Wiwo Gerritse

The Netherlands

Introduction of the Uniform and Effective Parking Management in Budapest

Significance and Aims

Abolition of standing traffic blocking moving traffic

Increase of efficiency of the total network

Change of travelling habits

Creation of better environmental quality

Generation of advantages for the city policy

To make the conditions of vehicle storage of certain local areas manageable by establishing space

management, regulation and control conditions, considering demand/supply status and environmental capacities

To influence the entire traffic system in order to favour the traffic

form best suitable to the given environment in the areas of diverse function

Determining Factors of Parking Regulation and Parking Management

Experiences on Parking Management in Foreign Cities with well developed motorization:

Singular Status Analysis and Planning Survay and Planning according to Needs Complex Model-based Planning Systems

Visions for the future city with regard to Parking Management

Mobility remains of high importance

Size of traffic keeps on growing. Local effects of reduction needs to be considered

Means of transportation and their selection do not change fast Cars are required on large geographic areas, but city usage also

remains important Car traffic in cities will become more acceptable but not without

any problems Largly used transport systems require more flexible regulations

Visions for the future city with regard to Parking Management

Changes in the parking surface supply

Provision of parking surfaces will mostly remain a central decision Parking surfaces in cities remain being deficient Significance of P+R grows Increasing application of mechanic parking systems Flexible parking surface supply Connection of parking surfaces into network Re-location of parking lots into less senstivie environment Further reduction in public road surfaces Establishment of new parking surfaces require higher expenditure

Visions for the future city with regard to Parking Management

New technologies and services

Spreading of dynamic systems to direct parking Development of personal information systems Direction systems also in the parking houses New systems to monitor parking times and payment of fees Parking houses on the network Supported and automatic parking New services based on new technologies (e.g.: flexible integration

of all parking surfaces in the parking management)

Visions for the future city with regard to Parking Management

New forms of traffic organization

Higher and more flexible fees need to be set for parking Growing acceptance of limitations Regulation with differentiated driving authorizations Introduction of road toll

Principles of Parking Space Management and Parking Policy

Having examined the data of six big Western-European cities regarding their downtowns and comparing their demand and supply possibilities, the following can be stated:

population density of the downtowns is low or medium (50-100 persons/ha)

relative value of parking lots – due to parking garages – is high (cca 1000 parking space/ha)

share of street parking is only 20-50% of the total 35-50% of parking lots in the downtown serves short term parking

demands

Practice of Parking Management in Foreign

Countries

Various parking user groups need to be satisfied differently, taking into consideration the potentials and the desired city and transport policies.

In order to reach the targets, all methods, including administrative ones, need to be revealed and applied which can be accepted by the population and may assist to solve parking problems. These should at the same time improve the quality of the city environment

Suitable and satisfying balance between the system elements needs to be obtained so that the operability of the city further grows

Practice of Parking Management in Foreign Countries

It is fundamental to satisfy parking demands up to the limits of solvency by using differentiated material expenses, mainly to avoid the segregation of population due to this very important factor

Ensurance of job-related parking demands does not belong to the authority of the city, even the limitation of such demands may be influenced by the city authority

Parking demand for visitors, shoppers and those who arrange their official matters need to be satisfied according to demand/supply (including its financial influence) as much as possible.

Solutions and Methods to Reach the Targets

Solutions:

Regulation, control and sanctioning of parking time and fees Increase of parking capacity by building of multi-storey parking

lots (garages and parking houses) Application of direction methods for better usage of possibilities

in the frames of the complex city direction system. Physical tools (e.g. tools of traffic alleviation) Administrative, restrictive measurements in special and justified

cases (on micro and macro level)

Methods

Parking meter This used to be a solution in Budapest but became outdated

Parking with tickets Parking management with parking mashines

One solution for the modern parking ticket systems is the application of parking ticket machines ensuring the parking ticket supply of continuous parking lots.

Parking with parculator The base element of the system is an electronic unit, the parculator. The

methond does not require buying a ticket, nor inserting money into a machine.

Parking with GSM System of paying road tolls

limitation of personal car traffic in a given area and time economic optimization of marginal costs influence of travels and the distribution of travel methods ensurance of financial resorces for traffic development contribution to the development of the traffic information system.

