* LEVEL B2.1

Student'~ Book

Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley '

Express Publishing

-

Published by Express Publishing

Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury, Berkshire RG 19 6HW Tel.: (0044) 1635 817 363 Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463 e-mail: inquiries@expresspublishing.co.uk http://www.expresspublishing.co.uk

©Virginia Evans- Jenny Dooley, 2008

Design and lllustration © Express Publishing, 2008

Colour lllustrations:Victor, Kyr © Express Publishing, 2008

First published 2008 Second impression 20 I O

Made in EU

Ali rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers.

This book is not meant to be changed in any way.

ISBN 978-1-84679-644-9

Acknow~edgements

Authors' Acknowledgements We would like to thank ali the staff at Express Publishing who have contributed their skills to producing this

book.Thanks for their support and patience are due in particular to: Megan Lawton (Editor in Chief); Mary Swan

and Sean Todd (senior editors); Michael Sadler and Steve Miller (editorial assistants); Richard White (senior

production controller); the Express design team; Sweetspot (recording producers); and Kevin Harris, Kimberly

Baker, Steven Gibbs and Christine Little. We would also like to thank those institutions and teachers who piloted

the manuscript, and whose comments and feedback were invaluable in the production of the book.

' Every effort has been made to trace ali the copyright holders. lf any have been inadvertently

overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

Contents

~~~D~ Sports & Entertainment ...................................................................................................................... p. 4

(111:~~15) Food, Health and Safety ...................................................................................................................... p. 20

~~~~:~w Travei Time ................................................................................................................................................ p. 36

t~Jin3 Environmental lssues ............................................................................................................................ p. 52

(~m'0:V Modern Living .......................................................................................................................................... p. 68

A Key Word Transformation ............................................................................................................ p. 84

B Word Distractors ............................................................................................................................. p. 89

C Word Formation .............................................................................................................................. p. 93

D Prepositions ........................................................................................................................................ p. 99

E Phrasal Verbs ...................................................................................................................................... p. 1 02

Module I Comparatives and Superlatives ...................................................................................................... p. I OS Relative Clauses/ldentifying and Non-ldentifying Relative Clauses .............................. p. I 06 Present Simple and Present Continuous/Stative Verbs ...................................................... p. I 08 Present Perfect/Present Perfect Continuous .......................................... ,................................. p. I 09 Past Simple/Past Continuous/Past Perfect ................................................................................ p. I I I Past Perfect Continuous ..................................................................................................................... p. I 12

Module 2 Reported Speech .................................................................................................................................... p. I I 3 Reported Statements/Questions .................................................................................................... p. I 14 Reported Orders/Commands/Requests/Suggestions ........................................................... p. I I 5 Future Simple/Be going to/Future Continuous/Future Perfectl Future Perfect Continuous ................................................................................................................. p. 118 lnfinitive ...................................................................................................................................................... p. I 19 Tenses of the lnfinitive/-ing form .................................................................................................... p. 120 Summary of Functions of Moda! Verbs ........................................................................................ p. 122

Module 3 Quite - Rather - Fairly - Pretty - Very/Be/Get used to - Used to - Would ...................... p. 125 The definite article the ......................................................................................................................... p. 127

Module 4 lnversíon ...................................................................................................................................................... p. 128 The Passive ................................................................................................................................................ p. 130 Type 0/1/2/3 Conditionals ................................................................................................................... p. 132 Mixed Conditionals/Wishes/Unreal Past- had betterlwould rather ........... f............... p. 133

M()ct.IJI~ ~ There - lt ..................................................................................................................................................... p. 135 AII/Both/Neither/None/Whole/Either/Every .................................................................................... p. 136 Causative Form ....................................................................................................................................... p. 137 Concession/Ciauses of Result/Ciauses of Purpose ................................................................. p. 139 Far- Every- Each - Much - Too - Even -A bit - Any .............................................................. p. 141 Quantifiers ................................................................................................................................................. p. 142

(~mt Appendix I Phrasal Verbs .................................. ,·.......................................................................................................... p. 143 Appendix 11 Verbs,Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions ............................................................................... p. 148

Prepositional Phrases ........................................................................................................................... p. ISO

~ ................................................................................................................................................................... p.152

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading

You are going to read à text. For questions 1-8, choose the answer, A, B, C or D, which you think fits best according to the text.

My parents always said I was born to be a sportsman. They said that even when I was in nappies, I wasn't happy unless I was kicking or throwing a ball. My first memory is of Dad and me playing football in our back garden. I recai!

5 my mum sitting down on the grass under the summer sun cheering me on as I clumsily kicked a football into the goal net my dad was 'defending'. The sense of achievement when I scored my first goal stuck with me, and my life has revolved around football ever since.

As I grew up, I dreamed of becoming a football player. During class, I tried to stay focused on my studies; I knew that few people became professional sportsmen and it was crucial to get a good education. But I devoted every spare second to my passion. At break times, I could be found in the playground practising ball skills, and almost as soon as the bell rang at the end of the school day, I was playing five-a-side games at the local playing fields. I knew that if I wanted to become a success, I would have to put ali my energy into the game.

My big break carne when I was 18. Leicester City FC offered me a place in the squad. lt was there that I leamed the true value of teamwork. I played with a fantastic group of guys there and we worked toward one common goal -to win! I learned that every person has their own individual talents, and a great team brings these talents together.

We enjoyed great success at Leicester, and I was lucky enough to become one of the UK's top scorers! I was transferred to Everton and, while I was sad to leave my fellow team-mates, I was excited about working with new people and making new friends. My time at Everton was an outstanding experience. While I was there, I scored 38 goals in 52 games. lt wasn't long until I was on a new journey, this time across the sea to Spain to play for FC Barcelona. I was nervous at first, but it turned out that there was no reason to panic.

I felt great pride when I stepped into the stadium and onto the pitch in Barcelona. Many footballers dream of playing for such a glorious team! lt was a wonderful time for me. Not only did we beat our archrivals, Real Madrid, but we also fought our way through to the UEFA finais where we defeated Sampdoria and became European Champions.

As you can imagine, the proudest I felt was when I played for

. What is the writer's first memory? A throwing a ball with his father B running around his garden in his nappy C scoring his first goal D sitting in the garden with his mother

41 MODULE 1

my country, England, in the World Cup. The toumament raises the levei of competitiveness for every player. Not only do you have to be mentally prepared, but you have to be at the peak 4! of physical fitness - so, as you can imagine, it didn't help that I had to play the toumament with my left arm heavily strapped up! But I was determined not to let one injury stop me and played anyway! Because we were a strong team, we got to the quarter finais, and I scored six goals during the entire 5 t competition and won the 'Golden Boof award!

Football has taken me around the world, from England to Spain to Japan! I have become fluent in two other languages and have experienced other culturas. Since retiring, I have worked as a ~orts commentator andas a 5! writer. l've even done some TV advertisements, but l'm not quite an Oscar winner! l've become quite the all-round sportsman - l've even played for Leicester Cricket Club. My career provided me with many happy memories that I wouldn't change for the world. Plus, l've played many fun 61 games of footy!

2 What was the writer's attitude towards hi education? A He believed it was important to get a goo·

education. B He didn't like concentrating on his studies. C He would rather have practised his ball skills. D He wanted to put ali his energy into the game.

3 What did the writer learn at Leicester City FC? A that the only thing that matters

isto win B the importance of working as

part of a team C how to show people his

individual talents D that it was his big break in

football

4 How did the writer feel about his time at Everton? A He was sad there and missed his

old team-mates. B He always felt nervous when he

was playing. C He found it to be a wonderful

experience. D He would have preferred to play

for Barcelona.

S In line 38, the writer refers to a 'glorious team'. Who is h e referring to? A Real Madrid B Barcelona C Sampdoria D England

6 What two things are required of a World Cup player? A competitiveness and physical

fitness B determination and physical

fitness C determination and mental fitness. D physical and mental fitness

7 What impression do we get of the writer's attitude towards his acting skills? A He thinks he is good enough to

win an Oscar. B He doesn't think he is very good

at acting. C He expects them to improve. D He thinks he might win an Oscar.

8 How does the writer seem to feel by the end of the text? A He has some regrets, but he is

mainly happy. B He is very happy that he can

speak two other languages fluently.

C He is happy he can play more cricket and try new things.

D He believes that he has had many great experiences in his life and has no regrets.

Vocabulary

Choose the correct word.

She felt a great ...... of achievement when she qualified for the national championships. A sensation B spirit C sense D feeling

2 Can you ...... when you scored your first goal in a match? A remind B memorise C picture D recall

3 The veteran figure skater said her whole life . . . . . . around the ice rink. A turned B revolved C evolved D circled

4 David Beckham's father . . . . . . of becoming a football star when he was young. A wished B hoped C dreamed D fancied

S A successful athlete needs to ...... a lot of time to training. A devote B concentrate C apply D invest

6 lt's not easy to ...... a success in the world of sports. A develop B become C turn D have

7 Professional footballers have to ...... ali their energy into their job. A give B spend C provide D put

8 A good chess player knows how to stay ...... on the game. A centred B focused C trained D attentive

9 Golfers tend to travei a lot and ...... other cultures. A learn B acquaint C experiment D experience

I O H e has dedicated his whole life to rugby and he wouldn't ...... it for the world. A alter B exchange C change D vary

Fill in: comrnentator; competitors, rival, referee, runner-up, spectators, trainet~ umpire.

More than 30,000 London marathon.

took part in this year's

2 The safety of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . should be the priority at ali sports events.

3 J. Norman was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in three events and took home three silver medals.

4 Manchester United and Liverpool are two well-known .............. teams.

S Some tennis players tend to argue with ~e ............. . during matches.

6 The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shouted into the microphone with joy as the whistle blew and England took the cup.

7 The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . was criticised for allowing an off-side goal during last night's match.

8 France's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . has promised to make major changes to the team for next week's match.

--_;- Fill in: break, piaying, physical, professiona!, S·co:e, spons, wp, w:r..

. .................... a goal S ..................... times 2 .................. an award 6 ............. commentator 3 .................... scorer 7 ..................... player 4 ..................... fitness 8 ...................... fields

MODULE 1 15

Listening

Part 1

1 ((<Oll) You will hear · people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer, A, B or C.

You hear a director talkingo What did h e make?

A a feature film B a comedy C a documentary

2 You hear a woman talkingo How did she travei to France?

A by train B by car and boat C by plane

3 You hear sports news on the radioo What happened to the rugby player? A He was sent offo B He was injuredo C The manager wanted to substitute himo

4 You hear a man talking on the radioo What is his job?

A artist B magician C clown

Part 2

2 ((<O))) You will hear an interview with a man called Graham Wetherby who is a well­known gadget expert. He's here to talk to about the future of entertainment.

5 You hear a woman talking about her sono What woul he like to be?

A a professional musician B a doctor C an acrobat

6 You hear a man talking about a tripo How did he gE h o me?

A by motorbike B in his wife's car C by taxi

7 You hear two people talking about a filmo What doe the man think about it?

A lt's inaccurateo B lt's boringo C lt's excitingo

8 You hear a girl talking about a sporto How does she fe• when she plays the sport?

A self-confident B stressed C relaxed

Graham says that Brits spend over 9) o o o o 00 00 00 000 o•· o o. a year on gadgets.

Some gadgets are so compact they fit into small 10) .... o .............. o ..

Graham doesn't believe that the 11) ··········o·o······o industry is suffering from these electronic substitutes.

Gadgets are a means to entertain people in their day-to-day 12) .... oo·····o·······oooooo• .

The latest device in high-tech entertainment allows you to play 13) ···o··········oo····o····o sports.

The first sport Graham mentions is 14) ........... o

· Virtual sports can be played by cormecting a gadget to your 15) ·o·o················o o

· The virtual tennis game comes with its own virtual 16) ·················o··· .

·. Graham tells us that there is something for 17) .... o.o•o••o········· in this electronic device.

The virtual sport that Graham personally likes and plays ali the time is 18) ... o.•o·············· .

Part 3

J (/[")l)) You will hear five different people talking about what they do in their free time. For questions 19-23, choose from the list (A-F) which statement applies to which person. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.

A The person needs it to forget the more difficult Speaker I D 19 things in life.

Speaker 2 O 20 B The person is addicted to it.

c The person had never expected to like it so much. Speaker 3 O 21 D The person can't explain why they like it so much.

Speaker 4 O E The person sees it as a form of relaxation.

22

F The person sees it as a social event. Speaker 5O 23

Part 4 n 4 ((( 4 ~ ll) You will hear an interview with the famous European footballer Ryan McCiair, who is leaving

the UK and going to the US. For questions 24-30 choose the best answer,A, B or C.

Ryan wants to promete football in the US because

A it has become a very popular game there. B there is not much interest in the game there. C he can encourage their growing interest in the game.

25 How does Ryan feel about the criticism he has received?

A lt may damage his career. B lt can be upsetting. C lt amuses him.

26 What difference does Ryan see between football in Europe and the US?

A Europeans have become bored of football. B The US has a fresher approach to football. C Football is a more athletic game in the US.

27 Why does Ryan think the amount of travelling he-will do won't be a problem?

A because he'll be travelling less often that he used to B because he doesn't get tired easily C because he is used to travelling and is very fit

28 What does Ryan say about the beginning of the new season?

A He is worried about being injured again.

B He will definitely be fit enough to play. 1

C He will do what the doctors tell him.

29 How does Ryan think the move will affect his son?

A lt is a good opportunity for him. B lt could be upsetting for him. C lt will be an exciting holiday for

him.

30 What does Ryan expect from his new team mates?

A to be welcomed warmly B to be respected as a star

C to be treated the same as other team members

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading Vocabulary ] You are going to read an article about the various ways

people get to work. For questions 1-1 5, choose from the people (A-O). The people may be chosen more than once.

2 Fill in: belt, budget, class, luggagE metro, pass, public, slow, trafilc, wod<ing. Make sentences usini! them.

Which person/people ...

originally worried that he/she wouldn't be able to travei?

is concerned with the environment?

followed a friend's advice?

think their choice of transport is inexpensive?

are dissatisfied with their means of transport?

mentions the time their journey takes?

travei overseas frequently for their jobs?

doesn't use their preferred means of transport?

is sometimes inconvenienced by a delay?

makes a suggestion?

mentions a situation that was getting worse?

praises developments in the transportation industry?

I [!] David Mulcahy is a high-powered stock broker. He owns a beautiful flat in London's exclusive Notting Hill area. As well as a delightful home, David owns a brand new Mercedes convertible, the car of his dreams! "The only problem," David says, "is that I never get to drive it to work!" Due to increasing problems with traffic jams in the capital, the Mayor of London has recently imposed heavy charges on people who want to drive their vehicles into the city centre. "I refuse to pay !8 to get in and out of the centre, so instead I take the tube!"

. 'The tube', which is London's metro system, is a cheaper alternativa, but David still thinks it's far too

I expensive. "A day pass on the tube is around !5. So, I pay over !1 00 each month, just to get to and back from the office! Ali means of transport are too costly in this city". H e goes on, "I wish I could drive my car to work, but it . seems that the car of my dreams is turning out to be a complete waste of money!"

. ................. airlines

2 economy ................ .

3 day ..................... .

4 conveyor ............... .

5 hand .................... .

6 heavy ................... .

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . transport

8 .................. service

9 .................... hours

I O ................... system

[!] ~ac~el Childress is the director of a large ~ultmatlonal organisation. Her commute is quite d!fferent to that of others. While most people get on the bus, Rachei takes the ChannelTunnel (or'Chunnel') Yes, she lives in England but works in France! ·

One of Rachel's dose ~riends suggested that she shoul_d either move to France or give up her active role m the company, as it would be too difficult to t~av:l back and forth to France every day. But she d1dn t think so ...

"Well, l'm a mother of two and I didn't want the kids to have t~ change schools at their age, so I thought it ~as best lf I got the 'chunnel'. lt's a brief 35 minute JOUrney and I manage to avoid ali thos~ horrible long queues!" '

The 'chun I' · ' I 60 k I ne tram can accelerate to speeds of up to

- m h, so Rachei can even get to work faster than some of her friends who wo.rk in London!

She_ says, "lf it wasn't for this marvellous feat of engmeering, I wouldn't know what to do."

) :_)

Choose the correct word. Where is the person in each sentence?

1 h ave to get my summer clothes out of the wardrobe, packlload my suitcase and then 1'11 be ready to go on holiday!

2 Ali passengers/riders are kindly reminded to fasten their seatbelts before take-off.

3 Due to a traffic congestion/traffic jam on the road, l'm going to be late with my delivery.

4 The police set up a checkpoint on the runway/motorway.

S Going on safari was a fantastic idea - this truly is the adventure/outing of a lifetime.

6 1 find this the best way to journey/commute to work -although there are lots of people, it's cheap and reliable.

7 We had an overnight sea crossing, so we decided to book a

cabin/carriage.

~ Benjamin Goldstein is a naval architect and his job requires him to travei to many parts of the world to oversee projects that h e is responsible for.

"I was offered this job as soon as I finished getting my qualifications and I almost turned it down, because I didn't think I would be able to stand ali the travelling. I thought it would be just too tiring and that I'd be constantly suffering from jet lag. Fortunately, a good friend of mine, who also does a lot of travelling, gave me tips on how to cope with it and I've never regretted accepting the job."

He says, "If you keep yourself fit and make sure you get plenty of rest before and during long flights it isn't actually that bad. And good nutrition helps, too."

·.·.-.. ··1.··; Although his company pays for ali his business trips, Ben points out that "air ; travei prices have gone down a lot in recent years and it is actually the most

affordable way to travei, not to mention the quickest." ·.::· .... ~,? • .,-···-•• -. ·:-·~-~-... --::....,.·~~. ~"""''7::-:-<>-~-~,,~~"?'?l"~>:;::""J''~"=~'!-"~"""~'."·~-'7':"':':'!'~-\·~-:"",...,.,...;:"""·~·~...--·~-.--

. I ea~ After completing university, she [Q] Judith Kettering made a blg move ~:t : a~ other country. She wanted to decided that she wanted to start a n:w h I e lnd on the aeroplane to Greece and, teach English to foreign children, so s e oppe

since then, she has never looked b.ack. ' one thin that annoys me it's the traffic "l'm so happy here in Athens, but lf there s g

jams!" h . bl. rt is her only c olce.

judith can't drive, so pu IC transpo . 't's so slowl" . . et the bus, but sometlmes I .

"I must admit that lt IS very cheap to g 45 minutes !ater than the time She claims that, sometimes, buses have been up to

stated on theschedule. f ffic ,·ams' and it's caused me a I . s because o tra I

"l've been late for work severa time

lot of bothed"

She has a proposal though .. · · . . h ds would be clearer and b . d of dnvmg, t e roa '11

"lf more people got on the us mstea . ' b' f an 'earth child' wke me, you

8 Could I have a boarding card/ return ticket for the Piccadilly Line, please?

9 We've just booked a package deal/special offer to the Costa Del Sol.

I O Before we began the passage/ voyage, our bags had to be checked by Customs officials.

1 Complete the sentences with -_ã the verbs in the list in the

correct form.

My uncle Pat's a civil engineer, and he has to ................... a lot of building projects.

2 Formula I cars can ............. . to speeds of over 300 kmp/h.

3 I think Jane ................ a big move by going to work abroad.

4 The shoe factory closed down because it wasn't ............... . efficiently.

S The planners contacted us early because they ................... . an interesting proposal.

6 The noise pollution around my hotel really . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . me a lot of bother.

Fill in: journey, trip, travei, cruise, tour, voyage, flight.

He went on a two-day .......... . to his village.

' 2 The ............... from England to China was long and tiring.

3 They went by ship to Australia. The .................... took almost

a month.

4 BA . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 from Madrid to London will be taking off in fifteen minutes.

S The band went on a three-month ...................... of Europe.

6 They went on a two-week ..... · · ........ round the Mediterranean.

services could run more efficiently. Plus: lf you r: ~~t ~o fight against ai r pollution!"

know that getting on the bus.~o~~r .. ~t:ra~~m~~~s~a,~g~~re···a--~·· ·-y·-- .... -,~--,.,..~,-.-~~·c:""~'"''''"'""'~--.·"'·?"'·'=

7 lf you want more information on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Australia, contact our agent.

MODULE 1 \ 9

Speaking

Part 1

@ Talking About Yourself (monologue)

• Would you rather stay in to watch a frlm or go to the cinema? Why? • Talk about a frlm you have recently seen at the cinema. • What do you think makes a good film?

Part 2

~ Comparing Pictures (monologue)

similarity/difference is .. whereas .. .

• ... while ... on the one hand ... on the other hand .. .

• expensive tickets • rhythm easy to follow

cultural experiences • relaxing, exciting • casual/formal dress

Candidate A: The photographs show two different kinds of music concert. Compare the photographs, saying which kind of people might be in the audience at each concert.

Candidate 8: Briefly say which of the two concerts you would prefer to see and why.

• special effects • action packed • hilarious,light-hearted,

thrilling • good for ali the family

Candidate 8: The photographs show two different kinds of films. Compare the photographs, saying what you enjoy about these kind of films.

Candidate A: Do you like adventure films? Why?

MODULE 1

Part 3

• Speculating and Making a Oecision (pairwork)

Two of your ten year-old cousins are visiting from the UK. They h ave said that they would like to do something fun in your local town. Look at the pictures below. In pairs, discuss:

• the different places you can take your cousins to, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each type of entertainment.

• which two activities would be the most interesting for them.

Part 4

a Oiscussion Based on Part 3 (pairwork)

• How often do you go out with your friends? & • 7 • What do you and your friends do 10r entertamment.

• What types of entertainment are popular in your country? • How popular is theatre with young people nowadays?

Keylanguage Speculating

lt would be a good 1dea to ... • I don't really think/feel ... • l'm (not) sure ... • That sounds like a great idea ...

but ...

MODULE 1 J11

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading

, You are going to read an article about a famous pop band. Seven sentences have been removed -~ from the article. Fill in the gaps ( 1-7) using the sentences (A-H) provided. There is one sentence

which you do not need to use.

.......-,(!2.___, -~ ~ .-:\ \' .;t t· ..... _.-"., N ~. r 7\ 9 J · P/ · · .. _ ;---; -~ ~ d \ l ~, . . l / & ' ! i/ \. ""'

/"·· ~(~.J-l··· :; ~~. V~.__qd 1,·1· \,; //-........ .. ./.· 1 ~ ... "" Vc:;:j ~ . -~ ;/; """'!//, ~

/'.,,~·~ '· .. ·. ll:;:;;:::l ~/í ~ 6l \ \\ <\; . . . ·. r::::::dL /Á\- -çJ

.. _/_,.c~ > ~)~ .···· · · .. ·· · ... "' .. ·· ·\::~r.~W\'t .. ···.'\; y ~ ''. ~

\"'. .J -~V The Beatles were an English pop band from Liverpool whose · . · ·

1 ·· ~-:- members included John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and ~. ~~:J / Ringo Starr. They are one of the most commercially successful and critically ~ acclaimed bands in the history of popular music. ITIJ

The Beatles are the best-selling musical act of ali time in the United States of America. They charted 20 Number One singles in the US, a number even greater than Elvis Presley, which is why they are regarded as the greatest rock and roll group ever. In the United Kingdom, The Beatles released more than 40 different singles and albums that reached Number One. [1IJ Their song "Yesterday" is the most covered song in history, appearing in the Guinness Book ot World Records with over three thousand recorded versions. lt is also the most played song in the history of international radio.

