Globalisation Use this PowerPoint to complete the brainstorm on the topic of ‘Globalisation’
With a partner, brainstorm subtopics that would go under each topic
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Transcript of With a partner, brainstorm subtopics that would go under each topic
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AP Biology
D.N.AObjective: SWBAT explain the connection between experience and genetics in determining animal behavior.
With a partner, brainstorm subtopics that would go under each topic College majors related to ecology Places to visit to enjoy the environment Ways that individuals can help the environment Movies that have an environmental theme or
message Laws that protect the environment Products that have an environmental message or
application
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AP Biology
Animal Behavior
meerkats
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AP Biology
What is behavior? Behavior
everything an animal does & how it does it response to stimuli in its environment
innate inherited, “instinctive” automatic & consistent
learned ability to learn is inherited, but
the behavior develops during animal’s lifetime
variable & flexible change with experience & environment
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AP Biology
Why study behavior? Evolutionary perspective…
part of phenotype acted upon by natural selection
lead to greater fitness? lead to greater survival? lead to greater reproductive success?
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AP Biology
Evolutionary perspective Adaptive advantage?
innate behaviors automatic, fixed, “built-in”, no “learning curve” despite different environments,
all individuals exhibit the behavior ex. early survival, reproduction, kinesis, taxis
learned behaviors modified by experience variable, changeable flexible with a complex & changing
environment
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AP Biology
What questions can we ask? Proximate causes
immediate stimulus & mechanism “how” & “what” questions
Ultimate causes evolutionary significance how does behavior
contribute to survival & reproduction adaptive value
“why” questions
male songbird what triggers singing?
how does he sing? why does he sing?
male songbird what triggers singing?
how does he sing? why does he sing?
how does daylength influence breeding? why do cranes breed in spring?
how does daylength influence breeding? why do cranes breed in spring?
Courtship behavior in cranes what…how… & why questions
Courtship behavior in cranes what…how… & why questions
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AP Biology
Ethologypioneers in the study of animal behavior
Niko Tinbergen Konrad Lorenz
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AP Biology
Innate behaviors Fixed action patterns (FAP)
sequence of behaviors essentially unchangeable & usually conducted to completion once started
sign stimulus the releaser that triggers a FAP
male sticklebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality
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AP Biology
Proximate and ultimate causes for the FAP attack behavior in male stickleback fish
Figure 51.4ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreasesthe chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.
BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulusthat releases aggression in a male stickleback.
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AP Biology
Innate: Directed movements Taxis
change in direction automatic movement toward (positive taxis) or
away from (negative taxis) a stimulus
Kinesis change in rate of movement in response to a
stimulus
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AP Biology
Sow bugs Become more active in dry areas and less
active in humid areas
Figure 51.7a
Dry open area
Moist site under leaf
(a) Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay in a moist environment.
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AP Biology
Innate & Learning: Imprinting Learning to form social attachments at a
specific critical period both learning & innate components
Konrad Lorenz
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AP Biology
There are proximate and ultimate causes for this type of behavior
Figure 51.5
BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling.
ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of
surviving than those that do not follow their mother.
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AP Biology
Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the birds a migration route. A pilot wearing a crane suit in an Ultralight plane acts as a surrogate parent.
Conservation
teaching cranes to migrate
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AP Biology
Critical period
As a brood parasite, the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling. Song development is totally innate.
As a brood parasite, the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling. Song development is totally innate.
Sensitive phase for optimal imprinting some behavior must be
learned during a receptive time period
imprinting/critical period in humans? imprinting/critical period in humans?