The Advantages of Parking with GSM

no more coin issue no walking to the parking machine no problem if parking period is

shorter or longer than expected, payment is registered according to actual use

possibility to get discounts refill of the virtual card is easy

(bank transfer, check, and within a short time via internet and mobile phone as well). Invoice is available right away

one card can be used from more phone numbers

companies or private persons using several cars may open a master accoount this way allowing the parking for more vehicles from the same „purse”

any GSM partners are accepted. only a low telecommunication-

related fix cost is added to the parking fee

Less cash management related cost

Increased driver satisfaction Increased tendency to pay Easier invoice handling No need (or less need) for

parking machines, less wear-and-tear of machines and no ticket cost

Several parking operators may operate from one accounting center. In case of claims paid parking fees can be easily controlled

Exact statistics is available about parking times, their distribution in time and space and about certain parking habits

To the user: To the operator:

Influential Considerations in the Inland Practice

Social environment

Prior to the transition period, owing a private car was a non-desirable but tolerated fact, therefore preconditions of the storage of vehicles had not been set up

Car owners – partly due to above reasons, partly due to the wrong (social) environment – take parking services as free of charge or preferenced similarly to other public services

Changed, new social environment is not old enough to stop the existence of the former conditioning regarding rights believed to be owned, furthermore daily practice of democracy is not mature enough to easily tolerate the loss of any rights

These kinds of difficulties need to be calculated when introducing the parking regulatory concept just like in any other restrictional measurements.

Influential Considerations in the Inland Practice

Economic environment

General characteristics of the current economic environment: deficit of budget resources, of local government resources, of solvent demand, the restraint of the enterprise capital

Similarly to other European towns, development of parking from primarily centralized resources is not an option, instead, private investors may execute it

International practice of parking management proves that leased parking itself belongs to investments having return on the long run

Regulations, Legal Environment

Legal regulatory environment is currently deficient and contradictory

Consistent and efficiantly operable parking management can only be introduced after the modification of the legal environment. Beside the establishment of a suitable legal background with defined scopes, it is important to stop the organizational variety, and that the system of parking management, operation and control is operated by one organization under the control of the capital

Environmental Conditions

One of the main purposes of parking regulation as a defining element of the traffic regulation of the capital is to improve the currently unsuitable environmental conditions of the whole city with special attention to the downtown.

Extent of air pollution caused by vehicular traffic has significantly grown in the past decade, at the same time the size of the polluted areas has also increased. Due to the growing traffic of vehicles with four-stroke engines, the pollution caused by nitrogenous gases also rises.

One should not forget about the deteriorating effect of vehicles parking illegally on green areas.

City Structure

When studying city structure, the various architectural and functional characteristics of the different zones need to be considered

It has to be found which are the lines (and points) in the city structure where the intensity of the buildings and the structure of the traffic network remarkably changes. These are the lines and points to locate the P + R system

During city planning, the housing projects had been planned independently from the locational structure and development of workplaces. This multiplies and lengthens the daily traveltimes

Structure of Traffic

The road network of the capital is deficient, circular and transverse roads following the increase of the city structure have not appeared

The system of public transportation is good if considering the development level of the network and frequency, though the quality level of the service is not satisfactory considering travel time, comfort and time table observance

There is no rational area and demand specific devision of labour among the various means of transportation

The intensive buildings in the Buda hill area was not followed by the development of the highland road system , and it was not followed by the increase of capacities to cross the Danube in spite of the increase of needs for residence – workplace travels. For this reason, the loading of the Danube bridges and the valley roads of the highlands became unbearable

A huge part of the travels arriving from the agglomerations takes place on roads. It is necessary to increase the share of fixed rail traffic, especially MÁV (Hungarian State Rails) within public transportation

Parking Regulations

The present form of parking regulation does not create a system, in not in compliance with the whole traffic structure, it only means

the introduction of fees and timely regulations within a narrow circle of parking possibilities. As a result, in the most frequently used areas of the capital both public roads and the pedestrian areas are occupied by standing vehicles thus basically clogging the usage of the public area according to its original function

The extension in the downtown can only be executed by building parking garages due to the lack of free public areas. Even by building parking garages, it is not possible to generate the

same supply as exists under the current unregulated conditions, therefore building of garages does not mean the extension of parking possibilities only creates a base for the radical withdrawal of standing traffic from the surface public areas.

Experiences and Conclusions Problematics of vehicle storage as part of the traffic process in time

and space

Parking has to be handled not in itself or just as a bunch of elements but as an important part of the city and its public transportation

Parking in time and space should be handled as a complex system of parking management

Parking management should be handled as tool for the reconstruction of the city’s operability and the tool of the division of labor among the different transport branches, this way highly influencing the further development of the city

Experiences and Conclusions

The current status of traffic regulation does not satisfy the demands which could effectively improve the traffic situation of a large city

As a summary: current vehicle storage and parking situation

in Budapest needs renewal regarding both the global city structure and each regulatory element. The parking system needs to be inserted into the traffic structure of the city with the consideration of its interrelations and local specialties. The correctly selected system can be the base of parking management defined by the city and transportation policy purposes

THANK YOU!