In the mid-1960s, The Beatles led what is known as the "British lnvasion" into the United States, paving the way for other British bands to cross the Atlantic and achieve success. Their extreme worldwide popularity led to the coining of the term "Beatlemania' describing the fan frenzy of young teenaged girls towards the band. [IIJ Consequentl the band stopped touring in 1966 for reasons ranging from safety concerns to frustratil that no one could hear ar was listening to their music.

The Beatles' influence was not only limited to music though. [![] Probably the fi1 example of their influence was their haircuts. In 1964, men and boys in the US simply d not wear their hair long, and comparatively speaking, the Beatles' hair was nothing le~

than scandalously long. Nevertheless, many teenagers began to emulate the Beatles' styl by growing their hair long- and usually getting into trouble for it! [I[] lronically, the Beatles did not start any of these fashion trends, but their unparalleled popularity allowed them to reach a vast audience.

Sadly, the group broke up on April 1 O, 1970 when Paul McCartney announced his

' Fans, during this period, were hoping that the band would eventually reunite, although these hopes were destroyed by the murder of John Lennon in New York City in December 1980.

121 MODULE 1

The Beatles were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a band during their first year . of eligibility in 1988. Then, they made it into the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004. !ID Queen

Elizabeth knighted Paul McCartney in March 1997. H e dedicated his knighthood to fellow Beatles George Harrison, Ringo Starr and John Lennon, and the people of Liverpool. For almost

50 years, The Beatles have influenced music, culture, politics, and society; their longevity proving that their popularity is well-founded and

deserved.

A This commercial success was repeated in many other countries, and it is estimated that by 1985,The Beatles had sold over one billion records and tapes worldwide.

B In fact, they revolutionised the music industry and touched the lives of ali who listened to them in deep and fundamental ways.

C The three surviving members of the band sang together again in 1994 and were ali involved in the creation of the Beatles anthology in 1995.

O Young people began to imitate the band's style of dress, donning Nehru jackets and psychedelic prints.

E The Beatles were originally called the Quarrymen, a name derived from Quarry Bank Grammar School, attended by John Lennon.

F Throughout the 1970s, the band members pursued solo careers with varying degrees of artistic and commercial success.

G Their clothes, styles, and statements made them trend-setters.

H During live concerts, their music was often inaudible due to the deafening screams of female fans who got excited by the mere appearance of the band.

Vocabulary

Complete the sentences with the verbs in the list in the correct form.

Many of today's great artists claim to have been greatly ................. . by their predecessors.

2 He could not have ................ . fame without the support of his family.

3 Before he began to sing the love song on stage, he ................... it to his wife.

4 The band's record was ............ . three weeks late, but it received rave reviews.

5 The advent of television ........... . news coverage.

6 Through their hard work and perseverance, the anti-smoking lobby is slowly but surely ................... the way to a ban on smoking in movies.

7 The members of the former rock and roll band announced that they are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for one night only for a benefit concert.

8 He is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . his father's success as a footballer, something he has been striving to do since he was a child.

3 Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.

Since the environmental group could not sway the politicians to help, it decided to focus its efforts on the film . . . . . . . A business B industry C actors D releases

2 The film ,was successful because it appealed to a wide ...... of viewers. A range B extent C span D group

3 His decision to sing only sad or depressing songs has had a very negative ...... on his album sales. A impression B burden C impact O result

4 He thought that just because he was famous, he couldn't get into ...... for breaking the law. A hardship B problems C trouble D difficulties

5 Even the reign of some of the greatest entertainers of ali time, like Elvis Presley, eventually came to a(n) ...... . A end B finish C elos e O stop

6 Even though the two teenagers were ...... entrance to the rock concert, they could still hear it. A restricted B forbidden C barred O denied

7 Even though h e no longer played in public, he was still ...... as the greatest violinist of ali time by his peers. A judged B regarded C believed O held

8 When he told his parents that he wanted to . . . . . . a career in acting, they were very distraught. A pursue B hunt C chase O endeavour

9 They wanted to . . . . . . a performance by the opera singer, but tickets were not available. A visit B frequent C appear O attend

I O He couldn't believe his brother's film No. I at the box office. A attained Bachieved C got I D reached

L:} Fill in the blanks with the corresponding words: solo, grow, book, well-founded, group, live, fashion, commerc!al, deafening, acclaimed.

Make sentences using them.

............... hair

2 . :. . . . . . . popularity

3 ............ trends

4

5 ............ . career

tickets

6 .............. band

7 .......... members

8 ........... screams

9 .......... concerts

I O ............ success

MODULE 1 j13

Use of English

Part 1

J Read the text below and decide which answer, A, B, C or D, best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

m im Burton's modem classic, :.&; 'Edward Scissorhands', has

finally made its O) way onto the stage! Theatre producer, Matthew Bourne, brings us a theatrical adaptation that is guaranteed to 1) . . . . . . . . . . . your breath away! 2) .......... . contemporary dance, spectacular scenery and a heart-warming storyline, this comic fantasy is a 3) . . . . . . . . . . . treat for the imagination.

steps out into his local community. Edward's strange appearance is in complete contrast to the play's white-fenced, suburban 7) . . . . . . . . What follows is a sweet and gentle story with a hidden depth; the struggle to 8) . . . . . . . . . past people's physical appearance and focus on their inner beauty.

some claiming that it is his be: work to date! Many original] questioned Bourne's plans t 10) . . . . . . . . Burton's masterpiec in to a dance production. Howeve: he has managed to bring togethe a brilliant cast of 11) ......... . unknown actors, who use moder dance to breathe new 12) ...... .

Bourne's latest production has been well 9) . . . . . . . . . . . by critics,

into this gothic fairytale.

The part of Edward Scissorhands is 4) . . . . . . . . by Sam Archer. Edward is a young man 5) ....... . by a lonely inventor to keep him company, but sadly, the inventor dies, leaving Edward incomplete. At first, Edward lives in isolation but then decides he doesn't want to be 6) . . . . . . . . all his life, so he

Part 2

O A course I A catch 2 A Joining 3 A true 4 A presented 5 A created 6 A single 7 A situation 8 A see 9 A collected

10 A spin I I A previously 12 A form

@ way B grab B Connecting B right B played B devised B lone

B surroundings B distinguish B obtained B turn B earlier B life

C route C take C Combining C real C staged C discovered C sole C setting C spot C accepted C revolve C prior C air

D road D make D Mixing D valid D shown D produced D lonely D scenery D observe D received D circle D formerly D sense

Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

P~ease Fasten Your seatbeits Michael Whitman, known to most of his

passengers O) as 'Captain Mike', is an airline pilot for Omega Airlines. He claims that flying may well be the most rewarding career 13) ........... is. Although the pay is fantastic, that isn't the 14) .......... . important thing to Mike. What he really laves is the happiness his job brings. 15) ........... he was a young boy, he has wanted to follow in his father's footsteps and become a pilot.

"I remember when my father used to come in from work," Michael recalls, "h e used to entertain me 16) . . . . . . . . . . . stories about his trips. He always made the job 17) ........... so magical, and I knew that flying planes was what I wanted to 18) . . . . . . . . . . . with my life." Michael studied and worked at a small flight school in Palmerston North, in New Zealand. After lots of practice and many

141 MODULE 1

exams, he finally beca~e a fully-qualified pilot.

lmmediately 19) . . . . . . . . . . . they had put hir through training, Omega assigned Mike the task c flying passengers to and from Amsterdam. "My firE take-off was such a nerve-wracking experience There I was, a person 20) ........... had dreame1 of flying for so long, with real people on my plane! But Michael need not 21) ........... worried- th1 flight was a success and it's ali gane perfectly eve since 22) .......... .

"I get to see the world from a ·tatally uniqw perspective, and I get to take people t< 23) . . . . . . . . . . . dream destinations. Not only doe: my job bring joy to me, 24) ........... it also help: bring joy to others. What more could a person asl for?"

' J

Part 3 .---)

_) Read the text below. Use the word given in capitais at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

NBC Camps is the largest basketball camp in the world. The O) organisation offers intensive training to 'hoop addicts' in 19 25) ............... throughout America and Europe. The camp isn't only for advanced players.The course is also 26) ............... for newcomers to the sport. Campers are divided into leagues according to their age and skill, and play 5-on-5 games against one another. But it's not just about playing.The camps are just as much about personal 27) ............... as they are about 'improving your game'. Campers are taught that when playing a 28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sport, it is important to work together. Camp Directors say that only when players work as one, with one common goal, can they really give a first class 29) ................ Harrison Cole, a student on the programme, said, "l've learned many lessons, but most 30) ............... , l've learned that a team player needs to be honest and 3 I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to others." The camp is a wonderful, 32) .......... environment for the young people who want to learn more about ' this 33) ............... sport. The trainers are experienced sportsmen who provide the youngsters with the 34) ............... they need. The camps are a fantastic opportunity for the kids to develop as people and athletes.

ORGANISE LOCA TE

BENEFIT

DEVELOP

COMPETE

PERFORM

IMPORTANT RESPECT

SUPPORT

EXCITE

ENCOURAGE

Part 4

:~ Complete the second sentences so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, using the word given. There is an example (0).

O Promise me that you won't be long and 1'11 wait for you. LONG 1'11 wait for you as

long as you promise not to be long.

35 You are bound to be tired after the run. DOUBT There's .......... .

tired after the run.

36 Lauren was the only one who didn't swim well. APART Everyone ........ .

Lauren.

3 7 She wants to stay in instead of visiting her cousin. RATHER She ............. .

visit her cousin. 38 lt was unfair that he told Steve off.

DESERVE Steve ............ .

told off.

39 lt was hard to find a job in London. DIFFICULTY . He .............. .

a job in London.

40 lt's John's duty to deal with this.

' RESPONSIBLE Jolin ............ .

with this.

41 There probably won't be any trains today.

UNLIKELY lt is ............. .

any trains today.

42 Mike drove us into town.

DRIVEN We ............. .

Mike.

MODULE 1 115

Writi ng Stories

a) Read the story and number the events in the order they happened.

The Snake

lt was getting late,

and I needed to run

some errands before

the shops closed. I

quickly put in the

last load of dirty

laundry, grabbed

my purse and headed for the car. Cindy, my daughter,

was already there waiting for me.

As I opened the back door for

Cindy, I noticed that she had

sneaked her bag of toys in with

her. I didn't have time to take

them back inside the house, so I just buckled her in the backseat of the rusty old

car and off we went. Luckily, there wasn't any

traffic, so 1 was definitely going to make it there

on time.

While driving, I could hear a hissing sound. I

looked in the rearview mirror to see if Cindy

was ali right. She was playing contently with her

toys. "Why do snakes make a hissing sound,

Mummy?" Cindy asked. "What do you mean?" I

said as I turned to look at Cindy. To my shock

and amazement, there was a garden snake

slithering across the back seat near Cindy!

1 quickly brought the car to a screeching

halt and jumped out! As I opened the back

door, the snake slithered out and disappeared

into the tall grass on the side of the road. I was

scared to death but relieved that Cindy was

fine.

D She opened the door for her daughter.

D They heard a hissing sound.

D She left the house.

D She stopped the car.

D The snake got out of the car.

D They went off.

D She saw a garden snake in the car.

D She ran out of the car.

b) Give the story a different ending.

_161 MODULE 1

Replace the words in bold in the text below with suitable ones from the list.

o attractive o various o large o overjoyed o tiny o delightful o numerous o quick

Jane had a(n) 1) fast ride into town from the airpor lt looked like a(n) 2) nice place and she was lookin forward to her stay. She booked into a 3) very bi hotel on the sea front, dropped her bags in the roor and rushed out, eager to explore. She was impresse by the 4) many stalls and boutiques along th seafront that sold 5) different local products. Sh came across a very 6) beautiful woman who wê selling necklaces made from 7) very small bead: She had never seen this type of jewellery before an was 8) happy. lt was a great start to a holiday.

I 5 ................ ..

2 ................... . 6 ................ ..

3 ................... . 7 ................ ..

4 ................... . 8

3 Fill in the gaps with the adjectives and adverbs in the list.

o enormous o serious o trembling o fragile o har o sleepless o fiercely o intense o quickly o nervou

A 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wind was blowin 2) ................ , and 3) .............. . hailstones were pounding against th 4) ........ ~ ....... tent when Sal and Debbi woke up. They looked 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . é

each other and understood that they were going t have a 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . night if the weathE continued like that. s'al knew if they stayed in th tent, they would be in 7) .............. . trouble. He looked at Debbie and told her with 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . voice they would have t escape from the 9) ................ storm. S< opened the flap of the tent and 1 O) .......... . ran to his car parked nearby. He drove the carne' to the tent and helped Debbie in. Their nightmar was over.

_J_ Fill in the gaps with the adjectives: lonely, delighted, furious, í-rightened, proud.

We had done it! We'd played a long, difficult game and eventually won the championship. Everybody, especially the fans, were . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 The announcement came over the radio - the hurricane had gane. I was still ................... , but at least I knew it was over.

2 I couldn't believe he'd broken my brand new digital S Ali my friends set off on the school trip to Hungary. camera! I was .................................. ! As I saw the bus leave, I felt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Mrs. Jones said she was very impressed with my science project. I felt very ..................... . After ali, I had worked hard on it.

s a) Match the beginnings ( 1-3) to the endings (A-C). Which of the following techniques h ave been used in each?

• using direct speech • creating atmosphere by describing the weather, people, etc • asking a rhetorical question • describing other people's reactions/feelings • addressing the reader directly • describing your reactions/feelings

ITD "Do you ever feel like someone is watching you?" I asked anxiously. Jim tumed around to answer me but noticed someone, or something, in the shadows. "What is it?" I nervously stuttered.

,-~ John felt terrified as the plane shook. His eyes tumed to see other fearful passengers nearby. Suddenly, the lights went off and they heard, "This is the captain. Please fasten your seatbelts."

[[[] The sun was shining brightly in a cloudless sky as we trekked _ though the Himalayan mountains. I wasn't sure of our location, so I searched my bag for the compass and map. Nothing. I looked desperately but found nothing.

b) Rewrite the first pair using another technique.

A He was right, I get frightened too easily! Only I could be scared of a coat hanging on the back of a door!

B As we Iay down tired from the heat, hungry and in need of water, we heard a sound. Andrew looked up into the sky. "It's the rescue helicopter!" he cried. We ali felt relieved.

C There was a sigh of relief as light returned. Who would have known that a short thunderstorm could cause so much panic?

[ Read the descriptions. Which 7 Put the adjectives in the correct order. ' D senses are used?

The boys couldn't wait to play football with their (leather, white,

1 Sit down and feel the clear water new) ball.

splashing at your feet as the tiny, 2 During his short trip, Daniel bought a (Greek, large, golden)

warm grains of sand run through vase that he thought would look perfect on his mantlepiece.

your fingers. 3 On Saturday night, Helen and I went to see a (black and white, wonderful, French) film.lt was fantastic.

2 Lie down on your towel, dose your 4 Have you seen my mobile phone? lt's a (rectangular, thin, eyes and relax as you hear the metallic) 'Nokia'. waves gently lapping at the shore. s Jenny bought a (lightweight, titanium, fantastic) mountain bike

last week.

MODULE 1 117

J

Vocabulary

Choose the correct item.

Many thousands of people took charity event. A after B place

C part D up

in the

2 Winning the European Cup was our greatest

A attempt B effort

C act D achievement

3 lt is believed that sports help us to ....... . A relax C rest B calm D ease

4 People under the age of 18 won't be ....... to the club. A agreed C let B admitted D permitted

5 lt was a great ....... that we didn't get to the finais, but at least we can say we did our best. A failure C regret B disappointment D dissatisfaction

6 Americans spend more than I 00 hours ....... to work each year, according to research. A attaining C reaching B moving D commuting

7 They are going on a(n) ....... of Europe, starting in France and ending in Latvia. A expedition C tour B travei D journey

8 Get plenty of sleep because we're going to set ....... early in the morning. A off C in B on D up

9 I wish the seats on aeroplanes were more ...... . - l'm getting backache. A restful C convenient B comfortable D relaxing

I O lf you get ....... at the next stop, you'll see the museum on your right. A in C off B up D on

181 MODULE 1

I I The film is being shot on ....... in Tijuana, Mexi• A location C position B destination D place

I 2 Cate Blanchett's . . . . . . . of Queen Elizabeth 'The Golden Age' was outstanding. A character C role B image D portrayal

13 Some of Britain's most successful actors will ....... in the play. A producing B directing

C performing D staging

14 The magician obviously has a lot of ....... , bu think he needs some new tricks! A genius C talent B brilliance D gift

15 Huge . . . . . . . are expected at the premiere Cameron Diaz' new film. A viewers B spectators

C audiences D onlookers

16 The new leisure centre has excellent spor

A appliances B resources

C conveniences D facilities

I 7 The game will be . . . . . . . for an hour because ti other team is stuck in traffic. A postponed C transferred B cancelled D suspended

I 8 You need to have lots of ....... and be able to tal criticism if you want to become a top sportsman. A conduct C attitude B discipline 1 D manner

19 Could you tell me what time the plane to Nicos . ...... , please? A goes up B goes off

C takes up D takes off

20 I preferred the first ....... of this film rather th< the remake. A variation C type B interpretation D version

Grammar

! Choose the correct item.

She isn't as ....... Jenny. A faster than C fast as B fast like D fastest of

2 l'm sorry, but the manager . . . . . . . to another customer right now. ls there anything I can help you with? A is talking C has talked B talks D has been talking

3 l'm going on a month-long holiday to the Caribbean! ....... ? I bet you're so excited! A Can you really C Are you really B Did you really D Have you really

4 "l'm very confident ....... our chances of getting the cup considering our recent performances!" said Si r Alex. A for C about B with D on

5 H e got off the tube at Waterloo Station ....... his cousin was waiting for him. Awho C which B where D why

6 We ....... the movie when, suddenly, there was a power cut at the most exciting moment. A watched C had watched B were watching D had been watching

7 Eric and Dan ....... two tickets for the rock festival yesterday. A had been buying C were buying B had bought D bought

8 lt's far ....... to travei by bus than it is by car. A as expensive C least expensive B most expensive D less expensive

9 Chris ....... playing for two hours now, he needs a rest! A had been C is B has been D will have been

I O When you arrive at the Pyramids, you will be m~t by a local guide ....... will show you around the si te. Awho B whose

C which D where

I I l'm sorry, sir, you're too late. The bus ...... . twenty minutes ago. A was leaving C had left B had been left D left

I 2 I think it's ....... to read a book than watch a movie. A good C well B better D best

13 She ....... on her computer ali morning. A has worked C is working B has been working D works

14 They ...... . to meet up with old friends next weekend. A going B go

C are going D have gone

15 Jimmy doesn't like sailing at ali! I can see that. He ....... he's going to be sick! A looking like C is looking as if B look like D looks as if

16 What do you think about going to see the new Michael Moore documentary? To be honest, l'm not ....... on documentaries. I prefer comedies! A keen B good

C eager D enthusiastic

17 lt's 46°C today. This is ....... weather we've ever experienced. A hot C the hottest B hotter D hottest

I 8 Ann and Peter . . . . . . . of the hotel when a man approached them. A were checking out C will c~eck out B are checking out O have checked out

19 Katie ....... every time we play a game o f badminton. Awins C won Bis winning O has been winning

20 She's obsessed . . . . . . . Johnny Depp - she has posters of him ali over her walls! A to C with B for D at

MODULE 1 119

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading

Read the following article about a health problem. For questions t-8, choose the answer, A, 8, C or which you think fits best according to the text.

As a growing boy, I don't think anyone would have called me health-conscious. I

was typical of my peer group - the odd fizzy drink, trips to meet friends at the local fast food restaurant.

5 However, I was lucky to have a mother who made sure I ate well. She enjoyed cooking and ali our meals were varied and delicious!

At the age of eighteen, I moved to a university far from home and suddenly had to look after myself. I really missed my

1 O mum's home-cooked meals. She had sent me away armed with recipes, but I never wanted to cook when I got back to the flat, after a hard day of lectures. For this reason, it wasn't long before my friends and I discovered our local hamburger bar, just two roads from our home. lt was so easy to get our

15 dinner there and, compared to our few attempts in the kitchen, the food tasted great. Visiting on the way back from classes became a regular habit.

After a couple of months, I started to notice some changes in myself; I was getting acne and my clothes were getting tight

20 and uncomfortable. I was also very lethargic and friends complained that I would get irritable, often for no good reason. At first, I didn't pay too much attention to it ali, I wasn't surprised that the stress of university was taking its toll. However, over the weeks that followed, I was getting colds and headaches on

25 a regular basis. My health seemed to be deteriorating, but everyone else appeared to be coping. I started to question if I was cut out for university.

I decided to listen to friends' suggestions to visit a doctor. I went along and, after a five-minute discussion of my unhealthy

30 eating habits, she referred me to a nutritionist. I have to admit I was a little sceptical; I could accept that my acne and weight gain might result from the foods I ate, but the moods,

What does the writer mean when he says h e was not 'health conscious'? (tine 2) A he did not worry much about the food he

consumed 8 he ate lots of unhealthy foods C he didn't understand that some foods were

unhealthy O it was normal for people his age to eat fast food

20 MODULE 2

headaches, colds - surely diet couldn't cause these too?

Nonetheless, I made the appointment and soon found I had underestimated the importance of diet. I was told that the food I ate was high in fat but low in goodness. The lack of fruit, vegetables, and other food groups in my diet wasn't balancing this out and my body was struggling to keep up with the demands I was putting on it. She explained that if I continued to eat so unhealthily, I would be at risk of obesity and diabetes. Apparently, obesity was now an epidemic in America, and England was following suit. Fast food seemed to be a serious health hazard.

Some simple blood tests revealed that I had an iron deficiency, so to combat this and my generally rundown system, the nutritionist made me a personalised plan of nutritious meals to prepare and listed the vitamins I needed to supplement my diet with. She was very stern when giving me the advice. She told me not to expect it to be easy, since it is now believed that the body becomes addicted to a junk food diet. l'd never heard this claim before and was completely taken aback. There was a lot to do to get back on track.

After four weeks, I could really see a difference. The headaches and colds had completely disappeared and the acne and weight gain were well on the way to being rectified. A few relieved friends were also pleased to have their happy flat mate back! lt took time to leam about food and prepare decent meals. But it soon tlecame a habit, just like my unhealthy lifestyle had. My energy leveis were really high and maintaining my grades was no longer a massive struggle. l'm not saying that everyone should abstain from fast food completely, but we should ali be health conscious. Once you experience the benefits of a healthy lifestyle, you won't want to see another hamburger again!

