uganda, withLower death rate30,000 coming to the UK Safety 20. Impacts on UK (Uganda)Impacts on Uganda High unemployment rateLoss of working population Tension between races Further pressure from economic Fear that temporary settlements failureswould become permanent Major economic failure as many eg. Stradishall campbusinesses were owned by theMany more people living on benefitsAsians who had been forced to and requiring welfareleaveForced Migration: Zimbabwe to UKZimbabwe to UK: Push and pull Mugabe came to power in 1980One party stateHe set up a 1 party dictatorial stateHigh death rateHe has threatened many groups,Political instability forcing them to leave and causing Civil warfinancial instability in some areasStable governmentof the economyBetter financesAny political opposition is dealt with Safetyviolently Lower death rateSanctions have been imposedImpacts on UK (Zimbabwe)High unemployment rateImpacts on Zimbabwe Tension between races Loss of working population Fear that temporary settlementsMajor economic failurewould become permanent Economic problem made worseMany more people living on benefits by sanctions imposed by UN and requiring welfareGender imbalance in the DTM GenderIn stage 2 of the DTM, there is oftena high infant mortality rate, and this effects males more than females.StructuresLater in life, many women are dying in childbirth though a few men do still die from high labour jobs. 21. Gender imbalance in the DTMGender imbalance in the DTM In stage 4 of the DTM, the job In stage 3 of the DTM, countries like sectors of the country has changed China may recognize the population and there is less need for labour,problem yet still have a need for removing the preference for males.labour. This may lead to a preference Medicine has advanced enough for for males and either abortions ofchildbirth related deaths to be female foetuses or female minimal. Women naturally live longer infanticide than men, so the very oldest peopleare women.Gender Imbalance Case Study: ChinaWhy was the policy needed?Gender imbalance in the DTM Food shortages became a majorIn stage 5 of the DTM, women are problem as more had to bestill generally living longer, thereprovided to keep up with theis no preference over gender or demand of a quickly growing intervention dependant on this and population.there is nothing during their lifetimes Unemployment became a serious problem that should wipe out more of one andincreases with population growth. Unemployment rose from 1.8% in gender than the other.1985 to 2.9%and is predicted to keep growing.Gender Imbalance Case Study: ChinaThe one child policy Gender Imbalance Case Study: ChinaConcessions and variationsIt was introduced in 1978 The policy is not as strictly enforced in ruralIt was only fully implemented inareas so people living there may often have 2urban areas Parents who are both only children themselvesMany in rural areas may have 2 may have 2 childrenchildrenDivorced and remarried women may have It changes the sex ratio as boys are children if they didnt in a previous relationshipCouples may have another child if the first favoured,so if it is found out to be a girl, is mentally handicapped or dies parents may tryto abort, kill it at birthEthnic minorities are exempt from the policies or simply not report it.Gender Imbalance Case Study: ChinaGender Imbalance Case Study: China Implications of the sex ratioAge related problems There will be a shortfall of women The baby boom of 1962-1973 will create a retirement bulge in the 2030s. in the important fertile age group Over 65s could make 25% of the populationThere is currently a 106:100 ratio ofNumber of retired will go from 1 in 25 to 1 in 4 men to women Children are seen as an investment for old ageThere will be too many dependants Young men may find it difficult to Children will be unable to fulfil social obligationsfind a partner The gap between desire for children andProstitution may rise the policy will eventually narrow 22. Gender Imbalance Case Study: ChinaGender Imbalance Case Study: ChinaShanghai is Chinas leading Success or failure economic city, experiencingPopulation growth reduced by 300 million phenomenal economicRate of natural increase 1.7% in 2007 growth. There are fears the one Birth control targets are being reachedchild policy may bring downFood security became an issue as arable this fortune.land is still limitedChina may still face water shortages The TFR for Shanghai is 0.8 and population has been decreasing since 1993Gender Imbalance Case Study: ChinaShanghai was