Withit PANSUK Department of Civil Engineeringpioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pwithit/CE231 1.pdf ·...

Introduction to Construction MaterialsIntroduction to Construction MaterialsCE 231 Construction Materials

June 15th, 2011

Withit PANSUKDepartment of Civil Engineering

Faculty of EngineeringChulalongkorn University 2/89June 14th, 2011 CE 231 Construction Materials

General information• InstructorName:Withit Pansuk (ผศ.ดร.วิทิต ปานสุข)Office: Room 534, CE Building, Faculty of Engineering, CU Tel: 02-218-6693Email: [email protected]

• Lecture room Room ENG-319 • Time Tuesday 13:30 – 16:30??

3/89June 14th, 2011 CE 231 Construction Materials

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CE 231 Assignment 1 Withit.P


Outline

1. Course syllabus2. History of construction3. Introduction to construction materials- Concrete, Steel, Metals and Alloys, Wood,

Masonry6/89June 14th, 2011 CE 231 Construction Materials

Course Syllabus

CE 231 Construction MaterialsCourse Credit : 3 (3-0-6)Semester : 1stAcademic year : 2011Program : TEP/TEPECourse Level : Undergraduate


Course evaluation

1. Attendance 10%2. Assignment 20%3. Midterm Examination 30%4. Final Examination 40%Total 100%


History of construction

• Construction = the ability to build things e.g. buildings, highways, bridges and infrastructure.

• In the past humans created the structures by using natural materials e.g. Clay, Woods, Rocks, Sand, Gravel,

Masonry


Construction in the Past

The Step Pyramid at Sakkara (2980 B.C.; 200 ft)

Great Pyramid of Gizeh(2900 B.C.; 481 ft)


Construction in the Past• The Appian Way

The construction was started in 312 B.C. in Rome

by the consul Appius Claudius Caecus,


Construction in the Past• The Alcantara Bridge

Location : Spain Built in the year A.D. 98Still in use !!


Construction in the Past• The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum

Location : Rome, Italy

Used Rock sand and masonry

Height : 57 mPerimeter : 527 m


Construction in the Past• The Great Wall of China 万里の長城


Construction in the Past• Angkor Wat


Construction in the Past• The Pyramid at Chichén Itzá

before 800 A.D.Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico


Construction in the Past• Pantheon, Rome

Masonry arch structure


Construction in the Present

**There were a number of significant technological developments that were destined to have a great impact on our civilization.**


• Eiffel Tower



• Hoover Dam

Provides electricity for more than 1.3 million people and irrigation for 1.5 million acres of land in the United States and Mexico.



• Petronas Tower

The 451.9 - meter structure composed of two 88-story structures and their pinnacles, optimized the use of steel and reinforced concrete.



• Sydney opera house

The building covers 1.8 hectares (4.5 acres) of land, and is 183 m (605 ft) long and 120 m (388 ft) wide at its widest point.



• Golden Gate BridgeLocation : San Francisco

Main suspension span length of 4,200 ft, used - 83,000 tons of steel - 389,000 cubic yards of concrete, and enough cable to encircle the earth three times !!



• Bird’s nest Stadium (Beijing National Stadium)

Steel Structure Beijing, China



• Mass Rapid Transit Subway



• Falkirk WheelIn town of Falkirk in central Scotland



• The Bhumibol I and II BridgeCable-Stayed Bridge



• Taipei 101 臺北101大樓 The highest skyscraper in

Taiwan



• Skyscrapers in Thailand



• Skyscrapers

Higher and HIGHER !!



Introduction to Construction Materials

The materials that mostly use….• Concrete• Woods (Timber)• Metals• Alloys• Masonry


Concrete


Concrete

Hospital

Tunnel Dam

SchoolBridge

Port

Building

Highway

AirportSubway

Underground pipelineD

ike


Concrete

• Concrete is the second most consumed material in the world after water.

• Structural concrete elements can be formed into a variety of shapes and sizes.