2 Why did the writer start to eat fast fooc meals at university? A because it was easy and convenient 8 because the restaurant was dose to his flat C because they tasted better than his own cookin~ D because he didn't want to cook in the flat

3 As time progressed, what began to concern the writer? A He was getting ill on a frequent

basis. B Other people were aware of his

unhealthy diet. C He wasn't sure he could succeed

at university. D He was the only person who

was struggling.

4 Why wasn't the writer enthusiastic about seeing a nutritionist? A Because his friends had forced

him into it. B He was doubtful that they could

be of help. C He felt the doctor made her

decision too quickly. D He didn't agree that diet could

cause many of his symptoms.

S Why does the writer call fast food a 'health hazard'? (line 43) A Fast food has a high fat content. B Obesity is a serious problem in

America. C The food he ate was not

nutritious. D A poor diet can result in ill health.

6 On visiting the nutritionist, what did the writer find surprising? A The amount of effort it would

take to get better. B That fast food can be addictive. C That his body wasn't getting

enough iron. D The nutritionist's stern manner.

7 The writer found the new healthy eating plan to be A good at first, but he developed

bad habits. B a success, something that

everyone should do. C a little difficult but worth the

effort. D good, it quickly got rid of ali his

symptoms.

8 How does the writer's attitude towards diet develop over the course of the article? A He has become totally against

eating fast food. B He pays attention to the food

he eats. C He thinks it is too hard to

maintain a balanced diet. D He believes healthy eating is

too time-consuming.

Vocabulary

Choose the correct word.

She is a terrible hypochondriac; she never goes anywhere unless she is .... -.. with pills and potions. A armed B charged C filled D covered

2 Your doctor can . . . . . . some medicine to ease the pain. A offer B order C give D prescribe

3 Junk food has very little . . . . . . value. A nutritional B dietary C healthy D medicai

4 Children need to be encouraged to brush their teeth until it becomes a ...... habit. A customary B normal C regular D typical

S Anorexia nervosa has both psychological and physical ..... . A signs B markers C symptoms D symbols

6 Some people meditate to . . . . . . their stress leveis. A lessen B reduce - C help D lighten

7 Dan keeps in . . . . . . by exercising on a regular basis. A form B shape C condition D health

8 Not everybody realises that you can become . . . . . . to common substances such as coffee. A captivated B addicted C bound D obliged

9 Scurvy is a disease that is caused by a ...... ofvitamin C in the diet. A weakness B shortage C flaw D lack

I O lt was such a hot summer that ice-cream vendors found it hard to keep up with . . . . . . .

3

A request B demand C appeal D charge

Complete the sentences with the verbs in the list in the correct form.

deteriorate cape refer underBsti:nai:o: ba!anc2

reveal combat supplement recür; 103::2h

Because she does not eat any animal products at ali, her doctor has advised her to .............. her diet with vitamin pills.

2 An x-ray examination .............. that he had cracked two of his ribs.

3 When her doctor saw how much her condition had ............ , he sent her to hospital immediately. 1

4 He has . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from eating cheese ever since he discovered he was allergic to it.

S Doctors claimed that the government . . . . . . . . . . the seriousness of the flu outbreak.

6 Scientists are constantly searching for new ways to ............. . disease.

7 My father was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to a skin specialist when he developed a black mark on his neck.

8 She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . her young son on her knee as she gave him his medicine.

9 Although he still cannot walk because of his broken leg, he is · · · · · · · · · · · · · · well with the situation.

I O I promise we will do our best to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the problems you have been having with your new cooker.

MODULE 2121

Listening

Part 1

(((()ll) You will hea.r people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer, A, B or C.

You hear a young woman talking. Why does she take supplements1 A To stop her from getting colds. B Because her mother insisted. C Because she doesn't eat red meat.

2 You hear a man talking about an allergic reaction. What was his opinion about eating wild mushrooms1 A He was apprehensive about eating them ali along. B He was opposed initially, but trusted the camping

manual. C He was ok at first, but won't eat them again.

3 You hear a conversation between Sophia and another person. Who is Sophia talking to/ A A friend. B A professional. C A relative.

4 You hear a restaurant owner speaking on his local radio station. What is the purpose of his message1 A He is trying to encourage people to eat ltalian food. B He is promoting the re-opening of a local restaurant. C He is notifying people of a celebratory event at

his restaurant.

S You hear a talk by a representative of a holiday hotel. What is the topic of her talk1 A Keeping safe in the sun. B How to get help in an emergency. C How to recognise sun-related illnesses.

6 You hear two people talking about acupuncture. Why does the woman think it is a good technique1 A lt has been scientifically proven. B lt is a popular treatment. C She has found it effective.

7 You are listening to a radio show that is discussing weight loss programmes. What is the speaker's aim1 A To stop people from following fad diets. B To promete normal eating habits. C To promete a new book.

8 You hear someone talking to a friend about a holiday. What is her attitude1 A She is regretful. B She is excited. C She is enthusiastic.

MODULE 2

1 . I

. I

. I

will hear an interview witt doctor who organises a group for peo with diabetes. For questions 9-1 8, complc the sentences.

The group was set up because ofl ~_ _9...~.1 ____ _

for information.

People can come and share ~-II_O...l.l _____ ___.l'

people who understand.

Meetings are held on ~..ll_l...~..l _____ ___.l evenin~

The topics for the meetings are chosen

I' 21 1. A jtlj advises on how to ac

recipes for diabetics. '

Question and answer sessions help patients underst

114 I I in research.

Dr Michaels describes a trip to the ~~,-S ...... I ___ _

as an example of the group's social activities.

The group would like to encourage ._11_6...~..1 ____ _

to come to meetings.

The group is promoted using leaflets distributed

1'7 I I. Dr Michaels aims to establish ~..l1_8...~..l _____ ---l

support groups.

~~

' .

'

·--·

Part 3 n

((( 4 • )J) You will hear five people talking about their food intolerances. For questions 19-23, choose from the statements (A-F) what each speaker says. There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.

Which speaker. ..

A had an allergic reaction while at a friend's house?

B was astonished by their allergy?

C became ill while at a family member's home?

D has to avoid eating something they like?

E was shocked at the food that they had a reaction to?

F became ill after trying a new food?

Speaker I D 19 j Speaker 2 D 20 j Speaker 3D 21 j Speaker 4 O 22 J Speaker 5 D 23 J

/

----------~=-------~---- ---·-· --------

Part 4 ~(,O)J) Yiou ,LiJ ~ , r 1 are going to hear a businessman being interviewed by his local radio station. For questions 24-30, choose the best answer, A, B or C.

24 What is Mr jacobs' background? A He grew up in the countryside. B He grew up in London. C He grew up in a provincial town.

25 When did Mr jacobs become aware of the importance of having good quality food?

A When he ate good quality food as a young boy. B When he couldn't find good quality food in

London.

28 What aspect of Mr jacobs' business is of particular importance to him?

A The fact that it is a family business.

B The good quality, affordable food.

C The friendly, personable nature of the shop.

C When he found that quality food was 29 expensive in London.

When discussing the future success of his business, Mr jacobs is

26 Why do many people in London prefer organic products? A Because they are fashionable at the moment. B Because they are healthier than other

alternatives. C Because they aren't covered in chemicals.

27 How does Mr jacobs describe his parents' response to getting involved? A They were hesitant and needed

encouragement. B They saw a good opportunity and took it. C They were very keen and agreed immediately.

A optimistic but unsure. 1

B optimistic and hopeful

C cautious but hopeful.

30 Throughout the interview, Mr jacobs conveys the opinion that ...

A everyone should have access to quality, affordable food.

B good quality food is expensive and unobtainable.

C London needs more family-based businesses.

MODULE 2 23

Reading & Vocabulary

I have loved cooking ever since I was a young girl, so last year my husband booked for us to go on a cooking holiday in Thailand! I was so excited! Not only would I learn new skills, but I would sample

some very new and exciting cuisine.

We flew out to Bangkok in early July, ready to sample the delights Thailand had to offer. After only a few hours recovering from the journey we were calied down to meet the chef in charge. [ID . Every dish was so fresh and full of distinctive flavours, especially to an English paliet used to such different cuisine. As we enjoyed the food, the chef explained that the foliowing day we would make an early start, so that we could visit the food markets.

In accordance with his instructions, we met at 7am the next morning and headed for the market. I was amazed by the place. [![] . There were tiny red and green chilies everywhere which looked so colourful! W e bought some for the lesson, then went in search of curry spices. Again, there was so much variety. Some of the products were the same as in England; Coriander, garlic, but others were native to Thailand and I was excited to cook with these novel ingredients.

On our return, we went straight to the kitchen to .. 'begin a lesson on Thai Green Curry. None of us were

·· · professionals, and every now and then you would hear some giggling as we tried to deal with the unfamiliar ingredients! [[[]. Then it was time to cook. As the ingredients simmered, the aroma that illled the kitchen made your mouth water!

At the end of the lesson, we put our completed dishe on a central table and the chef tasted them, commentin on each one. Apparently the word for curry in Th1 meant 'spicy liquid' and although mine had spice, . wasn't the right texture. [I[] . Then we ali had chance to try each other's dishes and, for a first attemp our meals turned out pretty weli.

Lessons continued in this manner until day four whe it was time for a new experience. The chef took us to hotel in the mountains, outside Bangkok. We visited th rice paddies which covered the slopes. [[[] . Tha night, we made three different rice-based meals, an1 learned about the different types of rice used in differen Thai dishes.

At the end of the day, we sat on the hotel terrace an1 enjoyed the view, drinking delicious Thai tea witl cinnamon and vanilla. We were ali very relaxed until ou teacher sprung a surprise on us: on the last night back il Bangkok, we would be left to arrange our own Thai mea which would be eaten by guests at the hotel! ITIJ Looking back now, it was a great idea, it really showec us how much we had learned, but at the time we wen extremely nervous!

As the holiday drew to a dose, we ali felt quite sad; i had been an amazing experience. In a short space o f time we had acquired a great deal of knowledge and we woul< be taking that with us. For me, it had quite a significan impact. [[[] . When I returned home, I was going te enroll in coliege on a culinary skills, course and make 1 career out of cooking. As I write this, I am reaching the end o f my first year of trpining and I haven't looked back

Reading C I realised that my interest in cooking was more ti just a hobby.

1 The following text is an account of one woman's experience on a cooking holiday in South East Asia. Fill in the gaps (I· 7) using the sentences (A·H) provided. There is one sentence which you do not n~ed to use.

A We learnt how to dice, chop and combine various herbs and spices.

B As he sp~ke, it was hard to concentrate as a team of waiters brought a constant supply ofThai food for us to try!

24/ MODULE 2

D We took the constructive criticism in good spi sometimes laughing out loud at the comments!

E lt was completely new to ali of us, and sometin people looked a little confused.

F lt was fascinating to see where it comes from, ratl than just as packets on supermarket shelves.

G As we followed the chef amongst the stalls, we w1 met by a heady mix of aromas from ali the fn herbs and spices.

H He insisted that we were capable and he would be hand to help.

2 Complete the sentences with the words in the list.

i . ' flavour .l __ sp~-~~--- I ingredients

1-stall / course I dish -------~~ '------------

! dessert ! snack 1 bill i tip '- ---- ---------- ----

We were surprised to be offered cheese and biscuits as a first ............ - we are more used to eating it at the end of a meal!

2 The secret of good cooking is to use the freshest . . . . . . . . . . . . you can find.

3 We were astonished when we got the ........... . because we had expected to pay a lot more.

4 lndian food is famous for the large number of ............ that are used in its preparation.

S Many office workers today just have a ........... . at lunchtime.

6 The waiter looked very offended when we did not leave him a ............ , but the service had been awful.

7 This herb has a wonderful . . . . . . . . . . . . that goes well with ali salads.

8 lt is easy to produce a tasty .......... using fresh fruit and cream.

9 We found a . . . . . . . . . . . selling delicious sandwiches and pastries at the country fair.

I O Grilled fish with a fresh salad has to be my · favourite ............ for a hot summer's day.

Complete the sentences with the verbs in the list in the correct form.

srn1n1el- bo~~ pee~ g;dll

li li wl21} ;<,~ StGV\!

chdlp

s~~ce

You don't have to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . new potatoes, just wash them and cook them in their skins.

2 He cut his finger while he was .............. the bread.

3 My mother .............. a delicious cake for us last night.

4 She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the onions in oil until they were a delicious golden colour.

S We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the fish we had caught ove'r a

glowing fire.

6 Make sure the water is .............. before you

pour it over the tea.

7 You will need a sharp knife to .............. the vegetables into small pieces.

8 When you see small bubbles rising to the surface, put the prawns into the water and ............. . for a few minutes.

9 We decided to ............ the meat with carrots and onions.

I O The smell of the meat .............. in the oven was absolutely delicious.

4 Choose the correct word.

A delicious aroma of baking bread . . . . . . the kitchen . A covered B enclosed

C packed D filled

2 The sight of so many delicious cakes made my mouth

A drool B run

C water D salivate

3 Although we tried some interesting dishes when we were on holiday, I found myself . . . . . . my mother's cooking! A craving B pleading

C dreaming D starving

4 After the demonstration, we were invited to ..... . the dishes the chefs had produced. A experience C savour B sample D appreciate

S Ginger, a plant that is . . . . . . to south-east Asia, is used in many different dishes. A native C local B usual D resident

6 The waiter quickly took ou r ...... , but it was ages before any food appeared! A demand C request B arder D command

7 I had such a sore throat that I found it impossible to ...... any solid food. A chew C swallow B gulp D sip

8 You should rest after a heavy rfleal to allow your body to ...... the food. A digest C convert B absorb O process

9 We watched the birds ...... on the nuts we had put out for them. A eating B pecking

C feeding D nibbling

I O Doctors are concerned that people are ...... too much salt these days. A devouring B cooking

C taking O consuming

MODULE 2125

I

Speaking

Part 1

• Ta/king About Yourself

• Would you rather eat takeaway food or go to a restaurant to eat? Why? • What is the best meal you've ever had? • What are your favourite and least favourite foods? Why? • Do you like cooking? What do you cook?

Part 2 Topic Vocabulary

• tasty • nutnt1ous • healthy • balanced d

• Comparing Pictures

• greasy • satisfying • plain • nourishing • filling • bland • unhealthy

·-"'""':B'-\1'111

• As far as l'm concerned ...

• I prefer ... because • On the other hand .. • I must say ... • I have to admit ...

Candidate A: The photographs show two different kinds of meals. Compare the photographs and say whic kind of food is more popular with young people in your country.

Candidate B: Briefly say which of the two meals you would prefer to eat and why?

Candidate B: The photographs show two different types of exercise. Compare the photographs and say what you think is the best way to keep healthy.

Candidate A: Briefly say what you do to keep healthy.

MODULE 2

exerci se • keep fit/in trim • muscular • slim • enjoyable • exhaustin

unnatural • over-developed

muscles

• I think ... • They are probably ... • She/He seems ... • I would say ... • From my experience

Part 3

• Speculating and Making a Decision (pairwork)

The health authority in your area is preparing a set of posters to encourage people to lead a healthier lifestyle. Here are some of the pictures they are thinking of including on the posters. First, talk together about how effective these suggestions might be.Then decide which two should not be used.

• How effective are these suggestions? • Which two should not be used?

Part 4

• Discussion Based on Part 3 (pairwork) ·

very effective because ... • This picture does not

seem very good because ... • l'm not very impressed

with this picture. • I can't see that this picture

would be of any use because ...

• I think this picture be excellent/very good because ...

• This one seems interesting/effective.

• l'm particularly impressed with this picture because

• I (don't) think we shou use this picture because

• I suggest this one should be left out because ...

• I think we have to include

• Right, which two have we decided not to use?

• So, are we agreed on that? • Do you agree? • lt seems we're not

to on this!

• What other pictures could be used to encourage people to lead a healthy lifestyle? • How else could people be encouraged to keep healthy? • Do you think that you are a healthy person? Why/why not? • Do you think that people are more or less active than they used to be? Why?

MODULE 2127

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading 2 Choose the correct word.

1 You are going to read a magazine article about food services in a local town. For questions 1-15, chose from the businesses (A-0). The people may be chosen more than once.

Ready meals are designed to f; meet the needs of people with I life-styles.

2 lt took us ages to get a table bec: the restaurant was stuffed/filled · people.

Which business:

has a specific busy period?

permits customers to eat on the premises?

can require employees to travei during work hours?

CITJCITJ CTIJCTIJ

3 Any complaints concerning s1 crew behaviour should be sen1 the manager. CIT)

has a regular clientele? CllJCTIJ 4 The city is renowned/accepted

its restaurants selling delicious seaf<

helps employees develop their career?

has a high turnover of staff?

~ ~

69':( ) is developing a new service to meet customer (":1J);( ) needs?

is located in attractive surroundings?

will bring food to your home?

provides an affordable option for young people?

01() (t2( )

@1~:( )

has a good name for its food?

is aimed specifically at people in a hurry?

6'1-4:( ) (ls( )

From takeaways to sophisticated cuisine, your local town centre has it ali. We spoke to some of the people behind the scenes to find out more!

~ames Barton owns Recharge, a small coffee bar in the centre of town. "Our main purpose is to serve takeaway coffees and other such beverages," h e explains. "W e also have a selection of convenient prepackaged snacks that people can buy. We cater for people on the go."

When asked about typical clientele, ]ames doesn't hesitate. "Office workers," he replies. "Coffee shops are popular with a wide range o f people nowadays, but this particular group appear to need a constant supply of caffeine! It's at lunchtimes that it gets particularly hectic; the queue stretches right out of the doort" ]ames and his team are currently setting up an office delivery service to meet the needs of workers throughout the day!

Does he like his job? Very much. "The hours of work are fine and it isn't stressful, although it gets a little chaotic every now and then. Plus, we don't have to wait on tables as we only provide a takeaway service. It suits me fine!"

28 MODULE 2

5 We were offered a constant amot supply of snacks at the reception.

6 We try to avoid preheat prepackaged food and concentt on fresh fruit and salads.

[[)When she's not studying hard, Sarah Fox can be see behind the counter at the local fast food restaurant. lt ma not be everybody's ideal job, but it allows her to wor antisocial hours which d011't clash with her universit timetable. "There's always somebody wanting a quic meal, so our restaurant is open nearly twenty-four hours, she told us. "On the whole, we tend to get visited b teenagers who want a cheap, tasty bite to eat on their wa to or from a meeting with friends. Oh, and shoppers ten• to sit and eat here to take a breather from the high stree1 although I don't see them because I work the late shift."

The only downside to the job for Sarah is that she finds it hard to make friends. "I seem to be the only one whc wants to work so late at night, so people are constantl; joining and then leaving. lt's hard to get to know anyon1 well."

Other than that, she explains that it's relatively easy wod after a long day of lectures and not too tiring, as shE doesn't have to run around taking orders; the customen come to her!

Complete the sentences with the verbs in the list in the correct form.

'0 own o ser'te o cater o clash o deliver o rush o develop a progress

When I was a student, I earned some extra money ............. . pizzas to people's homes.

2 The waiters were .............. off their feet last night because a large coach party arrived unexpectedly.

3 Ou r restaurant .............. for vegetarians; we don't serve any meat dishes.

4 Today, many food companies are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . new products with less salt in them as a result of recent health concerns.

S I felt that the colour of the table cloths .............. with the general décor of the restaurant.

6 My brother .............. the new restaurant in Brook Street.

7 Breakfast is .............. from 7 am to 9.30 am.

8 He started in the business as a kitchen assistant, but he eventually .............. to becoming a top chef.

~Whitely Manor is a restaurant renowned for its freshly cooked cuisine. Luke Tomlinson has been working as a waiter there for 8 months now. "lt's a great place;' he declares, "the building is beautiful and my colleagues are good fun, but it's one of the most tiring jobs l've ever had." Luke explains that the restaurant's reputation for great food and its picturesque riverside location mean that it is constantly filled with people. "There's never a quiet moment. l'm always running from table to table taking orders, making sure everyone's happy:'

After ali the guests have left, he has to stay for a further two hours to help clean up. But it's worth the hard work as he now hopes to progress into a supervisory role, using the company's career-building scheme. "The company looks after its staff. They say that a happy staff means good service and happy customers and I am inclined to agree. We haven't had any complaints yet!"

~Greg Phillips has been working for Fast Pizza for just under a year now. The takeaway service is located on the main shopping street in town, but its business doesn't come from hungry shoppers needing to re-fuel. In fact, they don't open until four in the afternoon, ready for people who don't want to cook, or eat out.

When he first joined, Greg used to deliver the pizzas ali over town on a motorbike. "I really didn't enjoy it," he recalls. "Firstly, I didn't like riding the bike through busy traffic, but l'd also get anxious about getting lost and not getting the food delivered hot and on time. So now I stay in the shop and take the telephone orders, and I much prefer it."

Greg told us that there is a steady flow of orders ali e,.vening, but from ten onwards they are rushed off their feet. "Suddenly the whole town seems to want pizza;' Greg laughs. "But it's fine. Well, for me anyway; l'm not the one who has to cook them ali!"

" Choose the correct word.

I prefer to work the late ..... . because I hate getting up early in the morning. A phase B move

C shift D period

2 One disadvantage of working in the restaurant business is that you have to work antisocial . . . . . . . A hours C stages B times D seasons

3 We stopped at a café to get a quick . ..... to eat. A piece B taste

C bite D food

4 We weren't very busy, but there was a steady . . . . . . of orders most of the evening. A rush B number

C run D flow

S The restaurant has built up a regular ...... of bankers, lawyers and other professionals. A clientele C traffic B trade D custam

6 They have a ...... for fast, friendly service. A status B reputation

C respect D position

7 At lunchtime, the queue for this popular restaurant ...... out of the door. A spreads B trails

C lengthens D stretches

8 He is always on the ...... and never seems to have time to sit down for a proper meal. A rush B go

C charge D gallop

' 9 My new job . . . . . . me perfectly as I can listen to my favourite music as I work. A matches c fits B suits D combines

I O After the rush, we were glad to take a short ...... and relax a little. A gasp C breather B blow D puff

MODULE 2J29

Use of English

Part 1

Read the text. For each gap ( 1-12) choose the correct word, A, B, C o r O.