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AP Biology
Learned behavior Associative learning
learning to associate a stimulus with a consequence operant conditioning
trial & error learning associate behavior with
reward or punishment ex: learning what to eat
classical conditioning Pavlovian conditioning associate a “neutral
stimulus” with a “significant stimulus”
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AP Biology
Operant conditioning Skinner box
mouse learns to associate behavior (pressing lever) with reward (food pellet)
B. F. Skinner
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AP Biology
Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s dogs
connect reflex behavior (salivating at sight of food) to associated stimulus (ringing bell)
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AP Biology
D.N.A Exchange the animal behavior
paragraphs that you have written with at least 2 of your peers and discuss the proximate and ultimate causes for such behavior
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AP Biology
CONGRATULATIONS!!! CLASS AVERAGE:
SUMMA CUM LAUDE:
MAGNA CUM LAUDE:
MOST IMPROVED:
71%71%
RAYMONDRAYMOND
JONATHONJONATHON
TREVONTREVON
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AP Biology
Animal Behavior Review Questions Match the description/example with the correct behavior
category A. Classical conditioning B. Fixed Action Pattern C. Imprinting D. Operant conditioning
1. Highly stereotyped sequence of behaviors that, once begun, is usually carried to completion
2. Learning that occurs during a specific time period; generally irreversible
3. Triggered by a sign stimulus
4. Association with irrelevant stimulus with a fixed physiological response
5. Trial and Error learning
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AP Biology
Mating Behavior and Mate Choice Mating behavior
Is the product of a form of natural selection call sexual selection
The mating relationship between males and females Varies a great deal from species to species
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AP Biology
In monogamous relationships One male mates with one female
Figure 51.25a
(a) Since monogamous species, such as these trumpeter swans, are often monomorphic, males and females are difficult to distinguish
using external characteristics only.
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AP Biology
In a system called polygyny One male mates with many females The males are often more showy and larger
than the females
Figure 51.25bAmong polygynous species, such as elk, the male (left) is
often highly ornamented.(b)
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AP Biology
In polyandrous systems One female mates with many males The females are often more showy than the
males
Figure 51.25c(c) In polyandrous species, such as these Wilson’s phalaropes, females
(top) are generally more ornamented than males.
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AP Biology
The needs of the young Are an important factor constraining the
evolution of mating systems
The certainty of paternity Influences parental care and mating
behavior
Figure 51.26
Eggs
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AP Biologysea otter
Learning: Problem-solving Do other animals reason?
tool use
problem-solving
crow
chimpanzee
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AP Biology
Social behaviors Interactions between individuals
develop as evolutionary adaptations communication / language agonistic behaviors dominance hierarchy cooperation altruistic behavior
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AP Biology
Language Honey bee
communication dance to
communicate location of food source
waggle dance
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AP Biology
Communication by song Bird song
species identification & mating ritual mixed learned & innate critical learning period
Insect song mating ritual & song innate, genetically
controlled
Red-winged blackbird
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AP Biology
Social behaviors Agonistic behaviors
threatening & submissive rituals symbolic, usually no harm done
ex: territoriality, competitor aggression
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AP Biology
Social behaviors Dominance hierarchy
social ranking within a group pecking order
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AP Biology
Social behaviors
Pack of African dogs hunting wildebeest
cooperatively
White pelicans “herding” school of fish
Cooperation working together in coordination
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AP Biology
Social behaviors Altruistic behavior
reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of others
kin selection increasing survival of close relatives passes
these genes on to the next generation
How can this be of adaptive value? Belding ground squirrel
I would lay down my life for
2 brothers or8 cousins!
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AP Biology
In naked mole rat populations Nonreproductive individuals may sacrifice
their lives protecting the reproductive individuals from predators
Figure 51.33
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AP Biology
Social interaction requires communication
Pheromones chemical signal that stimulates a
response from other individuals alarm pheromones sex pheromones
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AP Biology
When a minnow or catfish is injured An alarm substance in the fish’s skin
disperses in the water, inducing a fright response among fish in the area
Figure 51.9a, b
(a) Minnows are widely dispersed in an aquarium before an alarm substance is introduced.
(b) Within seconds of the alarm substance being introduced, minnows aggregate near the
bottom of the aquarium and reduce their movement.