• Durability of concrete


How to make concrete…

Limestone Clay Siliceous stone Iron ore

Heat

GypsumCrush and mix

Cement

Mix

Water

Clinker Concrete

Aggregate Admixture

Mix


Materials for concrete

1. Cement

2. Aggregate

3. Water

4. Admixture

Water Cement Sand Stone

Mortar

Concrete

Silica cement is the cement mixed with sand.


Cement

When water is added to the cement, a hydration reaction occurs, producing a solid gel that bond the aggregate particle.


Cement production


Type of Portland Cement- Ordinary Portland (Type I) cement- Modified (Type II) cement- Rapid-hardening Portland (Type III) cement- Low–heat Portland (Type IV) cement- Sulphate-resisting (Type V) cement- White and coloured Portland cement- Portland-pozolan cements- Silica cement- etc.


Aggregate

– Mostly understand as rocks and sand– Aggregate must be clean, strong, and durable– Angular aggregate particles provide strength

due to mechanical interlocking between particles


Aggregate

Coarse aggregate (stone) Fine aggregate (Sand)


Water

– In general, we are talking about water in concrete in term of “quantity” rather than “quality” because the properties of concrete depend on water to cement ratio (W/C ratio)


High water to cement ratio

- Improves the workability of concrete- Decreases the compressive strength of concrete- Increases the shrinkage of concrete during curing & create a chance of cracking


Water Quality

– The quality of water is also important because impurities in it may interfere with the setting time or cause staining on the surface and may also lead to corrosion of the reinforcement.


Admixture

– Improve concrete quality ex) workability, durability, strength

– 2 Types of admixture• Chemical admixture• Mineral admixture


Chemical Admixture

[ACI Manual of Concrete Practice:1991] is a material other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement, and fiber reinforcement used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing


Chemical Admixture

– Types of Chemical Admixture• Accelerating Admixture• Retarding Admixture• Water Reducing Admixture• Air Entraining Admixture• Water Repellent Admixture • Color Pigment etc….


Mineral Admixture (Pozzolan)

A siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself possesses little or no cementetious value but will, in finely divided from and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementetious properties


Mineral Admixture (Pozzolan)Such as : Silica Fume, Fly ash

Fly ash particles at 2,000x magnification


Concrete Properties

• Concrete in tension is approximately 10% the strength of concrete in compression.


Concrete Properties• Strong but brittle


Concrete Application• Reinforced Concrete


Concrete Application• Reinforced Concrete

The Groove Street Bridge in Michigan

Bi-Yok Tower (RC Tallest building in Thailand)


Concrete Application• Pre-cast concrete


Concrete Application• Pre-cast concrete


Concrete Application• Post - tension


Concrete Application• Post tension : Bond System


Concrete Application• Post tension : Unbond System


Woods (Timber)

• Not a high-technology materials but fantastic.• Woods is very strong but yet lightweight.• Water caused negative effect to wood• Easily burnt by fire • Hard to control the Quality


Woods Properties

• Strength depends on density• Given a high efficiency when subject to tensile

strength parallel to the fiber direction


Wood Structure

Cross sectional

Radial Surface

Tangential Surface


Wood StructureCross sectionalportion of a round cross section, clearly reveals annual growth rings.Radial Surfacecutting along a radius of a round cross section Tangential Surfacecutting at a tangent to the growth rings, or the surface you would see if you were to view the outside of a log


Type of Timber Construction

a)Beam elementb)Plate element

a)Structural plateb)Non-structural plate

c)Wood-plastic composite


Wooden House


Wooden Structure


Metals• Such as iron, copper, zinc, and nickel• The three most commonly used structural

metals are iron copper and aluminum• Metals in general have high electric, thermal

conductivity, luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving


Iron Application

The iron pillar in the Qutb complex near Delhi, India

The iron pillar in the Qutb complex near Delhi, India


Copper Application

Copper roof on the Minneapolis City Hall, coated with Patina

Copper roof on the Minneapolis City Hall, coated with Patina


Aluminum Application

• The all aluminum structure consists of a honeycomb core plate with sheet metal panels mounted to milled longerons or stringrers.