Have you ever passed an English farm O) displaying the skilled at picking her own fruit and vegetables. She t sign,"Pick your own",and wondered what it meant?Tessa the peak seasons for each fruit and vegetal Simon became intrigued after seeing such a sign outside 9) . . . . . . . . on her calendar. She then heads for t a local farm five years ago, and went to I) . . . . . . . . . She farm with her containers and some snacks was delighted to discover that members of the public I O) . . . . . . . . her energy up, and she always gets were 2) ........ to go and pick fruit and vegetables from early start to ensure she doesn't I I) . . . . . . . . up to the fields for themselves and pay accordingly. empty field! lt is possible to buy freshly picked goo

Tessa 3) . . . . . . . . her first visit during the month of from the farm shop, but Tessa enjoys the satisfaction June when her favourite fruit, the strawberry, was in 12) . . . . . . . . out the products herself before takir

Sh 4) th h d d f th I them home to make some lovely home-cooked dishe season. e . . . . . . . . e un re s o o er peop e,

;a~~~!~~ ~~a~)c~·il·~~~~ ~i~ f t~~i: r~·'~···~~~;~~~ ...... '®' 'dj~~~a;i~~ ....... '.·c;.·~~;~~~~;~~· ... • ..... ··r;'·-;;~~~·~;~;~; ripest, juiciest strawberries. In 3 ~ : exam~ne 8 study C investigate O inspect her enthusiasm, she quickly ::

3 A permltted 8 accepted C received O let

. ) ~ constructed 8 made C ~ p1cked 6 . . . . . . . . than she ~ 4 A . . 8

ormed O completed ld d. · fill' · Jomed united c d cou carry, succee mg m 1 mg ;

5 A

1 connecte O attached

fi · b 1 7) h ; ook 8 search c h ve carner ags. . . . . . . . . s e i 6 A unt O chase h b . h d . • more 8 much C I went to get t e ags we1g e m :: 7 A W . ot O many

the farm shop, she was charged ~ hlle 8 Although C As o When less than any supermarket would ?.

8 A very 8 much C lot 0 '9A .d too charge. ~ sta~ne. 8 printed C exhibited O marked

~ I O A mamtam 8 uphold C keep O . Nowadays, Tessa is 8) . . . . . . . . li 1 A .

8 sustam

~ a~n~e turn C lead O travei -----~~~~~~~-~-.,.,;:i~:,H~ .. J:'~~n! •• ,,,..~.~~;lecting __ C choosing O deciding

Part 2 =··=-., ........ ~"""'"""'*h~ ... =~"~=··""'-···"~"'"'""·n•-'""·'"

Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (O).

F armers use pesticidas (O) to protect their crops from the damaging effects of insects and other pests, which have

the ability to destroy entire harvests. This is a widespread practice, documented as 1) . . . . . . back as 4,500 years ago, when the Sumerians used sulphur to protect 2) . . . . . . crops from disease.

Today, there are various categorias 3) . . . . . . pesticida, including insecticides, fungicidas and bactericidas. These are used as an integral 4) ...... of modern-day agricultura to enable farmers to produce crops 5) . . . . . . year round on a massive scale. Farmers use them at 6) ...... the growth and the storage

stages to prevent pests from attacking their crops, and to preve1 the crops becoming contaminated 7) . . . . . . harmful fungi.

However, because pesticidas are chemical substances, the are also harmful 8) . . . . . . humans. For this reason, man countries have strict regulati~ns concerning the use of thes substances and set high safety standards.

lt is not only humans who are adversely affected 9) ...... th use of pesticidas. They have been shown to have a very seriou effect on the environment. This is partly the result of a process caller 'pesticida runoff', 10) . . . . . . occurs when rainwater washe: pesticidas off the crops and soil into surrounding lakes and rivers.

The negativa effect of pesticidas on humans and th1 environment are serious and so alternativas are always 11) ..... sought. Possibilities include the use of natural pesticidas such a! bacteria or developing strains of crops that are naturally resistan to pests. There is now a demand for organic fruit and vegetable~ which are grown 12) ...... the use of pesticidas. These are often more expensive, and the choice is limited, but for a growin~ number of people it is the preferred option.

·------------~--------.---~------- ~~~~~"'=--"'~-=---~~~-~~,..,......,.~~

30 MODULE 2

Part 3

Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets.

lt has been reported that around one in ten people in the UK suffer from O) il/nesses after eating bad food. They are caused by I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . germs, invisible to the human eye, which enter the body when people eat food that has been stored or prepared 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The issue of food safety is an important one, and this article outlines some of the key precautions to take.

Firstly, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When you buy food products, check the 4) .................. . on the packaging. Products vary in the way they can be kept, for how long and at what temperatures. lt is probably common S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that raw meat will not keep for long at room temperature, but are you confident you know everything? Get it right, or you might be providing bacteria with just the conditions they need to breed 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ILL

MICROSCOPE

CORRECT

STORE INSTRUCT

KNOW

SUCCESS

When it comes to food 7) .................. , PREPARE hygiene is the key. We ali know we must wash our hands before eating, but do you wash them when handling raw meat, poultry or fish? lf you do not, you could cause the 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONTAMINATE of other foods. lt is also important to dry hands thoroughly; bacteria thrive in warm, damp conditions. Keep utensils clean and dry also.

lf we ali incorporate these 9) .......... · · · · · · · RECOMMEND

into our daily routines, the risk of our getting food-poisoning will be I O) .............. · · · · · · DRAMA

reduced.

Part 4

Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

O You have to work hard to become a doctor. INVOLVED There is a lot of

work involved in becoming a doctor.

Waitressing looks like a tiring job. SEEMS Waitressing ...... .

tiring job.

2 I won't give you any dessert unless you eat your greens. IF I won't give you any

dessert .......... .

eat your greens.

3 Fiona made the appointment. WAS The appointment ..

Fio na. 4 Pupils are banned from drinking

fizzy drinks at my school. ALLOWED Pupils are ....... .

fizzy drinks at my school.

S Jane wasn't used to French cuisine. UNFAMILIAR Jane ............. .

French cuisine.

6 Norman became a vegetarian five years ago. HAS Norman ......... .

five years.

7 I find taking medi~ine unpleasant.

LIKE I ................ .

medicine.

8 l'm so tired, I really should get some sleep.

OUGHT l'm so tired, I really

some sleep.

MODULE 2j31

Writing letters/emails

The following extracts (A-F) are beginnings or endings of emails or letters. In each case

• identify the type of letter/email (i.e. application, invitation, expressing congratulations).

• say whether the letter/email is formal or informal

A l'm hopeless! I can't find the map for Lower Croft anywhere online. Can you give me a hand, please?

B I am writing with regard to your advertisement in the Western Chronicle this week. The position of office clerk appeals to me a great deal, and I would like to be considered for the post.

C lf you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me.

O We regret to inform you that Saturday's performance of La Boheme has been cancelled due to unforeseen circumstances. We are very sorry for the inconvenience this will cause you.

E Thanks for the invitation. We'd lave to join you and help you celebrate this special birthday!

F lt's such a shame. Next time, let me know in advance! Until then, take care.

Suggest opening and closing remarks for the letters (A-E) below.An example is given.

A Congratulate a friend on graduating from university.

B Write to a shop manager to complain about some bad service you experienced.

C lnvite your friend to dinner.

O Write to your local college to inquire about a course.

E Thank your friend for his/her advice on sightseeing in Rome.

e.g. A 0;0ening r~rnar!<S: Hi there! I just heard that ali your hard work paid off and you graduated from university. We/1 done!

:Josing ;·=rnc:;·ks: Enjoy your we/1 earned rest and we'/1 meet up soon!

32 MODULE 2

3 Read the pairs of phrases (A-J) below anc the two emails that follow. Choose the most appropriate expression to completl the gaps ( 1-1 O) in each of the emails. Say which email is formal, which is informal.

A The venue will be/lt's being held in

B some important announcements/some import things

c promptly/on time

o will be providing/will be giving out

E to inform you/to let you know

F regarding the new/about the new

G something to write with/writing materiais

H there will be/we will be holding

I Make sure/Piease ensure

J everybody/all members of staff

Dear Mr Jameson,

I am writing I) . . . . . . . . . . . . that 2) .....•..•..• a staff meeting this Friday at noon.

The IT Department have 3) ............ to makt 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . office software and it is imperativE that 5) ............ attend.

6) . . . . . . . . . . . . the staff roam on floor two 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . that you arrive 8) ..••••.•••• and that you bring 9) . . . . . . . . . . . • with you

although we I O) • • • • • • • • • • • • handouts.

Thank you in advance for your cooperation. lf you have any queries, please contact Jane Donnelly on 662 8879.

Kind regards

Donald Peterson

Dear Paul

I just wanted I) ..•......... that 2) ••.•.••.•.•. a staff meeting this Friday at noon. The IT Department have 3) . . . . . . . . . • . . to tell us 4) ..•.••...••• office software and it's important that 5) . . . • . . . . . . . . attends.

6) ............ the staff roam on the second floor. 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . you arrive 8) . . . . . . . . • • • . and that you bring 9) ............ , although they 10) ............ handout~

lf you have any questions, you can call Jane Donnelley on 662 8879.

Thanks

Donald

~ ~

Read the email below which is written in the wrong style. Replace the formal words/phrases in bold with more suitable, informal ones from the list provided.

I) Dear Amanda

I am writing to 2) request your presence at my birthday 3) celebration, which 4) will take place this Saturday.

The party 5) will be held at my house celebrations will 6) commence at 7 pm.

o great o let me know o lave o it would be great to see you o can come o Susan

7) Your attendance would be greatly welcomed. lf you could 8) confirm whether or not you 9) will be able to attend, as soon as possible, that would be I O) most helpful.

I I) Kind regards

12) MsAdams

Look at the extracts below and the notes (A·J) made about them. Match the notes with sentences 1-9.An example is provided.

!\) 'Nhich ones?

..-···

Cookery Lessons /// • dishes from exotic cuisines! • gualified instructors

·,,_ i

---------------~ c-i' c1ualií-ications?

- ''·-.... Longdale Farm Find us located'just outside Lowerton Village. Come and see a working farm in action. Young children: adrnission free!

~~--------------------~----~ ·'-..... · D) 'Nhat is -~:1e age i'ange?

NEED HELP WITH EXAM PREPARATION? ,I:

Private tutor for Mathematics available from May. Evenings only. I ----------7~------~---~

E) which levei? /

/

i') wha~ hou1·s?

( [[!]] Could you please specify the exact cuisines

i that will be covered in the lessons?

J IIIJ Would you please inform me of the age range

that qualifies for free entry?

li[] I am interested to know what hours you are

available to teach.

G) who and whe1-e hom'?

Organic Week! Come and help us promote the production of organic food. Local suppliers will be 1 selling their organic produce. ~ -, __ / 6pm onwards every evening this week, \ : Meadow Farm. ·,:'-­

é:>..

H) what cype (apeles, etc)?

I) experience required?

I STAFF NEEDED! i Waiting staff needed for small restaurant. i Flexible hours, good pay.

( Interviews next Monday evening.

~ :J) what are the options?

' I1IJ I would appreciate it if you could provide me

with further information regarding which

producers will be there.

[}I] I would appreciate further information

regarding the hours of work available.

[[[] I would be grateful if you could provide me

with some specific information regarding the \ [JIJ I would be grateful if you could inform me if

I any experience is required. qualifications of your instructors.

\ [![] I am interested to know more about the types [I[] Could you please provide me with more

i of produce that will be available. detailed information regarding transport to

l [IO Could you please tell me which leveis of your farm? i learning you cater for? )

I

--------------------------------------~1/ MODULE 2133

I

I

Vocabulary

Choose the correct item.

The ambulance service is one of the ...... .

2

3

services. A emergency B disaster

You will have doctor. A meeting B appointment

to

C medicai D crisis

make a(n) ....... to

C arrangement D date

Noodles are a common ingredient in

A cuisine B menu

C eating D consumption

see the

Chinese

4 John needed ...... . to remove his appendix. A help B attention

C medication D surgery

5 A balanced diet is ....... for you. A nice C right B good D necessary

6 Damien is a very ....... chef. A wise C intelligent B expert D talented

7 Smoking is a ....... hazard. A medicai C health B lifestyle D human

8 You should have a flu ....... as soon as possible. A vaccination C immunisation B inocufation D preparation

9 Antonio doesn't have a sweet tooth. He prefers ....... food. A bfand B rich

C savoury D bitter

I O Green tea is said to help the body ....... cafories. A light C ignite B burn D toast

34 MODULE 2

I I Rachei has a cavity in her tooth and needs to h a ....... . A filling B stuffing

C packing D padding

12 There were so many ....... of tea that I could decide what to order! A options B varieties

C alternatives D selection

13 Exercise is an important part of a ....... lifesty A balanced C healthy B good D fit

14 lf you have an iron ....... , you become anaemi' A depletion C deficiency B reduction D lacking

15 Grapefruit is ....... in vitamin C. A full C packed B heavy D rich

16 Some people prefer alternative therapies t

....... medicine. A typical C conventionaf B usual D conformist

17 We need cafcium to help ....... strong bones. A maintain C generate B keep D allow

18 Fiona loves food with a spicy . . . . . . . . A texture C feel B flavour D odour

19 The psychologist . . . . . . . her with depression. A suggested C confirmed B analysed 1 D diagnosed

20 lt is . . . . . . . that we drink eight glasses of water a day. A recommended B ordered

C insisted D advised

Grammar

Choose the correct item.

Meg has a nasty cold, she is feeling very run . . . . . . . . A through C down B out D over

2 Geoff loves ltalian food, so he love the food when he goes to ltaly this summer. A will have been C will be B won't D will

3 I ....... to be a doctor at the moment. C were training A was training

B am training D would be training

4 After an operation, it is important to rest in order ....... up your strength. A build C built B to build D building

5 Elliot ....... feeling very well today. A didn't C doesn't B isn't D won't

6 Sarah ....... too much salt in her diet these days. A had C has had B has D was having

7 William h as to drive me to the dentist tonight. A promises C promised B promising D promise

8 I drink far too ....... coffee. A many C lot B much D more

9 l'm very familiar ....... African food. A with C for B about D around

I O He's ....... biting his nails! A sometimes C eternally B always D regular

I I Perhaps Jenny ....... to go to the doctor's. A should C ought B must D need

I 2 Felicity felt sick after drinking some milk that had ....... off. A been B gone

C remained O left

13 Mark ....... ten years' experience working as a paramedic. Ais having B has had

Chave O was having

14 Health professionals advise that we should eat five portions of fruit or vegetables ....... day. A every C some B most Dali

15 Alina has been ....... with bulimia. A diagnosis C diagnosed B diagnosing D diagnose

16 In Britain, you ....... to train for three years to become a qualified nurse. A must Chave B will O should

I 7 My mother worked . . . . . . . to get the meal finished in time. A hardly B hard

C hardness O hardened

18 lt is nice when families ....... together to eat a meal. A do B get

C went O have 1

I 9 Small grocery stores often sell produce grown

A local B near

C locally O nearer

20 Jim was ....... a lot of stress at work. A over C before B between D under

MODULE 2135

I

! l ~

li

il

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading

1 Read the following article about a man's memories of his childhood dreams of another world. Fc questions 1-8, choose the answer,A, B, C or D which you think fits best according to the text.

5

10

When I was quite small, I would sometimes dream of a

city - which was strange because it began before I even

knew what a city was. But this city, clustered on a curve of a

big blue bay, would come into my mind. I could see the

streets, and the buildings that lined them, the waterfront,

even boats in the harbour; yet, on waking, I had never seen

the sea, o r a boat ... and the buildings were quite unlike any

1 knew. The traffic in the streets was strange, carts running

with no horses to pull them; and sometimes there were

things in the sky, shiny fish-shaped things that were certainly

not birds.

Most often, I would see this wonderful place by daylight,

but occasionally it was by night when the lights lay like

strings of glow-worms along the shore, and a few of them

15 seemed to be sparks drifting on the water, o r in the ai r. lt was

a beautiful, fascinating place, and once, when I was still

young enough to know no better, I asked my eldest sister,

Mary, where this lovely city could be.

She shook her head, and told me that there was no such

20 place - not now. But perhaps, she suggested, I could

somehow be dreaming about times long ago. Dreams were

funny things, and there was no accounting for them; so it

might be that what I was seeing was a bit of the world as it

had been once upon a time - the wonderful world that the

25 Old People had lived in; as it had been before God sent

Tribulation.

But after that she went on to warn me very seriously not

to mention it to anyone else; other people, as far as she

knew, did not have such pictures in their heads, either

30 sleeping or waking, so it would be unwise to mention

them.That was good advice, and luckily I had the sense to

take it. People in our district had a very sharp eye for the odd,

or the unusual, so that even my left-handedness caused

slight disapproval. So, at that time, and for some years

35 afterwards, I did not mention it to anyone- indeed, I almost

forgot about it, for as I grew older the dream carne less

frequently, and then very rarely.

But the advice stuck. Without it I might have mentioned

the curious understanding I had with my cousin Rosalind,

40 and that would certainly have led us both into very grave

trouble - if anyone had happened to believe me. Neither I nor she, I think, paid much attention to it at that time: we

When he was young, the writer dreamt about A an unusual place every night.

B a city with odd animais.

c a place he had no knowledge of.

0 a busy seaside resort.

361 MODULE 3

simply had the habit of caution. I certainly did not feel

unusual. I was a normal little boy, growing up in a normal

way, taking the ways of the world about me for granted. Ahd

I kept on like that until the day I met Sophie. Even then, the

difference was not immediate. lt is hindsight that enables me

to fix that as the day when my first small doubts started to

germinate.

That day 1 had gene off by myself, as I often did. I was, I

suppose, nearly 10 years old. My next sister, Sarah, was tive

years older, and the gap meant that I played a great deal

alone. I had made my way down the cart-track to the south,

along the borders of severa! fields until I carne to the high

bank, and then along the top of the bank for quite a way.

The bank was no puzzle !> me then: it was far too big for

me to think of as a thing that men could have built, nor had

it ever occurred to me to connect it with the wondrous

doings of the Old People whom I sometimes heard about. lt

was simply the bank, coming around in a wide curve, and

then running straight as an arrow towards the distant hills;

justa part of the world, and no more to be wondered at than

the river, the sky, or the hills themselves.

2 The city lights at night A were arranged in lines. B floated in the sea. C impressed the writer. D hung from the sky.

3 The writer uses the phrase 'no accounting for them' (line 22) to show that

A he regretted telling his sister about his dreams. B he could find no explanation for his dreams. C he believed that his dreams were true. D he found his dreams to be very amusing.

4 The writer approved of his sister's advice A as it made him forget about his dream

immediately. B as people where h e lived liked to be out of the

ordinary. C as the locais were suspicious of people who

were different. D as it stopped him from having his dream ali the

time.

5 What event first caused the writer to question his views? A When he confided in his cousin, Rosalind. B When he and Rosalind did something wrong. C When a girl called Sophie entered his life. D When he realised people thought he was lying.

6 Why did the writer go to the bank on his own? A He enjoyed his own company. B He was old enough to go out alone. C He didn't want anyone to go with him. D He had no one else to play with.

7 What impression did the writer have of the bank as a child? A lt was a very mysterious place. B There was nothing remarkable about it. C lt could only have been man-made. D lt had to be linked to the Old People.

8 In what way does the writer's attitude change during the passage? A He realises that he has to be secretive. B He becomes more open about his feelings. C He starts to believe his dreams were childish. D He begins to accept his world as it is.

Vocabulary

Fill in the gaps in the sentences with one of the verbs in the correct form.

o occur o stick o accoc;~t o line o shake o cluster o drift o g=-=rmina·~e

There's no .......... for some people's taste in music.

2 Her mother's words of warning . . . . . . . . . . with her for the rest of her life.

3 lt was only later that it .......... to me that l'd been wrong.

4 The children . . . . . . . . . . round the stall that was selling cream cakes.

S The supermarket shelves were .... · · · · · · with produce from around the world.

6 An idea for a story began to .......... in his mind.

7 He slowly .......... his head in response to my question.

8 She watched the autumn leaves .......... on the surface of the lake.

J Choose the correct word.

The footballer's behaviour caused/produced a lot of disapproval.

2 Many of his views changed as he turned/grew older and wiser.

3 The farmer knew rain was coming because of the clouds over the distant/far hills.

4 She often turns to the older/elder of her two sisters for help.

S I wish I had kept/taken his advice in the first place.

6 The police are keeping a sharp/pointed eye on the suspect.

7 His habit/custom of coming in late is very annoying.

8 He took it for certain/granted that he would be promoted.

LJ Complete the sentences with the correct item.

a)

The . . . . . . . . . . between the two countries is heavily patrolled by the army.

2 ls it just Star Trek fans who believe space is the final •......••• ?

3 They went to court to decide where the ......... . between their properties lay.

b)

We lay on the .......... until the sun was too hot to bear.

2 We like to take our holidays at the .......... .

3 The south . . . . . . . . . . of England is often referred to as the English Riviera.

4 We will have to go on . . . . . . . . . . to get more supplies for the yacht.

S He likes to sit on the river .......... and read a

c)

I

book.

He jumped off the boat onto the .......... and tied the rope to the post.

2 The .......... in Sydney is a world famous tourist attraction.

3 We had a room with a lovely view of the curving ...........

MODULE 3137

Listening

Part 1

l (((OI)) You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer, A, B or C.

You hear a young woman talking. How did she feel about her rafting and camping trip? A happy B frustrated C sad

2 You hear a woman talking. Why did she and her husband decide to sell his carvings? A to make money B to be able to take part in the local fair C to have more room in their house

3 You hear a man talking. What is h e? A an environmentalist B a tour guide C a historian

4 You hear a man talking about a crime. What was the thiefs reason for taking the painting? A He felt it was his duty as an ltalian. B He wanted to keep it for himself. C He wanted to sell it and make money.

Part 2

5 You hear an environmentalist being interviewed. VI does he believe it is important to save the eleph: from extinction? A because humans need elephants to do work B because the elephant is a substitute for modE

technology C because other animais and the habitat rely,

somewhat, on the survival of the elephant

6 You hear a woman talking to her daughter. Why is s talking to her? A to give her encouragement B to refuse permission C to make a suggestion

7 You hear a man talking. What is the purpose of I remarks? A to convince people to visit Venice, ltaly B to convince people to be adventurous on tht

travels C to convince people to study history on holiday

8 You hear part of a lecture about a new sport. What the lecture describing? A reasons why you should go shark diving B different opinions about shark diving C wrong ideas people have about shark diving

\ 2 (((OI)) You will hear an interview on the radio with Peter Cowell, a man

who runs a sailing school in the Caribbean for teenagers during their summer holiday. For questions 9 to 18, complete the sentences.

Peter Cowell's school teaches offshore sailing and ~..;:1 =9:!:;1 ====::::.. A student who signs up for a short course will sleep 110 I

·~.:..:..::....!::::::::====;-----l

Students taking the four week course are ~..I1_1..L.I ____ ___.I on land.

Students who attend a longer course will go on trips for

j12j I days.

While visiting islands, students will get to learn aboutl ~..1_3..L.j ____ -..J and the way of life.

Peter started sailing because h e has always had L..j1_4.~...I ____ -..JI for the

sea.

Apart from sailing, the main skill students learn ;.:is...21;:15=j====::--ll.

Not paying attention while sailing could lead to L..j1r:6=j ::;::::::::===='.:..· Other skills learned by students are: how to read j11j I and

how to identify sea life and j18j I.

Part 3

((rOl)) You will hear fJVe people talking about experiences they had on holiday. For questions 19- 23, choose from the list (A- F) how each pei"Son felt about their holiday. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter, which you do not need to use.