the first city where,Gender Imbalance Case Study: China if both parents are only children,In the long term, the one childthey may have 2 children. Theypolicy could cause a labour are currently looking atshortage with tooamendments for educated many elderly dependentscouples, one partner being an only child and where two divorcees remarry. Philippines: POPCOM Why? Demographic 85 million people living on 11 islands142.2 mil predicted by 2050 Changes andDebt problem and high demands on healthcare and education Policies United nations declaration 1970 Martial law in 1972 madecontraceptives availablePhilippines: POPCOM Positives and NegativesPhilippines: POPCOM Evaluation Dropped birth rate from 3% to 2.4% Though it has dropped, its still Decline in the TFR very highWent from 6 children per woman to 3.5 Many still follow religion and useIt clashes with the roman catholiconly traditional methods, which religion prominent in the country often fail Even though birth rate has dropped, Abortion is still illegal and 12% ofits still highmaternal deaths are due to homeWith each change of government, theinduced abortions policy is changed 23. Uganda: ABC Why? Uganda: ABC To encourage Abstinence, Being Positives and Negatives HIV prevalence fell from 15% to 5% faithful and using a CondomHIV testing for pregnant women has To reduce sexual incidents causing increased to 80%HIV Condoms are widely available Ugandan teachers are instructed toGrant of $70 million Less than 1/5 of Ugandan children thatdiscuss abstinence only, not condoms need treatment get itFree prevention of mother-to-childHealthcare providers cant handle the transmission services amount of people and have to turn them away The initial drug role out was slowUganda: ABC EvaluationPro-abstinence organizations useUganda as an example to showKenya: National Family Program Why? success, but ignore the other methodsPopulation growth needed to be The being faithful and avoiding reduced from 3.3% to 3% casual sex part of the policy had aTrying to reduce to TFRbig initial impact, but slowly fadedTo reduce child mortality The number of condoms rose from 1.5 mil to 10 mil between 1992 and1996 Kenya: National Family ProgramPositives and Negatives Child mortality rates have decreased Kenya: NFP Evaluation In 1998, TFR had fallen to 4.7 Population growth has carried on Contraceptive use increased to 38.3% increasingFertility and population growth rates Economy has run into difficultiesboth increasedFertility rate has increased 24% of women dont use it44% of under 15s need future healthSingapore Why?Total Fertility Rate of 1.3 childrenSingapore10% of the population are alreadyPositives and Negatives over 65More people will work longer Equalised payable age for men and The average life expectancy at birth women is 79 years Short term solutionCouples get childcare allowances More money will be spentEncourages immigrationImmigration doesnt help with the Promotes increased retirement ageing population age 24. Singapore EvaluationThey get more workersSingapore is able to maintain its Norway Why? productive edge against otherTo encourage women to have more nations kidsHigher taxes To prevent the dependency ratioMore need for facilities for elderly from increasingNational population does notincrease Norway Positives and Negatives 10 months 100% payNorway Evaluation12 months 80% payHelped maintain a stable fertilityStayed at a steady 1.8 children per woman 5/6 women between 30-39 are employed rate Greater gender equalityEncouraged women to have more 1992-1997 TFR dropped 2.1-1.5children Target TFR of 2.1 is still notacheived Causes of Low Fertility RatesIt is more acceptable for women to Ageing have children later or not at allMany women are choosing careerover familyPopulation An ageing population leaves less people available to have childrenBaby boomers of the 1960s arejust coming up to retirement age Consequences Ageing population: Case Study: UKOld people commit crime less, so TFR is 1.8 so growth is fallingnational crime rates may dropPeople may have to retire later Society may become more cohesiveTaxes are going to rise to supportMany old people volunteerthe dependant populationMore money will be put into leisure The elderly are costing massivePensions are more of a burdenamounts: the retirement age was The ability to care for the elderlyset in the 1880s when people weredecreases as average household sizeDoesonly expected to live to 68, now There are going to be sharp rises in theyre living till 80, they are on Healthcare costspensions for 15 years