• The 0.82 m long STRV-2 payload is mounted to the top of the spacecraft structure

• The all aluminum structure consists of a honeycomb core plate with sheet metal panels mounted to milled longerons or stringrers.

• The 0.82 m long STRV-2 payload is mounted to the top of the spacecraft structure


Alloys• An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in

solid solution in which the major component is a metal

• Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals to modifies the properties to produce desirable characteristics e.g.) less brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, have a more

desirable color and luster.


Alloys• Examples of alloys are

– steel (iron and carbon)– brass (copper and zinc)– bronze (copper and tin)

• Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as jet engines, may contain more than ten elements


Steel

H Beam I Beam Channel

Sheet Pile Cut Beam Angle


Steel Application• Steel H Beam


Steel Application• Steel I Beam


Steel Application• Steel Channel


Steel Application• Steel Cut Beam


Steel Application• Steel Sheet Pile


Steel Application• Steel Pipe


Brass Application

• Mostly use in the part of machine or in the piping system


Bronze Application

St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, ItalyThis bronze canopy, (1633) is the world’s largest bronze structure at 26 meters tall


Masonry


Masonry• Masonry is the building of structures from

individual units laid in and bound together by mortar

• The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite, travertine, limestone; concrete block, glass block, and tile.


MasonryAdvantages• Masonry has very high heat resistant and thus

can provide good fire protection.• Brick typically will not require painting and so can

provide a structure with reduced life-cycle costs.• Masonry walls are generally more resistant to

projectiles, such as debris from hurricanes or tornadoes than walls of wood or other softer, less dense materials.


MasonryDisadvantages• Extreme weather may cause degradation of

masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.• Masonry tends to be heavy and must be built upon

a strong foundation (usually reinforced concrete) to avoid potential settling and cracking.

• Masonry has high compressive strength but is much lower in tensile strength unless reinforced.


Masonry Application


Masonry Application


References 1-Daniel W.Halpin and Ronald W. Woodhead, "Construction Management", 2nd Edition 1998:

Chapter 1 History and Basic Concepts p. 1 - 15 - Paul H. Wright, "Introduction to Engineering", 3rd Edition 2001:

Chapter 1 History of Engineering p. 1 -19- US. Department of Transportation, Silica Fume User’s Manual. (2005):

Chapter 6 Proportioning Silica Fume Concrete p.52 – 77- Boonchai Stitmannaithum,"Advance Concrete Technology (Lecture Note)" 2005 :

Part 2 Improvement of Concrete Quality- J.M. Illston, "Construction Materials : Their Nature and Behaviour" 2nd Edition 1994- J.M. Dinwoodie, Timber – A Review of the Structure-Mechanical Property Relationship,

Journal of Microscopy, vol.104, pt.1, May 1975, pp.3-32.- Mehta,P.K. and Monterio, P.J.M., "Concrete : Microstructure, Properties, and Materials",

3rd Edition, 2006- Siam Cement Group, "Cement and Applications", 4th edition, 2003- Portland Cement Association (PCA). Cement & Concrete Technology; http://www.cement.org/


References 2- http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/wood/printall.php- http://weburbanist.com/2008/04/25/the-making-of-5-modern-marvels-of-engineering-construction-truths-behind-contemporary-wonders/- http://pirun.ku.ac.th/~b4555045/pdf/(6)construction%20materials.ppt- http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/course_intro/What_is_Civil_Engineering.pdf- http://www.cpacacademy.com- http://www.new7wonders.com/classic/en/- http://www.wonder7th.com/- http://en.wikipedia.org/

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Assignment

• Briefly explain about the example of concrete, metals, wood and masonry structure which seen before.

June 14th, 2011 CE 231 Construction Materials

NextNext…… Concrete developmentConcrete developmentCE 231 Construction Materials

June 21st, 2011??

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