A feels bad about listening to a friend

D B was pleasantly surprised Speaker I 19

c regrets not checking for information Speaker 2 D 20

D thinks it was worth the expense Speaker 3 D 21 E wishes more activities had been offered

Speaker 4 D 22 F would like to see more holiday

D destinations of this type Speaker 5 23 . --.--~---_-.. ~.., .. -~ ... ,_. -:-·.,.--·::.---------- --· --- --o-~·-'·-c~·-=:--···~- ·r.··~--··· -. ,,. ___

Part 4

((rOl)) You will hear an interview with a travei agent talking about alternative forms of tourism. For questions 24-30, choose the best answer A, B or C.

What kinds of holidays does John's company provide?

A package deals to popular resorts B holidays with independent organisations C environmental holidays in Brazil

25 What has the over-development of tourist resorts resulted in?

A tourists no longer spending enough money on holidays B damage to the environment and character of resorts C the loss of the world's most beautiful places

26 According to John, what type of holiday would suit a nature lo ver?

A a walking holiday B a beach holiday C a spa holiday

27 Why does John believe people should pay more for holidays?

A to stop people going on package deals , B because everyone can afford to pay more C because they will get a better kind of holiday

28 How does John react to the suggestion that green holidays will never be popular?

A He criticises people's choice of holidays. B He explains that attitudes are changing. C He doesn't believe it really matters.

29 Why does John believe people will continue flying?

A they don't care about the environment B they don't know it harms the environment C they enjoy holidays in hot countries

30 Why hasn't John been abroad recently? A He hasn't had the time. B He believes in promoting green tourism. C He prefers to go on holiday in his own country.

I

l

Reading

1 You are going to read an article about an explorer's trekking experiences at the South Pole. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Fill in the gaps ( 1-7) using the sentences (A-H) provided. There is one sentence which you do not need to use.

A The only way to get them here is by aircraft, and the pilots will only fly if the weatherman tells them it is safe to do so.

B lt is almost on the edge of a massive floating ice sheet, and every year it slides closer to the open water.

C In the aircraft cabin we cannot feel the chill wind blow up from the frozen continent just over the horizon.

O There is also a simple gym, but some of the people here prefer to jog up and down the runway.

E Once the last plane and ship leave in late March, the 20 or so people who are spending the winter here will be on their own until October.

F The summer research season is in full swing when we arrive and there are about eighty people living on the base.

G David Lee is arguably the most influential person for a thousand miles in any direction.

H Of the very few people who have ever visited the continent, most never made it as far south as our present position.

Vocabulary

Fill in the gaps in the sentences with one of the verbs in the correct form.

pass approach 'forecast convert

intrude drift

combine si ide

Although they . . . . . . . . . . . . heavy showers, it turned out to be a lovely sunny day.

2 We ............ a lot of people out for a walk in the sunshine as we drove through the village.

3 They live in an old railway shed which they . . . . . . . . . . . . into a beautiful house severa! years ago.

4 He left as soon as he realised that he ........... . on a private conversation.

S As the ship slowly . . . . . . . . . . . . the harbour, we could see the passengers waving to us from the

decks.

6 The paper boat we had put in the lake ........... . away from us, blown by the wind.

40 I MODULE 3

7 She . . . . . . . . . . . . the flour with a little water make a paste.

8 The snake . . . . . . . . . . . . slowly and silendy o~ the rocks.

" Choose the correct word,A, B, C, O . ..::.)

He ...... for the telephone on his desk. A stretched C extended B reached O pulled

2 Since the . . . . . . that the factory would dose, t

workers have been fn shock. A statement C broadcast B declaration O announcement

3 Squirrels are said to gather and store nuts to ke• themselves ...... through the winter. A living C alive B lively O live

4 Although he is not fully . . . . . . yet, he is making a goc recovery. A active C energetic B vital O vigorous

S The new railway line will take passengers right int the very . . . . . . of the city. A focus C heart B core O hub

Land of extremes, Antarctica is a dream posting for scientists. David Adam goes inside their world.

You never forget seeing your first iceberg. As the white flecks begin to appear, you cannot stop yourseif pressing your nose against the aircraft window for a better view, and although the iceberg is thousands of kilometres beiow you and there is an enormous amount of ice still to come, it is impossible not to reach for your camera.

The journey south wouid be better by boat of course. OJ:J . However, what we do get as we approach is a shriii beii from the cockpit foilowed by the announcement: "Ladies and gentiemen, weicome to Antarctica."

We are on the way to the scientific research station at Rothera. The base is on an isiand on the western side of the Antarctic peninsuia that reaches up towards South America. [I[] . This means that as the aircraft bursts through the clouds and picks its way around giant ice cliffs, it feeis as if we are somehow intruding.

Our arrival at the research base comes as a shock. The metal prefabricated buiidings on the slopes surrounding the short gravei runway are a triumph of substance over styie. But then, when it comes to surviving out here, never mind trying to do serious research, substance is what counts. I1IJ . Scientists with impressive qualifications after their names live aiongside the carpenters, electricians and mechanics who help to keep them aiive.

it was difficult to know exactly what to expect at Rothera, but it still came as a surprise to find a former BBC weatherman here. ~ . He receives regular images from the three weather satellites that pass overhead and must

6 The party was in full . . . . . . when we got there; everybody was dancing and iaughing. A swerve C sway B shake D swing

7 I was so frightened by the sudden noise that I couldn't ...... myself shaking. A stop C prevent B halt D avoid

8 The cottage on a rocky slope and is surrounded by beautiful old beech trees. A resides C remains B rests D reclines

/1 Underline the correct word. ·-...r

lt carne as a bit of a jerklshock to learn that Peter had lost his job.

2 An ability to stay calm in times of crisis is what measures/counts.

3 Even with modern technology, it is not easy to give a fully accurate/exact weather forecast.

4 The problem with furniture you assemble yourself is that it is not easy to fit/size the pieces toget~r.

S The Empty Quarter in the Arabian Peninsula is one of the most hostile/angry environments on Earth.

combine these with air pressure system diagrams to come up with accurate weather forecasts.

As weii as being a fuily active research base in its own right, Rothera is also a staging post for field parties carrying out research in the heart of the continent. [}I] . Lee says that it is not that different to forecasting back home. "There are a couple of unusualiocai features but once you've been here a iittle whiie, you get to know how it fits together," he says.

The base's medicai faciiities are surprisingiy good, but then they have to be. [I[] . The office of the resident doctor can be converted into an operating theatre and basic dentistry is aiso possibie.

The scientists and support workers here iive in a very hostile environment, but at ieast their base is stabie. Further south there is another British base, cailed Halley. I1IJ . Soon this base wili have to be rebuilt before the ice it rests on breaks away from the main continent. Perhaps then the ice wiii form an iceberg, drifting north to welcome someone eise to the spectacular, hostiie white continent that is Antarctica.

6 This is questionably/arguably the best book about Antarctica that has ever been written.

7 There are some beautiful beaches along this face/side of the peninsula.

8 Fortunately, they were able to make/struggle their way to safety.

5 Complete the phrases with ..tords from the list. Use the phrases to make sentences based on the text.

medicai in-iluential impressive ice :)t:able 'flteath·~r ?""esearch air ?ressu:----e

station

2 .......................................... cliffs

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qualifications

4 o ••••••••••• o ••••••••••• o o ••• o. o ••••• satellites

S ....................................... system

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . facilities

7 .......................................... base 8 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ......................... person

MODULE 3141

Speaking

Part 1

• Talking About Yourself

• Where do you live? • Do you like your neighbourhood? What is it li • Do you like living there? What is it like? • Does it have parks and a lot of green spaces? • What kinds of facilities are available? • Does your city/town have sports facilities, places

to eat, cultural centres?

• What would you change about your neighbourh• if you could? How do you think it can be impro"

• How about nightlife?

Part 2

• Comparing Pictures

Candidate A: The photos show two different kinds of festivais. Compare the photos, saying what kinds of people each festival would probably attract.

Candidate B: Briefly say which of the two festivais you would prefer to attend and why.

To pie Vocabulary

• play mstruments • enjoy listening to

music • appreciate live musi•

• performed outdoon • dressed in costume~ • have fun • parade • food stalls

• I would prefer (+ infinitive) ...

• I would rather (+ bare infinitive) ... I (much) prefer (-ing form) to ...

• I really like/love/ha etc ...

• I don't like/l'm nc keen on (+-ing forn

• reception area • expensive hotel

comfort & convenience

• swimming pool • nice gardens • restaurant

• activities • close to nature • quiet holiday • adventurous • like being outdoors • enjoy simple things

Candidate B: The photos show two different kinds of accommodation. Compare the photos, saying what kinds of people would most likely stay in each type of accommodation.

Candidate A: Briefly say which of the two you would prefer when on holiday and why.

42j MODULE 3

Part 3

~ Speculating and Making a Decision (pairwork)

You and a friend are planning a holiday. Here are some activities you are considering. First talk to each other about why people like to do activities like these and then decide which two places you would find most interesting.

• Why do people do activities like these? • Which three activities would you find most interesting?

Part 4

• Discussion Based on Part 3 (pairwork)

• Do you like to relax when on holiday or do you enjoy being active? ·

• Have you ever had a bad experience while on holiday? • Do you travei light or do you take lots of luggage.

with you? • What benefits do we get from travelling?

I think this ... might be popular because ... One reason people might want to visit this place is ... Some of the things that could attract visitors to this place are ... lt seems to me that ...

Suggesting • I think this could be a good

idea because ... • I would suggest ... • I wouldn't want to ....

Concluding OK, so which three activities should we pick/choose?

• Do you agree with these choices?

• Are those our final choices? • lt doesn't look like we are

going to come to a decision!

• Do you agree that travelling makes us more open­minded? Why o r why not?

• In your opinion, does travelling help us to better understand people from other cultures?

• ls there a place where you've never been that you'd like to visit? Why?

MODULE 3143

;i :J

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading Vocabulary

1 You are going to reá.d an article about festivais around the world. For questions 1-1 S, choose from the countries (A-0). Each country may be chosen more than once.

--, Choose the correct word. ..L

The origins/basis of this tradi1 have been lost. Which country's festival(s)

has a religious character?

includes music in the festivities?

was banned for a period of time?

include activities for both adults and children?

has accommodation on the festival grounds?

begins and ends with a signal?

are over in less than a day?

has something that can be found nowhere else?

celebrates the arrival of one of the seasons?

provides transport to the festival?

has few places to stay near the festival?

reproduces scenes from the past?

may have become established because of an argument?

SPA~N La Tomatina Every summer on the last Wednesday in August, thousands of people flock to the small town of Bunol in .. _ . . ....•. Spain to take part in . . . .·. ·. of the festival the tomato festival. The thnlhng climax of is a huge food fight where pe?~:n thr~:rt:o':'he:n a tomatoes at e~c~ other. The ;lgtop ~hen, exactly an water cannon 1s f1red and mu~ ~ ·n hour later, the water cannon IS flred agal .

' h ccording to legend, a lt began in the 1940s w en, a radually drew in small squabble in the to~n r ;f years the festival everyone in sight. For a nu~ ~ opulari~ when the was outlawed. lt soon reg~~e fe~tival attracts about law was changed. Today e There is only limited 30,000 visito~s t? the_ ~r~~t people usually stay in accommodatiOn In Buno Valencia which is 48 kilometres away. . ....

441 MODULE 3

2 According to the legend/m) King Arthur will return one day.

3 They hope to appeal/attr: more tourists to the area.

4 These unique/single plants found only in this part of the wo

S Most of the audience/spectat4 were angry about the result of match.

6 The restaurant has a wide range plates/dishes to choose from.

7 We do our best to supply/ca1 for the needs of ali our visitors.

8 lf I was given the opportuni luck, I would travei around 1 world.

JAPAN Oníro Fire Festival This festival is one of

. the largest tire ;. festivais in Japan and

takes place on January 7th. Also known as 'Demon's 1

night', the purpose of the festival is to cleanse the local Shinto temple of evil spirits. During the festival, which is over 1500 years old, six giant torches weighing over a tonne each are set alight one by one as spectators pray for health and happiness in the coming year.

Kurama tire festival This festival takes place in Kyoto every autumn on October 22nd . The festival begins with tall tires being lit in front of people's homes. Then there is a procession of young boys carrying small torches who are followed by teams of men carrying progressively larger torches. The largest torches can weigh over 100 kilograms. The purpose of this unique festival is to light the path of the spirits of the departed.

The Herrnanus Whale Festival This festival, which takes place in late September, is both an environmental and arts festival and lasts for four days. The festival is held in honour of the annual return of the Southern Right whales to the shallow waters of Walker Bay and the coming of spring. Thousands of people gather at the seaside resort of Hermanus to watch the whales from the high cliffs of the town. lt is said to be one of the best places in the world to watch whales from. Apart from whale-watching, the festival also has many concerts and other arts performances for festival-goers to attend and other attractions include the crafts and food stalls lining the streets of the town centre. While visitors are enjoying these attractions they don't need to worry about missing out on whale spotting as Hermanus boasts the world's only 'whale crier' who alerts visitors to the arrival of whales on his kelp horn.

England's Medieval Festival The \argest medieval testival in England is held over the August Bank Holiday weekend at tne . Sussex Started in 1992, beautitu\ Herstmonceux c:;~~~nvisitors t~ the three days ot this festival attracts up to ' There are a wide range ot testivities in the castle gro~nds. h. ch rea\\y bring history to activities tor visitors to enjoy, w

1 t medieval batt\es,

\ite. These include reenactme~ts a~ades. Even the tood archery displays and spectacul~ ·fors to sample and there sta\ls have medieval dishes tor.tsiYoungsters are also we\\ are wo medieval tave.rn,s o~ SI ~~m where they h ave. the catered tor in the Kid s K~ng s rea\ly \ike in medieval opportunity to \earn what \lte;:en staying in ro~ms or .at times. Visitors can choose b~ Herstmonceux IS easlly the camping ground on-~1 e:\ and a shuttle bus operates accessible by both roag t~~ ~~~~\ train station. beween the castle an

Fill in the sentences with the correct form of the verbs below.

The doctor says I must stay off work until I

.............. my strength.

2 Last summer, record numbers of tourists

.............. to the island.

3 I do meditation to help me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my

mind of negative thoughts.

4 I really enjoyed .............. the different kinds

of cheeses at the dairy farm.

5 The government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . some types of

hunting. 6 The police were . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to the gang's

activities by an informer. 1 The train service .............. from 8am until

midnight. 8 Simon couldn't resist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about his

promotion.

11 Choose the correct answer,A, B or C. --_["

I had a really ........ dream \ast night. A alien B strange C foreign

2 lt started out as a petty ........ and turned into a

huge row. A hostility B squabble C conflict

3 The . . . . . . . . of the report is to show where

improvements can be made. A purpose B reason C plan

4 Some of the beaches are only ........ by boat. A available B accessible C approachable

5 We enjoyed watching the ........ at the carnival A march B walk 1C parade

5 Fill in: arts, sha\low, food, evil, thrilling, annual, limited, camping. Make sentences using them based on the text.

1 ........................................ spirits

2 ............................... accommodation

3 ................................. performances

4 ........................................ clímax

5 ........................................ waters

6 ••••••••••••••••••••• o ••••••••••••••••• o ••

stalls

7 ........................................ ground

8 ......................................... return

MODULE 3 I 45

Use of English

Part 1

Read the text. For each gap choose the correct word, A, B, C o r D.

Situated on the coast of the Persian Gulf, Dubai is one of the seven countries that today make up the United Arab Emirates. The capital, also named Dubai, was 0) founded at the beginning of the 19'h century, and, because of its 1) ....... . location, it rapidly became popular with foreign tradesmen, many of

1 whom eventually 2) ........ in the city.

Today, Dubai is a modem, thriving

jewellery, food and sculptures. Or thing you will be expected to do is 1 8) . . . . .. . . with the shopkeeper befo1 agreeing on a price. lt is not just abo1 9) .. . . . . .. a bargain, i t is part o f tl culture.

There is no doubt that Dubai is < exciting place. lt has been said that it the fastest growing city in the worl with 10) ........ 800 people setting l

_ home here every day! Some of the mo1 remarkable developments 11) ........ tl

city attracting an increasing 3) ........ of tourists. If you come here in the summer, however, be wamed.

'palm peninsulas' being constructed just off the coa and the planned underwater hotel. It really is

The temperature can 4) ........ a maximum of over 47 futuristic city that will12) ........ your breath away. degrees Celsius, so remember to drink 1.:-:-:--~------------------

f O A invented 5) ........ o water. B devised C9 founded D discovE Dubai City is where everyone will want to start their sightseeing. Go exploring and, who knows, you might find something

I A prime 2 A matured 3 A total 4 A achieve 5 A plenty 6 A across

B B B B

first established number make

c major D super c developed D settled c amount D sum c reach D real i se

B lot unexpected just 6) ........ the comer. Of course, you can visit one of the modem shopping malls, but for a completely

7 A occurrence 8 A contract

B B

c behind c

enough D sufficier below D around

experience c event D inciden1 B bicker

different 7) ........ go to a souk - a

9 A selling traditional market that you can find in many parts of Dubai, selling clothes,

I O A an evaluated ===============::;l I I A include

B B

c dealing c

quarrel D haggle striking D trading

Part 2

an estimated c a counted D a measu B contain c enclose D surroun B pu li c snatch D take

12 A grasp

Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

46j MODULE 3

Parisian reen When you think O) that ou r ancestors did not live in cities like 1) . . . . . . . . that ha\

now sprung up ali over the world, it is not really surprising that so many city-dwelle crave for green, open spaces in 2) . . . . . . . . to relax. Even people who live in crampe flats in the centre of cities will fill 3) . . . . . . . . available corner with potted plants perhaps in an unconscious effort to get 4) . . . . . . . . to their agricultura! roots.

Research into the effects o f greenery and parks on city residents suggests that peop 5) . . . . . . . . have access to green areas are 6) . . . . . . . . at handling stress and a1 generally less aggressive 7) . . . . . . . . those people who have no access to parks.

This may'go a long way 8) . . . . . . . . explaining why so many of our inner cities, t~ so-called 'concrete jungles', are associated 9) . . . . . . . . violent crime. Possibly, t~ answer to 10)........ particular problem is not more police on the streets as s 11) . . . . . . . . people demand, but fewer buildings. Create more parks and garder where people can relax and unwind and then perhaps we can 12) ........ enjoy mo1 harmonious and satisfactory lives.

I I

Part 3

Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets.

Are you tired of lying on the beach ali day and baking in the sun? Are you keen on saving our planet and meeting like-minded people? lf so, then one of our eco-tourism packages is the perfect O) solution for your upcoming holidays. The waiting lists are long, so make sure your I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are made well in advance. Some eco-holidays are dedicated to protecting 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . species and helping them to 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What about caring for whales and then windsurfing in your free time? Or, why not be part of a group that 4) ..................... . patrols the grounds of a Kenyan nature reserve? lf you are more of a cold weather person, then maybe you can help clean up oil spills in Alaska while staying in 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with a breathtaking view. Whatever your choice, local transport is usually 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and our 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . will ensure that you don't experience any major 8) .............. . So, what should you bring along with you? Only the basics: your lave for the environment and your 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to work hard.You too can make a I O) .......... ·····!

SOLVE

ARRANGE

DANGER PRODUCE

REGULAR

ACCOMMODATE

EXPENSE ORGANISE

CONVENIENT

WILL DIFFERENT

Part 4

Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

O l'm sure Lynn didn't mean to hurt my feel ings. INTENTION l'm sure Lynn had no

intention of hurting my feelings.

You should learn to drive now. TIME lt ............... .

. . . . . . . . . . to drive.

2 The traffic will be heavy whichever route you take. MATTER lt doesn't ........ .

. . . . . . . . . , the traffic will be heavy.

3 The Wilsons started learning French five years ago. BEEN The Wilsons ..... .

five years.

4 They ali agreed with Mr Smith except for Steve. EXCEPTION With ............ .

. . . . they ali agreed with Mr Smith.

5 They estimate that the journey wili take five hours. ESTIMATED The journey ...... .

five hours.

6 I think you should book a package holiday to save money.

WERE lf ................ . ............ book

a package holiday to save money.

7 "Did you do any !JlOrkelling in the Bahamas;• she asked.

HAD She wanted to ....

any snorkelling in the Bahamas.

8 Gary is able to type 90 words per minute.

CAPABLE Gary ............ .

90 words per minute.

MODULE 3147

Writing Skills - Argumentative

Match the beginnings and endings below and say which technique has been used in each one.

Beginnings • start with objective statement • make reference to a strange scene/situation • address reader directly • a quotation/a rhetorical question • state problem that needs solution

[[[] Twenty years after the world's worst nuclear disaster, in which up to 200,000 people have died over time, nuclear power plants are still being built. How can some scientists insist that nuclear power is safe in the face of overwhelming evidence that suggests the opposite?

[[[] Have you ever passed a homeless person on your way to work and wondered how he or she got there? The next victim may be you! As more and more people get into debt, and lose their jobs or their social support, they also lose their ability to provide shelter for themselves. This problem, however, has many solutions.

[}I] Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Can we use this saying to justify the display of any type of art, no matter how unconventional or controversial it maybe?

2 a) Read the model, then complete the table with the points the writer makes for/against the topic.

According to Gene Roddenberry, the creator of Star Trek, "space is the final frontier". Whether or not you believe this, we have already made small steps into space. Some people say it is only a matter of time before we will send men to Mars and even explore beyond our solar system. Others think we should look after our own planet before we try to visit others.

On the one hand, there may be a number of benefits to space exploration. Firstly, space travei 'ijill require a lot of specialised equipment and developing it will provide jobs for many people. Also, the new inventions that are created may also be useful for people on Earth. Secondly, space exploration requires advances in technology and knowledge especially in the areas of energy and mechanics. This new knowledge may provide solutions to

481 MODULE 3

Endings • your opinion on the topic • a statement giving the reader something to

consider • a quotation or rhetorical question

A When considering how advanced our technology is is shameful to think that we cannot solve a probh such as homelessness. It seems to me that a little me compassion and a little less greed would make a 1 difference for those less fortunate than us.

B No one can deny that the natural resources we use produce power will not last forever. But does t solution lie in putting our hea!th and our lives at ris More research needs to be done to determine whetl we can use nuclear power safely.

C Freedom of expression is what art thrives on a should be protected. Whether an artist has the right display a piece of art is a complex issue which eve society must decide on for itself. After ali, as G. Chesterton said, "Art, like morality, consists drawing a line somewhere."

For Against

of SPACE TRAVEL

problems on this planet. Finally, it may help us flnd second home as one day Earth may not be big enough

On the oth~r hand, however, there are also ma drawbacks to exploring space. To start with, the billions dollars that will be spent on it could be put to better L

solving the problems we have now, such as world hung Furthermore, some of the new technology developed · space exploration could be used for harmful purposes the wrong hands.

Ali things considered, it seems that the advanta~;;

outweigh the disadvantages. We need to use core planning and good judgement to help us to invest in a use space technology wisely. Only time will tell if this is wr will happen.

I f I

b) Replace the linkers in bold with the ones in the list.

o To begin with o Ali in ali o nevertheless o In the first place o Additionally o Moreover o In addition x2

Read the essay again. Which techniques have been used to start/end it? Replace them with other appropriate techniques.

• Opinion Essays

f] a) Read the model and put the paragraphs ~ s in the correct order.

!C

~ Ali in ali, I believe studying abroad is a richer and more fulfilling experience than studying at home. lt will help you to develop skills and attitudes that will stay with you for a lifetime. [[[] Secondly, you will have lots of new experiences. Most of them will be exciting and interesting, but even the ones which are not will benefit you by making you stronger. @I] With more countries entering the European Union and international relations improving, more young people are choosing to study abroad. To my mind, continuing or completing your education in a foreign country has a number of distinct advantages. @I] However, some people believe it is better to study in , your own country. They believe that students who study abroad spend most of their time travelling and having fun while those who stay in their own country study harder and learn more. [[[]To start with, it can help you develop new skills and a cross cultural understanding. Learning about and living another way of life opens your mind to different points of view. Vou can also improve your language skills by studying abroad - even more so if you study in the locallanguage.

5

b) List the writer's viewpoints. What reasons do they use to support them? Complete the table.

Viewpoints Reasons

Replace the topic sentences in the ~ain body paragraphs with other appropr1ate ones.

r_6 Write supporting sentences to match the topic sentences below.

Firstly, flying is the fastest way to travei.

2 In addition, keeping up with the latest trends is expensive.

a Providing Solutions to Problems Essays

j Read the model and underline the phrases the writer uses to make suggestions and circle the phrases which present the results and consequences.

WHA T can we do ©Jbo~t the M~SIUJSrE of

M018l~l[E PHO~~ES7

Many children these days have mobile phones. However, some children misuse them. They access inappropriate websites, chat and text for hours, or take improper photos or vídeos. Misuse of mobile phones is a problem which we need to address.

One possible solution concerning overuse would be to impose limits. Parents could use a pre-paid account of a fixed amount per week. This way, children would have to keep track of the time and money spent on the phone. As a result, they would not get into debt or miss out on other activities.

Another effective way to reduce the misuse is to educate children to use mobile technology positively. Advice could be given at home, in school and through advertising. lf they are aware of the dangers and consequences involved, they would use their phones more responsibly.

Ali things considered, there are many solutions to the problem of misuse of mobiles by children. The sooner these solutions are put ~nto action, the sooner leveis of misuse can be reduced.

8 What techniques has the writer used to start/end the essay? Suggest another beginning/ending applying another technique.

9 Write supporting results/consequences for the following suggestions.

One solution would be to use recycled paper in the office for memos, photocopies and so on.

2 One way to help homeless people in the area would be for the local authority to open a free hostel.

MODULE 3149

Vocabulary

Choose the correct item.

Youth hostels are a cheap accommodation ...... . when travelling abroad. A preference C choice B pick D selection

2 The . . . . . . . across the desert was made impossible by the sandstorm. A stroll C trek B excursion D outing

3 The . . . . . . . vegetation in the jungle made it difficult to spot snakes and lizards. A lush C thick B elaborate D heavy

4 Living in an area with a(n) ....... climate, such as the desert, can be difficult. A arid C humid B barren D dense

S Most national museums contain . . . . . . . works of art. A worthless B costly

C worthwhile D priceless

6 Foreign . . . . . . . is hard to obtain in some countries. A current C currency B cash D change

7 The mountain ...... . illustrated in the brochure is breathtaking. A scenery B set

C scene D position

8 According to the latest news ....... , three mountain climbers have been killed in the blizzard. A notification C bulletin B statement O announcement

9 When swimming in the Caribbean, it is not unusual to see . . . . . . . of fish in knee-deep water. A flocks C shoals B swarms D herds

I O Temperate di mates are best for people who cannot tolerate ....... weather conditions. A drastic C extrem~ B radical D strict

50 I MODULE 3

I I The restaurant had a . . . . . . . atmosphere desF its uninviting exterior. A convenient C comfortable B cosy D confident

12 Our tour guide was very knowledgeable and b· so we ventured to places off the beaten ..... . A route C path B track D road

13 To increase revenues, the Ministry ofTourism I arranged for visitors to be . . . . . . . to and from 1

art exhibition. A travelled C moved B bussed D commuted

14 "You will need a tour guide if you want to ma the most of your ....... ," said the travei agent A voyage C travei B expedition D trip

I S lt is not uncommon for tourists to become victil of ....... theft. Asmall B minar

C trivial O petty

16 The Prime Minister's revolutionary amendmer will pave the way for . . . . . . . changes in t country's public policy. A monumental B historical

C momentary D distinguished

I 7 Visiting . . . . . . . monuments is a must wh• travelling abroad. A old C historical B out-of-date O historie

' I 8 Many people . . . . . . . money from banks wh1 they can't afford to pay for their holidays. A lend C donate B borrow D invest

19 He has a darkroom where he . . . . . . . his ov photographs. A makes B shoots

C develops D loads

20 lt is not necessary to put one's life in . . . . . . . 1

get an adrenalin rush. A risk B jeopardy

C threat D hazard

Grammar

Choose the correct item.

One of our ski instructors was wearing a jumper. A red long beautiful chenille B long beautiful red chenille C beautiful long chenille red D beautiful long red chenille

2 "lt's high time you ....... to use a computer," said the career counsellor. A learn B learnt

C have learned D will learn

3 He didn't like working evening shifts but he eventually . . . . . . . it. A used to B was used to

C got used to D is used to

4 Don't worry about finishing the report on time. I ....... you. A am going to help B will help

C will have helped D can have helped

5 He was charged ....... arson and will be serving a five-year sentence. A of B for

C with D by

6 My neighbour laves travelling! He . . . . . . . on holiday five times this year. A went C has been B had been D will have been

7 Cynthia, ....... a novelist, has already published three books. A which is C that is B whose D who is

8 Unfortunately, the bicycle that Michael wants ....... for him to buy. A isn't very cheap B isn't toa cheap

C isn't cheap enough D isn't enough cheap

9 "I wish you . . . . . . . biting your nails. lt drives me crazy!" Suzy said. A would stop C wouldn't be B wouldn't D to stop

I O "That was ....... film ever! Remind me to avoid horror films in the future," she said. A the worst enough B the worse

C the most worse D the worst

I I In spite of their long friendship, the two actors ....... after fighting over the same role. A stopped to talk C have stopped to talk B have stopped talking D are stopping to talk

I 2 "Look, there's Robert. Let's go and say helio." "That ....... Robert. He's in ltaly on business." A mustn't be C can't be B shouldn't be D wouldn't be

13 Terry has always been a computer wizard. She ....... computers when she was five! A could use C able to use B could to use D is able to use

14 "Did you . . . . . . . off the light before leaving?" "Of course I did. Have I ever forgotten before?" A remember turning C remember to turning B remember to turn D remembered to turn

15 Samantha's hair looks great because she ....... at the hairdresser's. A had dane C did it B dane it D had it dane

16 When snorkelling in the Bahamas, one can see .... near the coral reef. A many colourful fish C much colourful fish B many colourful fishes D lots colourful fish

17 "Would you mind telling me . . . . . . . a souvenir shop?" the woman asked me. A where can I find B where it can be found C where I can find D if I can find

' 18 ....... responsible for our fast-paced lifestyles. A The technologies are B The technology is C Technology is D Technologies are

19 "Don't worry about sharing your secret. lt will remain ....... us," he said. A between C with B among D through

20 A large . . . . . . . of people attended the Olympic Games opening ceremony. A amount C number B quantity D percent

MODULE sj51

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading

You are going to read a text about how someone changed their attitude to environmental issues. Fo1 questions 1-8, choose the answer,A, B, C or D, which you think fits best according to the text.

I was struggling to get by. I had just moved to Gloucester

from London and had taken the first job that I was offered

as a cashier in a local supermarket. I was barely earning

enough to do my weekly shopping and I yearned for the

5 money I used to make back in London. As I couldn't afford

my own place, I had settled for my best friend's sofa, but

the hard cushions and backaches had made me realise

that, above ali else, I craved my old flat - my little

sanctuary! I soon began to wonder if moving had been the

right decision. That's when I heard a radio advert that

changed my life ...

"Looking for your own place but dreading the cost? Worry

no more! You could live free for a year in the 'Enviro­

House', one of Britain's first environmentally friendly homes.

We're looking for a resident to live rent-free! For more

details, visit www ... " My friend had heard about this 'carbon­

neutral' house and he thought that it would be very difficult

to stick to an energy conserving routine. I should have

considered this, or at least have been concerned about

how many 'guests' would actually pass through. But, as I

sat on the painfully uncomfortable sofa, the only thing in

my head were the words ... 'Live free, live free.'

I visited the website and entered the competition to become

an 'eco-housemate'. I was one of three lucky finalists who

had to battle it out for a place in the house live on local

television. We had to cook a meal for tive judges using a

solar cooker and only organic vegetables and then face

questions from the studio audience. The judges weren't

impressed with my cooking and I thought I had lost. But, as

I looked at my friends in the studio audience they ali gave

me smiles and the 'thumbs up' and it was just the confidence

boost I needed. Thankfully, I made the audience laugh, they

liked me and I was voted into the house.

The other finalists were keen environmentalists with a

passion for the issue, unlike me. I had never really given it

much attention to be honest, as it was insignificant to me. I

joked with the audience that the only way I was going to

learn was if they sent me to the house! They agreed. As I

What is the main reason the writer gives for missing London? A Earning a higher salary. B Not having his own home. C Living the inner-city lifestyle. D Sharing a flat with his best friend.

521 MODULE 4

tried to prepare for a

drastic change in lifestyle,

I suddenly became

nervous and asked myself

if I had thought this through

properly.

As I walked through the

front door, I had worrying

visions of living in a

futuristic house, full of

high-tech gadgets. I

certainly wouldn't have been surprised to see a number of

complex-looking machines. However, I was shocked to see

the house was completely normal. In fact, it looked just like

any other house. This eased my mind a bit, as I rarely find

modern technology easy to understand, I prefer the simple

life.

The heating system, water supply and electricity ali worked

in exactly the same way as they would in any other house

in the UK. The only difference was that the house used

renewable sources of energy. At first I thought the house

would definitely need some fossil fuels, like coai and gas,

but instead, solar panels and small wind turbines (which

could be a little noisy at times!) were used to provide the

hot water and electricity. The house didn't burn wood or oil

either because smoke pollutes the atmosphere.

My experiences in the house made me look at the way I had

lived my life in the past and how I should live it in the future.

For example, ifs neither difficult nor time-consuming to

recycle, as long as you make it part of your daily routine. I also changed my perspective on which energy sources to

use. I used to think solar panjls were too expensive, but now

I realise that although the initial cost is high, they actually

save a lot of money over time. l've recognised that spending

a few extra pounds is preferable to losing our beautiful

planet. lfs very simple to make those all-important changes;

we just need the motivation to make them.

2 What did the writer think after hearing tb radio advertisement? A That he hated having to sleep on the uncomfortabl

sofa. B That he could have his own home withoL

having to pay. C He was worried about how many people woul

visit the 'Enviro-House'. D He wouldn't be very good at energy conservatior

3 In line 30, the writer says 'they'. Who is he referring to? A The audience. B The judges. C The finalists. O His friends.

4 What had the writer previously thought about the environment? A He considered it unimportant. B He had always been passionate

about the issue. C lt made him nervous. O He always joked about it.

5 As the writer entered the house, he was surprised that A the house looked futuristic. B the house had lots of complex

machinery. C the technology was easy to

understand. O the house looked the same as

other houses.

6 Which sources of energy did the house use? A Coai and gas only. B Some fossil fuels plus solar and

wind. C Renewable sources of energy

only. O Wood and oil only.

7 What is the writer's opinion of recycling? A lt takes a lot of time out of his

daily routine. B lt is expensive to do. C lt doesn't take a long time if

dane daily. O lt is difficult to make it part of

his daily routine.

8 How did the writer's attitude change during the passage? A He realised how much he

enjoyed living alone again. B He realised he had no reason to

fear modern technology. C He realised how important it is

to talk about environmental issues.

O He decided to adopt a more environmentally friendly lifestyle.

Vocabulary

2 Choose the correct word.

Drilling for oil has led to a ...... of natural resources. A deletion B depletion C subtraction D contraction

2 Environmental groups are passionate about ...... of the natural environment. A reservation B replacement C preservation D adjustment

3 AI Gore is leading a global ...... for environmental awareness. A operation B attack C campaign D action

4 Sometimes, I . . . . . . for a simple life in the country. A want B choose C desire O yearn

S Sunlight can be used as a form of ...... energy. A renewable B restorable C repeatable D reusable

6 I ...... the thought of children breathing polluted air. A tremble B dread C alarm D fear

7 Global warming has ...... my perspective on the weather. A replaced B changed C renewed O amended

8 lt seems that some people simply lack the ...... to recycle. A inspiration B motive C incentive D motivation

9 His explanation ...... my mind somehow. A lessened B relieved C relaxed D eased

I O Once you start, it's relatively easy to ...... to a 'green' lifestyle. A stick B hold C abide D fasten

] Fill in: struggle, long for, settle for, stick, concern, joke in the correct tense.

I He won't ..................... anything less than he deserves.

2 Fifty years ago few people were . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about the environment.

3 Many animal species these days are .......................... . for survival.

4 Despite becoming rich and famous he ....................... . a simpler lifestyle.

S I admire people who can . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to their principies at ali times.

6 The speaker made the lecture more interesting by ............ . about the topic. '

4 Choose the correct word.

Jane went/entered the competition and won a week's holiday in Malta.

2 Councillors met/faced questions from environmentalists about why a recycling centre has not yet been built in the town.

3 Many environmentalists are calling for drastic changes/ amendments in policy regarding industrial pollution.

4 lf more people lived a simple/plain life, they would feel happier.

S Although the initiallopening cost would be high, the long term benefits to the community would be worth it.

6 Using alternative energy origins/sources instead of fossil fuels would help to reduce co2 emissions.

MODULE 4153

i' I I

Listening

Part 1

li (((OI)) You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer,A, B or C.

You hear a man talking.What does he think about his town? A that it is very pretty B that it is quite boring C that it is unattractive

2 You hear a lady talking. What does she think about thunderstorms? A that they are frightening B that they cause a lot of damage C that they are very exciting

3 You hear a man talking. Where did the fire start? A in his house B in the village C in the forest

4 You hear a lady talking. What does she think about global warming? A that it isn 't real B that it is a big problem C that people ought to do more to stop it

5 You hear a man talking. Which waterfall does he like best1 A Niagara Falls B Rhine Falls C Angel Falls

6 You hear a lady talking. Which car did she buy? A BMW B Toyota Prius C Ford Focus

7 You hear a lady speaking. Where did she see a Giant Panda? A London B America C China

8 You hear a man speaking. In what year did San Francisco have its worst earthquake? A 1989 B 1962 c 1906

541 MODULE 4

Part 2

(((OI)) You will hear an interview with a _, customs officer called lan Bridges where the

subject of animal souvenirs is being discussed. For questions 9-18, complete the sentences.

lan says that the majority of tourists buy souvenirs

that are I 9 I I to animais.

Most illegal items are brought into the country by

IIO I I. People who bring in i Ilegal goods may have to give them

pay a fine or go to jll I I. Many things cannot be brought into the UK, such as iv<

carvings, coral jewellery or accessories made from

112 I I. Travellers should not buy things which may promote ·

endangerment of rare species or negatively affect ·

113 I I.

According to lan, it is Olfr IL-1_4-L----------~ not to destroy what we see.

There are many ways to L.II_S_L_ ______ ..._~ public about what is and what isn't allowed.

The World Wildlife Fund has put on

116 I I in cities around the UK.

Live animais that reach their destination safely are sent

holding centres and then placed in

117 I I. lf you know of any i Ilegal wildlife trading, you should cal

118 I I on 014834261121.

Part 3

((,()I))You will hear tive difl'erent people talking about unpleasant expetiences they had due to the weather. For questions 19-23, choose from the list (A-F) the type of expetience that each person had. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.

This person needed to ask someone for help. Speaker I D 19 This person had to change travei plans at the

Speaker 2 D last moment. 20

This person ignored a warning. Speaker 3 O 21 This person arrived somewhere late.

Speaker 4 D This person stayed somewhere too long. 22

This person had possessions damaged. Speaker 5 D 23

Part 4 n ~1 ((( 4 • I)) You will hear an interview with an environmentalist who describes the problem of marine

pollution. For questions 24-30 choose the best answer,A, B or C.

i :j .~ :

l !~~ 24 Why should British people be interested in the health

of the marine environment?

~ ~~ i.·:.·. :t ª ';ff;· f !:íi 25 ! CC·•

l '1.i_.! •.

A They need to understand its decline. B They live on an island. C In arder to protect it.

What is the main problem facing British marine life?

A the large number of oil platforms B the lack of laws to protect them C chemicals and other pollutants !: ~.,

!· :f 26 What is the current risk of oil spills?

~-;~,;·::;:: .•. ·.·. i ... ~.!i.,.'! ...•. ·. 2 7 !h~2 :2"::::: of sond ~ste eoteriog the seal : ~ A Animais are at risk of being killed. i '~ B Animais rely on it as a food source.

~ ~~:.~.·. C lt may take a long time to break down.

~ ~~~ 28 How can we reduce the amount of waste we produce? ~ i · A never use plastic packaging ~ ti B never use aluminium packaging 1< li C cut back use of plastic packaging H· :1 :.:.;_!,, 'I"' 29 {!• [""

~{ ~~

lf 1[.';. ;J-

ll lO to!;; 1~.

lt ~ .. · lf I '} ~ :S.

Paula believes ... A time is running out for improving the situation. B there is little hope for the marine environment .. C we need to hire more people to clean up beaches.

According to Paula, going to the beach in the UK is

A a good idea if you go to the right areas. B good for your health. C a dangerous experience.

MODULE 4 55

I

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading

1 You are going to read an article about a woman who is a wildlife ranger. Seven sentences have beE removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gé ( 1-7). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

As far back as I can remember, I have cared for animais. From the age of six, I had a pet dog, a cat and even a goldfish! On my eighth birthday, my father took me to a huge pet shop and told me I could choose whatever pet I wanted.As I looked into the glass tanks, I saw a magnificent iguana. I needn't have said anything; my dad knew from the expression on my face that I had made my decision.

My pet iguana, or 'jimmy' as he quickly came to be known, was a real inspiration to me. [[[] At school, I started to read up on other unusual creatures. Every lunch time, I could be found in the school library with my head buried in a book.The books I read opened my mind to a whole new world that fascinated me.

Throughout my teenage years, my interest in animais of the world deepened. There was always more to explore. [[[] As I read about the many endangered species, I felt that I had a duty to protect and care for animais that weren't always able to do this for themselves. When I was 16, I realised that I wanted to devote my entire life to helping wildlife.

When I was 18 years old, I went to university to study Zoology. Not many people are familiar with this subject. Zoology is the scientific study of animais. Studying for my degree wasn't like work to me because I was so curious that I actualiy enjoyed researching and writing essays! ITIJ By the time my graduation day came about, l'd done enough reading and had enough practice to decide that I wanted to be a park ranger.

Fresh out of university, I was lucky enough to walk into my dream job at the famous West Midlands Safari Park. [![] l'd worked with smali, exotic animais before, and 1 had learned about larger endangered species, but I had never been in actual contact with them!

561 MODULE 4

On my first day, I met two fuliy grown African Forest Elephants and several Tigers in the 'Afric: Reserve'. My first job was a smali one- I had to ma sure they were ali weli fed. I have to say that feeding tv elephants and some tigers is not an experience you a ever likely to forget. [I[] lt is a truly humbli experience. The beauty of the animais is enough to ta your breath away - you question how humans coL ever be cruel to these majestic creatures.

The safari park is a wonderful environment for ti animais because they gef:_ to live among other wildl from their native lands. ITIJ We realise that eve single living thing is born free; giraffes, rhinoceros• elephants, lions and tigers are not penned in and they a never, ever mistreated; they are free to roam, and li their lives just as nature intended.

A sad reality is that there are people who like to hu these creatures back in their homelands.II[J Manki should live in harmony with the animal kingdom. As ranger, I think the best way to ensure this isto educate t public about the animais so they can appreciate them. B1 most of ali, I want to make sure the animais live in the bE possible conditions until they are out of harm's way a free to return to their natural habitat.

A lt was at this point that I became more concerned with animal protection.

B However, people make the common mistake of thinking the animais are kept in cages.

C I, and many people like me, want these animais to live in peace and safety.

D Although I was excited, I was also a little nervous.

E As I watched him, I wondered about other exotic animais of the world.

F My studying and work experience could never have prepared me I for it.

G Sometimes we are unable to help and that is the saddest aspect of my job.

H During this time I also gained valuable work experience working ata zoo.

Vocabulary

Fill in: care, deepen, explore, live, roam, intend, appreciate or ensure in the correct form.

I wish people and animais could . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in harmony.

2 We need to do a lot more to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the safety of many animais in the wild.

3 Safari parks have enough space for animais to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . free.

4 Jane laves .................... for animais, she should be a vet when she grows up.

5 I didn't . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . how hard a ranger's job is until I saw a documentary about it.

6 My interest in dinosaurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . after I visited the Natural Science Museum.

7 The animal walked back and forth its new surroundings.

8 When I finish school, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to go to college to study to be a vet.

.] Choose the correct word.

l've ...... my decision, l'm going to be a vet. A fixed B dane C reached D made

2 Ted has . . . . . . his life to the care and protection of animais. A devoted B applied C reserved D assigned

3 We ali ...... a duty to protect the environment. A meet B have C face D make

4 When I saw the pup for the first time, it . . . . . . my breath away. A took B moved C brought D carried

5 Many people confuse a park ranger with a zookeeper, it's a(n) ...... mistake. A ordinary B common C regular D standard

6 As a vet, he often sees animais injured and that is the saddest ...... of his job. A point B side C aspect D situation

7 Tom worked at the local zoo to . . . . . . experience working with animais. Again B receive

C collect D gather

8 Lisa joined an animal rights group to get in ...... with people who felt the same way as her: A contact C association B connection D communication

~]- Choose the correct word.

Due to factors such as poaching and climate change, many animais are fighting for life/survival.

2 As Dave was interested in alive/ living things, he chose to study zoology.

3 The vet became more familiar/ aware with the animais the longer he worked with them.

4 lt is thought that elephants can remember/remind many things from the past.

5 The affects/effects of climate change on animais are worse than one might think.

6 lt is unlawfullunlicensed to hunt foxes in the UK.

7 More and more people are becoming interested in the protection/ security of animais.

8 After the lion was treated for its illness, it was discharged/released back into the wild.

5 Fill in: glass, born, endangered, entire, dream, humbling, animal, cruel, natural or native. Make sentences using lhem based on the text.

.......................... species

2 .............................. job

3 ............................. free

4 ............................. tank

5 ............................. life

6 ....................... experience

7 ............................. way

8 ............................ lands

9 ......................... kingdom

lO .......................... habitat

MODULE 4157

Speaking

Part 1 Topic Vocabulary

• Talking About Yolirself • gorgeous sunny day • coei, wet, cold • winter day • happy

• Do you have any pets? Talk about them. • T-shirts & shorts • bright summer • warm clothes • have fun

• mornings • What is your favourite animal? (Why?) • What's the best holiday you've ever been on? • lf you could go anywhere in the world on

holiday, where would you go? • build snowman

• makes me feel depressed/relaxed

Part 2

• Comparing Pictures

Candidate A: The photographs show people in different weather conditions. Compare the photographs, saying how the weather affects people.

Candidate B: Briefly say what kind of weather you would prefer and why.

• Candidate B: The photographs show two different places we can see animais. Compare the photographs, saying which you think is the best way to protect animais.

Candidate A: Briefly, do you like going to the zoo? Why/why not?

.i 581 MODULE 4

zoo: • put in cages • in enclosure • visitors • unnatural habitat • take care of animais s:tfari park: • roam freely in natural

environment • wild animais • protected from hunters &

poachers • cruel

Key language

Likes/Dislikes

• I really enJoy/don t really enJc • l'm very fond of/not very

fond of • One thing I adore/detest

doing is

Part 3

o Speculating and Making a Decision (pairwork)

Your local council is concerned about the environment and has decided to teach young people how to reduce their impact on the environment . Look at the pictures below. With your partner, discuss the actions they can take, looking at the advantages of each of them. Then decide which two actions would be most beneficiai.

• What are the advantages of each type of action? • Which two types of action would be the most beneficiai?

Part 4

13 Discussion Based on Part 3

• What do you do to help the environment? • ls environmental awareness an important issue in your country? • Do your friends do anything to help tackle global warming? lf so, what?

Topic Vocabulary

• use renewable energy • instai! solar heating in your

home • reduce your electricity use • use public transport • get on your bike • buy local products • buy products with little or

no packaging • turn off (lights, TV, Hi-fi,

computer etc) when not in use

• turn down the central heating

• recycle • buy recycled products • use energy efficient light

bulbs and electrical appliances

• Some people say that global warming isn't as serious as most scientists claim. Do you agree? • Would you ever protest about environmental issues? Why/Why not?

MODULE 4159

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading Vocabulary ] You are going to read a magazine article about

ecologically friendly organisations. For questions 1-1 5, choose from the organisations (A·D). The organisations may be chosen more than once.

'I Fill in: iostsr, srsct, c!ernonstra:::• ensure, catry out, set up, aiill, r·2duce, beneFh:, irnpienlcn·~ in th4 correct form.

Of which organisation(s) is the following stated?

lt believes we can improve the quality of ou r lives. CID lt offers the chance to work and relax at the ~ sametime. ~

lts work is done ali over the world by young people. ~ lt has clear aims about what it wants to achieve ~ in the years to come. ~

The town council ............. . a new system to deal with wa5 disposal last year and so far it working well.

2 The people in my town ........ . a barricade to stop heavy goo vehicles driving through.

3 We should ali try to ........... .

lt takes care to use energy effectively. ITIJITIJ our waste, reuse things and recy• as much as possible.

lt carries out restoration work. CLIJ lts work is admired by many. ITIJ lt uses modern technology as a visual aid. CTIJ lt encourages good performance by offering ~ incentives. ~

lts visitors can get the opportunity to escape r:t:t71 from technology. ~

lt offers trips to beautiful places. G;giJ lt works towards the development of healthy relationships. C13 ( ) lt shows other establishments how to save money. ( 14( ) lt is necessary to get a medicai check-up in 0ts ( ) order to participate in their activities. · ·. · ·

[!lsituated in northeast Scotland, the ecovillage of the Findhom Foundation h as a positive vision for the future and how it can attain its goals. Visiting the people who live there gives you inspiration as you can see that it is possible to a make a difference in the world in many small but important ways. The community believes in the importance of learning as well as personal and social change. The 400 people who make up the community foster good relationships with each other by working hard together. They grow their own organic food, build eco-houses and erect wind turbines, to mention just a few things. In short, they demonstrate new and sustainable ways to live and which will enhance the lives of ali in the community. Their motivation, energy and joy have ensured a huge following. Many people visit the village every year and it is possible to attend workshops or even concerts there.

4 Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the support of the clean-up campai by turning out in hundreds to he

5 My school has . . . . . . . . . . . a pap• recycling scheme.

6 I want to join a group that ..... . conservation work in the local ar•

7 The new park will ............ . the whole community.

8 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to be a mari conservationist when I grow up.

[!] lf you c are about the environment and wish to give somethir then maybe you should consider going

on holiday with Reef Conservation lnternational. They carry out marine conservation work in (XOtic locations, such as Belize, in the Caribbean and the Red Sea in Egypt. The trips are open to anyone aged 18 and over. Vou do not have to be a qualified diver but you must provide a health certificate stating that you are physically fit to dive if you intend to do so. From June through to September, you have the opportunity to work with turtles, making sure the baby turtles make it from their nest into the c you can assist with coral reef surveys. Vou can combine cons work with other activities, such as taking a trip into the heart of tt to see a huge variety of birdlife or visiting a 'castaway' coral is the locations are amazing and offer a true getaway- no mobile television or Internet - places where you can totally relax.

9 Schools should try hard to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a sense of responsibility for the environment in young people.

I O The only way to ..................... the future of ou r planet is to take positive action today.

Choose the correct word.

Learning more about the environment gave me the to transform my lifestyle. A insight B inspiration C influence D creativity

2 This travei company ...... trips to places that need volunteers for conservation work. A suggests B presents C offers D affords

3 A great way to be more environmentaliy friendly is to ...... your own food. A grow B raise C develop D mature

4 The government should do more to . . . . . . the use of renewable energy. A promete B help C back D assist

5 My dream is to travei deep into the ...... of the African jungle and see the wildlife. A centre B heart C middle

@]Ecological Architects has been designing high quality works of architecture since the company was set up in 1990. Based on the understanding that the building methods they choose have an impact on our planet, the company aims to promote the best use of local materiais. The use of software in the design process enables planners to clearly see what they are creating. Whether conserving buildings of historical significance or building homes, Ecological Architects aims to give our lives

D focus

context and meaning. The philosophy of the company is that buildings should work together with nature and not against our natural environment. As a result, energy saving principies are followed such as the use of solar panels and triple glazed Windows. Naturally, non-toxic materiais are used, as are recycled materiais and timber from renewable sources. Ali buildings aim to reduce their overall environmental impact in their initial construction and increase their energy efficiency during their lifetime.

~· ""'' ~Eco-Schools is an intemational programme which is designed to encourage whole-school action for the environment. Recognising the need to involve young people in finding solutions to environmental challenges, the programme offers the prestigious environmental award -the Green Flag - to schools committed to the highest standards in environmental education. Schools that participate in the programme benefit financially too as the programme gives Quidance on reducing waste and implementing recycling schemes.

6 The local council is . . . . . to high standards of environmental practice. A devoted C engaged B enthusiastic D committed

7 Although the . . . . . . construction costs of environmentaliy friendly houses are high, they are very economical in the long run. A introductory C first B opening D initial

8 Tom tries to . . . . . . in every environmental campaign or scheme that he can. A participate B involve

C play D share

9 lf I were you, I would ...... starting a recycling scheme in the town. A consider C regard B think D judge

I O Small changes we make now will benefit the environment in the years to ...... . A turn B show

C draw D come

' 1 Choose the correct word. -)-

Sarah is one of the few people know who has a positive vision/ view of a future without poliution.

2 We can ali make a difference/ contrast to the future if we make some changes now.

3 Frank forgot to declare/mention a few important things at the community meeting.

4 lf you join an environmental group, you wili have the opportunity/ occasion to meet new people as we'li save the planet.

5 We should ali do al much as we can to reduce the influence/impact we have on the environment.

6 Any environmental problems we can solve now wili develop/ improve the quality of people's lives in the future.

7 We can achieve a lot more if we ali work hard/hardly together.

8 My teacher won a prestigious honour/award from our local MP for his environmental work.

MODULE 4161

Use of English

Part 1

Read the text. For eaéh gap ( 1-12) choose the correct word,A, B, C or D. There is an example at the beginning (0).

aniel Hooper was 0) bom into a respectable, middle­class family in Berkshire.

7) ....... to do their job. Swampy lost the battle, but he 11) ...... . could have given in, but 8) ...... . won the war. The builders had to

promise to keep the wildlife in the area safe and the government said that ali future road projects would be designed so as to do more to protect the environment - a 12) . . . . . . . change of policy. It just goes to show what a little peaceful protest can do!

Who would have thought that this well-heeled child would 1) ...... .

he felt it was time for drastic action and dug an underground tunnel, while his band of men lived in tree

as Britain's most important environmental activist?! Daniel ( also known as 'Swampy') became a 2) . . . . . . . hero during the mid 1990's. Swampy and his fellow campaigners were concerned that

houses. As a 9) ....... , the builders were unable to continue.

10) . . . . . . . the protester was pulled out of his hiding place. The self-styled eco-warrior may have

the 3) ....... of a major road, in the town of Newbury, would damage local ecosystems and have a 4) ....... negative effect on the environment.

The activists thought that it was time that people 5) . . . . . . . for the rights of plants and animais, so they 6) . . . . . . . that they wouldn't move from the area until the development was cancelled. However, the builders were

Part 2

O A raised I A emerge 2 A national 3 A making 4 A strong 5 A got in 6 A judged 7 A firm 8 A otherwise 9 A result

10 A Lastly li A likely I 2 A complete

@ born B become B public 8 construction 8 wide B stepped back B decided B set B instead 8 fact 8 Already B firmly B full

C reared C appear C social C composition C deep C stood up C assessed C fixed C anyway C conclusion C Eventually C definitely C thorough

D developed D occur D general D production D high D held back D concluded D determinec D likewise D product D Sometime D securely D whole

:2 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap ( 1-1 2). Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (O).

D c::& H 1 u f tl_~~P~l~~ You've probably heard the

famous expression, 'as dead O) as a dodo'. After ali, the bird has become an instantly recognisable example of extinction. But have you ever stopped to ask yourself what happened to 1) .......... .

this poor creature to disappear? The dodo was a plump little bird whose tiny wings

prevented it 2) . . . . . . . . . . . flying. As well as 3) . . . . . . . . . . . flightless, it was taller than most birds, standing at over one metr,e high. This combination of unique features led many to brand it 4) . . . . . . . . . . . ugly! Some Dutch sailors even called it the 'loathsome bird' - with comments 5) . . . . . . . . . . . as that, it's a wonder it didn't die of a broken heart! The dodo lived on the beautiful island of Mauritius, 6) . . . . . . . . . . . it led a peaceful

621 MODULE 4

existence eating endless supplies of fruit. That is until the humans carne along.

The dodo had never 7) . . . . . . . . . . . around humans until they began settling on the island in the tenth century. Not knowing how violent mankind could be, the dodo was entirely unafraid 8) . . . . . . . . . . . humans and would not hesitate to approach them. lts kind and gentle natura was its biggest fault. The bird, 9) . . . . . . . . . . . had never encountered predators before, was suddenly prey. Humans hunted it constantly until it eventually 10) ........... extinct.

The dodo has always been thought of as a clumsy bird that brought about its own end. Sadly, this is a common error. The dodo's death was actually due 11) ........... man's cruel behaviour. lf only it hadn't been so friendly, the dodo might still 12) ........... walking around today.

Part 3

Use the word given in capitais at the end of some of the I ines to form a word that fits in the gaps ( 1-1 O). There is an example at the beginning (0).

Part 4

Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

She regrets not going on safari. WISHES She ............ ..

on safari.

2 Jerry wrote an article on deforestation in the Congo.

WRITTEN The article on deforestation in the Congo .......... .

Jerry.

3 Someone should put out the forest fire soon.

NEEDS The forest fire ....

............ soon.

[ 4 lt's unusual for Tony to be rude.

~ 1

LIKE lt is ............. . i [\' ................ .. ['

~-----~"\!; rude.

\~ S You can't hunt animais in the On 26th December 2006, as millions of people went about their O) daily business, nobody would have suspected that a I) ................. . disaster was about to take place. At 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:00 am local time, an undersea earthquake occurred off the western coast of Sumatra, lndonesia. The 3) ............. . tremor resulted in a devastating tsunami which battered the coastlines of numerous countries, including lndia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The overwhelming force of these ; 4) .................. waves was enough to break trees in half and cause houses to collapse S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Within seconds, picturesque villages were turned into piles of rubble. Nobody was spared in this 6) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. act of nature, from villagers going about their business to 7) .................. who had been enjoying the 8) ................. . Only in the aftermath of the disaster did the world realise how 9) ....................... the tsunami had been. Despite the speedy provision of humanitarian aid, nearly 250,000 people died and 1.69 million were left I O) .................. .

DAY NATURE

APPROXIMATE

POWER

DESTROY

COMPLETE

CATASTROPHE

TOUR SCENE

FORCE

HOME

'i wildlife reserve. ;~

FORBIDDEN lt ............... .

i·

hunt animais in the wildlife reserve.

~ 6 The law has failed to prevent ~ chemicals from being dumped into ~ the sea. ~}

~ SUCCEEDED The law has ...... .

~ ~ ~ ,.

chemicals from being du~ped into the sea.

~ 7 "Whose is this cat?" he asked.

l ~;t

[ ~-~ ~\ "

BELONG "Who ........... .

................. 1"

he asked.

~ 8 He often gets bored during the ~,·

~ holidays.

TENDENCY H e .............. .

bored during the holidays.

MODULE 4163

Writing Reports

Read the rubric and underline the key words, then answer the questions.

You are a journalist at 'World Trekker', an international English language magazine based in London that provides reviews about travei destinations. The magazine editor has asked you to assess 'The Barnaby Hotel' in Warwickshire, UK to see if it is suitable for young student travellers. Write your report, describing the rooms, facilities, prices and nearby tourist attractions.

According to the rubric, what is your position?

2 Who is going to read your report?

3 Which of the following subheadings must be included in the report?

Tick (.I).

A

B

c D

E

F

G

H

Services provided o Room prices o Facilities provided o Other travei destinations O The hotel's location o Students' recommendations o Local attractions o Suggestions on how the O hotel could be improved

Room sizes and cleanliness o

641 MODULE 4

Read the report below and underline the correct word(s) in bold. Then, use the subheadings in Ex. 1.3 to fill in the blanks.

To: Mr A Benstead

From: Mr M Ainsworth

Subject: The Barnaby Hotel, Warwickshire, UK

Date: I Qth April, ......... .

A lntroduction

The purpose of this report is to assess the suitability of 'The Barnab Hotel' for young student travellers arriving from foreign destinations

B

To begin with, the hotel offers ISO rooms in total and it is usually ver: easy to make a reservation. I) Although/Despite the rooms an quite small, they are clean and comfortable. 2) Furthermore/Then each roam is equipped with a free wireless Internet connection. Thi is a very useful feature, particularly for students who will want to kee1 in contact with friends back home.

c There is a free gymnasium, which has ali the latest in high-tech exercise equipment. This has proven extremely popular with youn; guests. The hotel also has both an ltalian and a Chinese restaurant. 3 While/However, they are a little overpriced.

o The price for a one week stay is approximately l.l 80. 4) Although Despite the fact that the price is cheap, any extra services such a. roam service, phonecalls or the laundry service are very expensive.

E

S) To conclude/Finally, there are severa! local attractions includinl the world famous Warwick Castle. lt is beautiful and located in tht heart of the countryside. For students who wish to experience tht local nightlife, Coventry town centre is a ten-minute bus ride away.

F Conclusion

On the whole, I believe that 'The Barnaby' is reasonably suited te students. 6) Nonetheless/Aiso, it would be a good idea to makt visitors aware of the potential extra c~ts as well as the basic roon prices.

3 Read the above report again and fill in the table with the positive and negative points of the Barnaby Hotel.

Subheadings Rooms

Hotel Facilities

Prices

Local Attractions

Positive I ...................... , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I

I ...................... i ! ...................... I

...................... , 0 0 0 o e o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o o o o

Negative

-'-l Join the sentences below using appropriate linking words/phrases from the list.

o I am confident o l-lowever o in particular o Furthermore o Taking everything into account o One suggestion would be to o In the first place o In conclusion

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o , the leisure centre has many different sports facilities that will attract people interested in a variety of sportso o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o , I am sure it would be the best location for the Saturday morning sports clubo ---- ----------2 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o , the museum

gift shop offers a wide range of gifts, including educational books, puzzles, pictures and stationeryo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o , the products

are ali available at reasonable priceso

3 The restaurant is located in the trendy 'West Side' area of the city on a quiet side streeto o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o , there are very few parking facilities in the areao

4 The building is not yet completed, so o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o put up

a temporary marquee for visitorso ~-

5 Many of the park's rides are popular with teenagers, o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o the 'Megacoaster' o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o that if the park extended its opening hours, it would attract many more visitorso

Match five of the following subheadings to the extracts in Ex. 4.

[![] Location and Access

oo=J Recommendation

@O Availability

rniJ The Building

[![] Souvenirs and Gifts

I!IJ Rides and Attractions

@::0 Childcare Facilities

.f) The extracts below are written in an inappropriate style. Read them and replace the words/phrases in bold with more suitable ones from the list.

o therefore o In order to o especially o lt would be a ç;ood idea to o Firsd't o ;

A I) For a start, the menu at 'Andiamo!' is entirely vegan, 2) so it's unlikely to appeal to many customers - 3) most of ali those who would prefer to eat meat or seafood disheso 4) So if you want to attract more customers, S) I think you should advertise the health benefits of a vegan diet and the huge range of dishes availableo

2

3

4

s

I

2

o make recommendations o most suitabie o The purpose of

B I) My reason for writing this report is to 2) give you my ideas about which environmental activities would be 3) best for the youth centre's 'Ciean Week' campaigno

3

o I am convinced that o make itself more attractive to o interactive o In short

2

3

o Despite the fact that o increase

C I) So basically, the museum could 2) appeal to a lot more young peopleo 3) Even though it has a wide variety of educational facilities, it is not doing enough to appeal to childreno 4) I reckon that if the museum began a 'Kid's Cfub' and made learning more S) hands on, the number of younger visitors would 6) go upo

4

s 6

MODULE 4165

Vocabulary

Choose the correct item.

The government should do more to promete environmental ....... . A understanding C awareness B knowledge D recognition

2 Peter ....... his father whereas Paul is more like his mother. A takes up B takes down

C takes after D takes to

3 I can't believe the storm was so ....... . A destructive C harmful B risky D hurtful

4 The burning of fossil fuels is causing a shortage in natural ....... . A assets B supplies

C wealth D resources

5 The drought is having a terrible . . . . . . . on the crops because the land is so dry. A result C outcome B consequence D effect

6 More needs to be dane to protect endangered species from ....... who illegally hunt them. A trespassers C intruders B poachers D invaders

7 Ou r children are going to ....... the planet, so we have to take care of it for them! A inherit B win

C receive D gain

8 I lave crisps but they are very ....... in fat. A strong C high B full D great

9 Jenny is involved in environmental activism, she often attends Greenpeace ....... . A objections C spectacles B riots D demonstrations

I O There are fewer trees and plants in the city than there are in ....... areas. A rural C suburban B urban D central .

661 MODULE 4

I I We have to ....... to those horrible peopfe who harm animais because it is wrong! A sit down C play up B stand up D give back

f 2 John is a(n) ....... for 'Friends of the Earth UK'. A helper C volunteer B assistant D participant

13 The force of the hurricane was so strong that it . . . . . . . down Kelly's house. A ripped C tapped B smashed D knocked

14 Wow! The fog is so ....... I can barely see a thing outside! A thick B powerful

C concentrated D strong

15 I think that global warming is going to have terrible ....... for life on earth. A consequences B effects

C causes D results

16 Poachers aren't being punished enough for their crimes; many are ....... without charges. A let off C set on B put down D kept up

I 7 The Amazon rainforest is . . . . . . . by many rare species of animal. A resided C lived B occupied D inhabited

18 Forecasters are predicting a heat wave wit~

temperatures ....... up to 47°C. A reaching C making

' B arriving D coming

19 lt's not raining that much, it's only a little ....... ! A storm C drizzle B flood D blizzard

20 AI Gore is . . . . . . . free copies of his documentar) to schools. A putting back B setting up

C handing off D giving away

Grammar

Choose the correct item.

The hole in the ozone layer ....... by mankind's use of dangerous gases. A has caused C was causing B was caused D is causing

2 He's going to take a map in case he ....... lost. A will get C gets B would get D got

3 ....... told about the effects of driving a petrol car, I would have bought a hybrid one instead. A Had I C I had been B I had D Had I been

4 Robbie won't eat meat and neither ....... Kevin. A does C won't B can D will

5 lf the government . . . . . . . with environmental groups more, we would be able to stop global warming. A collaborated C has collaborated B have collaborated D will collaborate

6 We should stop ....... our cars so much. A use C to use B to using D using

7 Tests . . . . . . . conducted by scientists recently, to determine the causes of global warming. A have been C had been B were being D will have been

8 lf only I had known about the thunderstorm, I ....... turned off my electrical appliances. A would C wouldn't have B wouldn't D would have

9 No proof of the effects of noise pollution on fish ....... found. A could be C should be B would be D must be

lO lf he doesn't start eating healthily, he .......

become ill. Awill C would B won't D wouldn't

I I Under no circumstances . . . . . . . purchase tiger fur, as it is illegal and contributes to animal cruelty. A could you C do you B should you D would you

12 I wish Daniel . . . . . . . behave himself at the reception. A must B can

C would D should

I 3 Yesterday's anti-nuclear energy protest coordinated by Greenpeace. A will have been C was being B had been D was

14 . . . . . . . does she plant trees, others to do it toa!

she encourages

A Neither B lf only

C Not only D No sooner

15 Believe it or not, the amount of electricity you use in your house can have a big impact ....... the environment. Aon B at

C in Dto

16 lf Karen ....... joined the group, she would have been able to attend the meeting. A have C hadn't B had D haven't

17 New environmental laws . . . . . . . suggested at the international conference next month. A will be C have been B were being Dare being

18 Not since the council put up barriers, suffered from flooding. I

A had we C have we B we had D we have

19 The blizzard . . . . . . . the villagers in their homes for three days before the rescue teams got to them. A had trapped C was trapping B had been trapping D will have trapped

20 The men ....... were injured in the accident are now in hospital. A which C whom B who D whose

MODULE 4167

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading

You are going to read a text about robots. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Most of us associate robots with films such

as Star Wars, I, Robot or AI, but in reality they

have more to do with social issues and

politics rather than science fiction. The term

5 robot first made its appearance in a play

entitled Rossum's Universal Robots written

almost a century ago by a Czechoslovakian

playwright by the name of Karel Capek.

Capek got the name robot from the Slavic

1 O word 'robota' which means forced labour. In

his play, he portrays a society where robots

which look human are mass produced to

work in the place of people.

Capek's story was well received by the critics

15 but never really got credit for being the

source of the notion of robots. The play has

a significant relevance to our society today,

as humanoid type robots are being created to

fulfil a wide range of tasks. Robot engineers

20 are not only developing mindless worker drones, but are

attempting to create human-like companion robots for

people. Consequently, the question of what actually makes

us human is the subject of lively debate.

In the USA, sociable robotics is developing at a relatively

25 rapid rate and a human companion type of robot could soon

be a reality. Japanese researchers see a very bright future

for these robots who will serve as friends or family to the

lonely. Nevertheless, one needs to ask if a human being can

have a relationship with a machine in the same way as they

30 do with other people or animais, and if so, what effect this

could have on our society. The success of robot toys or

virtual pets suggests that this type of relationship is possible.

Research shows that children tend to have similar

relationships with humans as with non-humans whereas the

35 same is true for adults only with pets or when the robot is

designed to look like a child. This is probably because robots

display superficial emotions and cannot as yet replace

When most people think of robots, they tend to think of A politics. B science fiction. C films. D social issues.

2 Robots were first portrayed A as humans. B in a play. C as Czechoslovakians. D inafilm.

68\ MODULE 5

human touch. But will these machines one day succeed ir

replacing humans?

Some paint a very dark picture of a robot society and predic

that artificially intelligent machines will take control of the

entire planet and dominate the human race. However, robo

technology is still in its infancy and the idea of them takin~

over the world is pure fantasy to most of us, includin~

scientists. In fact, most robots can only perform very basic

tasks and even the most advanced robot that is presumabl)

capable of expressing over forty different emotions seems te

do so in a totally random manner independently of what il

going on around it.

In spite of the simplicity of today's robots, robotic technolom

is impacting our everyday lives in a dramatic way. Nowadays

our robots are becoming ~re and more like those portraye<

in Capek's work. In a society where human relationships arE

so often strained, it is no surprise that the possibility to

human-robot relationships is increasing.

3 Most critics ignored the fact that A robots are important in our society. B robots can do a lot of taSks. C Capek carne up with the idea of robots. D humanoid robots are being created.

4 Many people are questioning what A a robot really is. B a human really is. C a humanoid robot is. D a companion really is.

S Japanese researchers think that robots could be of use A to families. B to engineers. C as servants. D to people who live alone.

6 Adults tend to have good relationships with A virtual pets. B childlike robots. C non-humans. D robot toys.

7 Advanced robots still only A perform basic tasks. B react to emotions just like

humans. C express emotions randomly. D express over forty emotions.

8 What is the writer's conclusion? A Robots are not important enough

to really affect our lives. B He's concerned about the

robots' future role in society. C He can understand the robots'

role in society. D He thinks the robots' role has

been dramatised.

Vocabulary

"' Choose the correct word. L,

Some critics accuse the government of ignoring serious social ...... . A ideas C items B issues D topics

2 In the past, many criminais were sentenced to years of forced . . . . . . . A work C service B duty D labour

3 Nowadays, a lot of toys are mass ...... in China. A made C produced B dane D fabricated

4 Some inventors never get the ..... . they deserve. A approval C tribute B credit D favour

S Automobile makers think that there is a ...... future for flying cars. A dazzling C sunny B vivid D bright

6 High-tech robots are capable of displaying certain ...... . A feeling C sentiments B emotions D sensibility

7 Most people believe that robots can never replace human ...... . A hand B sensation C touch D feel

8 The virtual pet, Sobby, was ...... by an excellent team of engineers. A sketched B drawn C worked D designed

9 Robotic ...... has many uses in the field of medicine. A machine B information C technology D computing

I O Machines could neve r take the place of the ...... race. A people B human C humanoid D man

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the list in the correct form.

associate

fulfil

attempt

dominate

develop display

impact portray ----------

PC games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the electronic games market in most European countries.

2 The police caught two computer hackers .................... . to access the security system.

3 Without the right software, you won't be able to ............. . .................. ali the tasks.

4 I think we can say that everyone ........................ pizza with ltaly.

S Kevin Spacey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . some memorable characters in his films up to now.

6 Engineers .......................... a highly intelligent servant robot at the moment.

7 The new iPhone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . information on a multi-touch screen.

8 We don't yet know how nanotechnology our lives in the near future.

q Choose the correct word.

I The name for the new machine is the subject/centre of debate.

2 Virtual pets can serve as great companions for alonellonely people.

3 Humanoid robots could soon be a truth/reality.

4 What sort of result/effect does technology have on your everyday life? I

S The first MP3 players made/did their appearance in the early 1990s.

6 The study of molecular electronics is still in its outset/infancy.

7 lt's silly to think that robots could one day take controllpower of the planet.

8 With the stresses of modern society, human relationships have become strained/stretched.

5 Fill in: artificially intelligent, basic, human, rapid, social, virtual, pi.lre, range. Make your own sentences using the phrases.

............ issues S ............ race 2 ............ of tasks 6 ............ machines 3 ............ rate 7 ............ tasks 4 ............ pet 8 ............ fantasy

MODULE sj69

Listening

Part 1

((101)) You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer, A, B or c. You hear a woman talking about an electronic device she recently purchased. She is talking about

A a mobile phone. B a calculator. C an answering machine.

2 You hear a conversation two people are having in a shopping maii.What kind of shop are they in?

A a clothing shop B a cosmetics shop C a shoe shop

3 You hear a man talking about a holiday h e is planning. Where is h e going?

A a country retreat B a mountain resort C a beach resort

4 You hear a woman scolding her children. Where are they?

A on a train B in an airport C in a library

5 You hear a man complaining about an electrical gadget. What is the gadget?

A a tin opener

6

7

8

B an electric screwdriver C a remete contrai

You hear two people talking about a house they'd like to buy. What is the man most concerned about?

A the electrical wiring B the heating C the lighting

You hear a man talking about his job. What is he?

A a graphics designer B an architect C a construction worker

You hear a fashion designer talking about working with a model for the first time. He was

A hopeful. B excited. c disappointed.

70 I MODULE 5

'

Part 2 n

((( ~ • I)) You will hear an interview with a woman callec Margaret Lynch who runs her own fashion company. Fo1 questions 9-18, complete the sentences.

Margaret says that she first got into the fashion industry when

she and her friend won 9) · · • • • · · · · · · · • • • • • · · ·

The first job Margaret got in the fashion world was working

lO) ••.•••••••••.•••••••

When Margaret went to shows, she used to take her

li) ................... . saw Margaret's sketche~

One evening a 12) • • · • · · • • · · · ·1• • • •

Margaret worked with a team creating designs for

13) ................... .

Margaret thinks that in her first designing job she made a goo

14) . • • • . • • • • • • . . . . • . . • on everybody. ' designs

She left her first job because she felt the company s

were too I 5) · • • • · • • • • · • • • • • · · • · • Margaret was out of work for 16) •....•••......•.••••

I S Of I 7) • . . • • . • . . who Margaret gives examp e • · • · • · · • • · wear the clothes she designs.

h · Tcokyo will be selling a new 18) · · · · · · · • • · • • Her new s op tn

Part 3 n ~·~ ((( 4 • l)) You will hear five crime victims talking about their experiences. For questions 19-23 choose from

the list (A-F) how each person felt. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.

A the person was frightened Speaker I D B the person was shocked

Speaker 2 D c the person felt lucky D D the person was fed up

Speaker 3 ·-..

~

D E the person was disappointed Speaker 4

.·., F the person was surprised Speaker 5 D

Part 4 ~-Wll?'~~.,-.. ..,r ..... ..,..,,.~,.~_ .. _,.,_ .. _.

~J (((Ol)) You will hear an interview with a book critic. For questions 24-30, choose the best answer A, B,orC.

24 What is the current condition of planet Earth, as described in the book?

A lt has been destroyed. B lt has exploded. C lt has been abandoned.

25 Why are the androids coming back to Earth? A They don't want to become slaves. B Their lifestyle is threatened in the colonies. C The colonies are too densely populated.

26 What is the main character's job? A to protect endangered animais B to catch escaped androids C to create electronic animais

27 What role does lsidore play? A He is an electronic animal. B He is a vet. C He is a delivery boy.

28 What is the purpose of the hospital? A to treat sick humans B to make animal owners feel good C to save animais' lives

29 What is difficult about Rick's job? A He can't always tell who is human. B He is often being tested. C lt can be embarrassing.

30 Who does the critic recommend the book to? A purely science-fiction fans B most readers C the philosophical type

~, •• 1.21- _; MODULE 5 71

I

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading

J Read Nicole Martin's account of her job as a personal shopper. Choose from the sentences (A-H) the one that best fits each gap ( 1-7). There is one sentence which you do not need to use.

\ r 1 ~ h

_li _j

72J MODULE 5

I had been working in fashion stores for several years when I first heard of 'personal shopping'. At first it struck me as a little extravagant; paying someone to pick out your clothes and

other items for you. [[[] I became more and more interested and eventually got involved.

In today's hectic world, more and more people are working long hours in demanding roles, and finding the time to go

shopping can often prove impossible. w:=J To add to this, some people simply aren't good at picking out items that suit them. That's where the personal shopper comes in.

lt is my job to keep up-to-date with the latest trends in the

fashion world. [[[] l'm always on the lookout for different styles and combinations of clothes in the world around me. With my background, I am adept at this, and clients can be confident that I will achieve the right look for them.

I work for a major department store in the capital. [![] They can book a single consultation or a series of consultations, depending on their time constraints and needs.

The personal shopping experience starts with an initial consultation, held in a special suite located away from the

main shop floor. [§I] I ascertain whether the clothes are required for a professional environment, or for a more formal occasion, and also take into account the person's physical characteristics, such as build and colouring. I then make a series of suggestions to the client and gauge their response before selecting items for them to consider.

[ll.] I consider designer labels through to high street brands and always make a wide selection so that the customer still has a choice to make, rather than feeling I am imposing my views. The consultations are oftefl so successful that clients tend to come back on a regular basis.

Due to the somewhat exclusiva nature of the personal shopping experience, we are now getting bookings

from people who want to treat a loved one to the

experience for a birthday gift. I1IJ However, it's not ali clothes; those new to personal

shopping may be surprised to find that they can be assisted online, when buying gifts - the industry is growing ali the time. Whatever you need, there's probably a personal shopper out there who can help you!

.. ·.· .. L.. l"W>··

i i I

A When it comes to buying clothes, it takes time to search for the right items, to try everything on, and so on.

B However, the more I learnt about it, the more it began to make sense.

C The quiet location and luxurious surroundings help the client relax while I ask questions and familiarise myself with their needs.

D People often tell us they feel like a celebrity for the day.

E My clients are mainly wealthy businessmen and women for whom image is an important part of making the right impression.

F I pay dose attention to designer clothing lines and the trends reflected within them.

G I have the entire range of clothing lines stocked by the department store at my disposal.

H Let's face it! Not everyone is good at shopping.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

lO

Complete the sentences with the verbs in the list in the correct form.

achieve ascertain assist book familiarise impose gauge reflect strike try on

Clients always . . . . . . . . . . . . that they are getting the best service for their money.

Strict quality contrai regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . on Chinese manufacturers last year.

When you work in a shoe shop you need to help customers ............ the shoes.

lf you need to see the consultant you'll have to . . . . . . . . . . . . an appointment.

Mr O'Shea . . . . . . . . . . . . me as being a very intelligent and interesting man.

You can usually ............ the boss's mood by the way he says helio when he arrives.

lt's safe to say that one's clothes can ........... . their personality.

Business people need to be very determined in arder to ............ their goals.

lt's important to . . . . . . . . . . . . yourself with a company before you go for an interview.

The salesperson . . . . . . . . . . . . me in choosing the most appropriate dresses.

J Choose the correct word.

lt takes a ...... of talent, luck and connections to make it in the fashion industry. A mixture C combination B mix D blend

2 When buying a gift for someone you need to take into . . . . . . their style and tastes. A view C thoughts B significance D account

3 Judith shops in the high street on a regular ...... . A basis C ground B base D foundation

4 The fashion industry is ...... ali the time. A increasing C growing B spreading D multiplying

5 lt didn't make ...... to wear black leather boots with that dress. A reason B sense

C awareness D meaning

6 You need to look smart if you want to make the right ...... . A impact C influence B effect D impression

7 Pat always has the best designers and artists at her

A availability B use

C freedom D disposal

8 Polly couldn't cope because she had never ..... . such a difficult situation before. A met C dealt B faced D came

4l- Choose the correct word.

I Purple really doesn't suit/match Helen.

2 The clients/customers queued up outside the shop for hours waiting for the sales to begin.

3 You should never leave a shop without a recipe/receipt for what you bought .

4 Teenage girls are too concerned about their image/representation nowadays.

5 I had to pay by cash/cheque because the ATM machines were out of arder.

' Fill in: long, formal, pay, fashion, demanding, designer, physical, time. Make your own sentences using the phrases.

I ............ stores

2 ............ hours

3 ............ roles

4 ............ constraints

5 ............ occasion

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . characteristics

7 ............ labels

8 . . . . . . . . . . . . attention

MODULE 5 73

Speaking

Part 1

• Talking About Yourself (monologue)

• What do you like to do in your free time? • Do you like to use computers or play computer games? • How about shopping? • Do you like wearing fashionable clothes or using trendy gadgets? • Are you careful with your money or do you overspend?

Part 2

• Comparing Pictures (monologue)

• robot technology • efficient/cheap • labour force • save lives

Candidate A: The photos show two different uses for robot technology. Compare the photos, saying in what ways robot technology can affect our lives.

Candidate B: Briefly say if you think robots could replace people at work.

• peace and quiet • isolation/crowds • better quality of life

hard worklstress

• Candidate B: The photos show two different lifestyles. Compare the photos, saying what the advantages and disadvantages of each lifestyle are.

Candidate A: Briefly say which of the two you prefer and why.

741 MODULE 5

ltl .ífPI ~ 'l'

lf1~1l/, /1~~/

.;Ir"' I ~~l~~l ,í:-,/.t p f

Jl/~~~~ /,/I'--~~ fj I ~ """ ~~I ti'

~~~~A ~~ ~

.. I' lf li í

, (dis)advantage would

o (I e ve ··~ne other hand ... 0(1 LJld definitely ...

' ft vV0

11er (dis)advantage , f>.,ot , of ...

MODULE si75

li l' '-l

.,

Reading & Vocabulary

Reading

l Read the following five extracts about people and their homes. Then for questions 1-1 5, choose from the people (A-E).

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs i11 the list. :) ac!<no"N!edg-:: o aCn:it ') r.--;o\,;e :J ·;=eatuí~2 :1 gt-::r,;v up :J ~u;~s;_~e

Which person

moved home because of family?

considered their health when choosing a home?

likes to be close to nature?

moved in with people they didn't know?

enjoys the fast pace of city life?

lives in a traditional home?

enjoys an active sociallife?

requires a spacious home?

wants to avoid commuting?

lives in a remodelled home?

likes to know the people that live near them?

~ We moved into our current home three years ago, after the birth of our second child. We needed more space for the children to grow up in so we moved to a semi-detached property in the city suburbs. In addition to the extra living space, the suburbs provide a more suitable environment for raising children. There is less traffic and more open spaces for the children to play. There are also good amenities such as schools and libraries, ali within an easy distance.

The pace of life is noticeably calmer out here. I will always lave the liveliness. of the city centre, but living in the suburbs means you have the choice; you're dose enough to visit, or commute to work like my husband does, but if you need to detach yourself from the city altogether,

Mike chose to . . . . . . . . . . . . a care• in zoology and works in a natior park in South Africa.

2 My uncle . . . . . . . . . . . . . last year aft having worked for 32 years as a b driver.

3 lt's very important to ......... . people's talents and encourage therr

4 We finally managed to ........... . a large modern house in the suburb

5 The landlord was forced to ....... . that the rent was very high for such area.

6 Most of my friends ............ in ti countryside and don't like city life.

7 My sister lives in London and s . . . . . . . . . . . . the excitement and t nightlife there.

8 Mrs O'Rourke's house ........... . last week's issue of'Your Home'.

I!] My wife and I have been retired for fifteen now but our time is constantly filled with acti' My wife has just taken up computer class' addition to her French lessons, and between us also got a wide social group. Our town in the K' suburbs has lots of amenities but is small enm have a community atmosphere, so we are al pursue our hobbies and get to know lots of pe<

W e were lucky to find a home here as we looking specifically for a bungalow; I h< recurring back problem so I didn't want a hom stairs. However, 1such properties are few ar between these days, so we were very lucky.

Anthony M

~ I didn't spend a great deal of time choosing my F accommodation. l'm a student and only needed sorr temporary, plus my budget was limited. I managed to find a in a shared house. lt's a small, terraced house in the city cen· not in prime condition but ali that matters to me is that l'rr to the university buildings. My timetable is quite irregular good to be able to run back and forth as necessary. The hc also dose to the Student Union so it's good for my busy soe lf I had chosen to live somewhere in the suburbs, like my l did, I would have had to pay a lot for transport every mont on my budget that's not an option.

Laura Ker

Choose the correct word.

lt's not the easiest thing in the world to ...... children. A bring B grow C raise D develop

2 Most Londoners spend over an hour ...... to work every day. A transferring B commuting C transporting D carrying

3 There's a great market in this town for renting ..... . accommodation. A temporary B short C provisional D part-time

4 As a student counsellor, I can say that most students live on a ...... budget. A controlled B checked C limited D confined

S Many people dream of buying a nice house ...... somewhere in the country. A placed B located C put D positioned

~ We own a beautiful cottage located in a quaint Engli5h '11 e lt ha5 a thatched roof and an Engli5h country garden

VI ag · . · h me that 15 50 and we're very proud to llve In a o repre5entative of Engli5h hentage.

The cottage i5 5urrounded by rollin? country5ide ~hic~. i5 fanta5tic for my hu5band and I; we enJOY walkmg an oo J~g at wildlife rather than bu5y tow~5. _AI5o we both grew lup Jn

area5 nearby and our familie5. 5tJII ll~e ther~, 50 we fee :~~ tied to the area. Our village, Jn particular, 15 ver'( ,5mall, onl a baker'5, a butcher'5 and a po5t office, b.u~ Jt 5 ~~t fa.r to

y '11 h·Jch ha5 many more amemtJe5. LlvJng Jn a the next VI age w · , 1 1 t 5mall village everyone know5 one another, and Jt 5 o.ve y ? acknowledg~ people you pa55 in the 5treet. We re~lly llke th15 a5pect of village life and I can't imagine U5 ever bemg content in a more built-up location. We're very happy here.

Amanda Thomas

[!] My flat was recently featured in a magazine article about the lives of modern day city workers. lt's in a converted factory building in the centre of London and five people l've never met also live there in very modern, minimalistic flats. I loved it as soon as I stepped inside because of its large, open design with exposed brickwork.

Central London is on my doorstep: cafés, restaurants, galleries, you name it, it's there. I have to admit, due to my demanding job I don't have much time to take advantage of it ali but the hustle and bustle of the venues creates a fantastic atmosphere and I thrive on the energy of city life.

What's more, my job often requires me to work late and if I had to commute to a home outside the city every day, l'd lose what little spare time I had left. lt's the perfect set-up for me right now

James Redman

6 He always smiles at people he ..... . in the street. A moves B proceeds

C passes D overtakes

7 How could you not be . . . . . . to a place you have lived in for over twenty years? A joined B stuck

C tied D fixed

8 My grandmother's day is ...... with ali sorts of activities at the retirement home. A stuffed B filled

C stocked D crowded

Fill in the correct word.

o accommodation o amenities

o budget o community o option

o outskirts o property o transport

My brother Jake travelled around Europe for two months on a ....... . of only € I 000.

2 More and more people are cycling as an alternative to public ............ .

3 The Royal Family own ........... . ali over the country.

4 We had the . . . . . . . . . . . . of a small flat in the centre or a house in the suburbs and we chose the latter.

S The main . . . . . . . . . . . . in the area include a park, tennis courts and a health and fitness centre.

6 Students can sometimes find it hard to find inexpensive . . . . . . . . . . . . near the university.

7 Most of our politicians live in luxury homes on the . . . . . . . . . . . . of town.

8 There are several charitable

5

organisations that cqe for the elderly in our ............ .

Fill in: irregular, converted, social, city, hustle, demanding, quaint, prime. Then make your own sentences using the phrases.

............ suburbs

2 ............ life

3 ............ condition

4 ............ village

S ............ buildings

6 ............ job

7 ............ timetable

8 ............ and bustle

MODULE 5177

Use of English

Part 1

Read the text. For each gap choose the correct word (A, B, Cor D).

There are a lot of O) different names for it: Internet crime, cyber crime, e-crime and hi-tech crime, but it all 1) . . . . . . . . to the same thing - crimes committed online. Internet crime is a serious problem which has severe consequences m 2) ....... . human and economic terrns and worryingly it is on the 3) . . . . . . . . Tragically, in recent years, the number of people charged with Internet child indecency offences

Well, the good news is that every police force in the UK now has its own computer crime unit. Crime­specific initiatives have also been introduced to 7) . . . . . . particular crimes. For example, there is now a Centre for Child Protection on the Internet which not only 8) . . . . . . . investigations but a!so provides support for victims and information for parents. What is more, it also acts as a 9) ....... .

has reached record 4) ....... .

of reporting any incidents where children have been targeted

Not only that, according to the O A various

Association for Payment Clearing 1 A adds Services, in 2004, card fraud over

2 A two the Internet cost the UK (117m.

3 A increase Furthermore, the 5) . . . . . . . . on

4 A

leveis UK business during the same

5 A contact period included vírus attacks

6 A well costing (27.8 million, as well as

7 A battle financiai fraud costing 021

8 A works million. So, you may 6) . . . . . . . . 9 A mede ask, what is being done about it?

_______________________________________ I O A acute li A famous

Part 2 12 A risen

@ different B totais B either B advance B amounts B impression B good B attack B does B means B intensive B name B increased

online. In terrns o f Internet fraud, viruses and hacking, there have been 10) . . . . . . efforts to educate consumers and businesses on how to protect themselves. Finally, it is now illegal for firms in the UK to send unsolicited messages, also 11) . . . . . . . . as junk email or spam, to personal email accounts or to hide the identity of the sender. Hopefully, these positive actions as well as a(n) 12) ....... . awareness o f the dangers will help to successfully defeat cyber crime.

C assorted C amounts C neither C upturn C degrees C impact C better c hit C conducts C method C extreme C called C raised

D unusual D sums D both D top D stages D influence D best D combat D carries D manner D severe D known D elevated

Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

With our busy modern lifestyles we are sometimes O) toa occupied with ou r day-to-

1 day activities to look after 1) . . . . . . mental health and state of being. Happiness is very important and 2) . . . . . . affect our overall health. Here are five ways you can attend

I 3) . . . . . . your personal happiness today.

, First, stop looking to the future and start · enjoying the here and 4) . . . . . . . Think about the good things in your life and savour them. Dàn't pin your happiness on

i some future event. Secondly, give 5) ..... . 'I a purpose. A tremendous sense of achievement comes from doing something useful. lt doesn't have to 6) . . . . something

j r~ally charitable or humanitarian either. , S1mply transforming your daily tasks so

,_____::,.._~---------"-------------------------------------

i'Jl . 781 MODULE 5

' 7) ...... they are more fulfilling or adding small acts of kindness into your day can be very satisfying. Next, you should find an activity or a hobby; something you do 8) ...... pure enjoyment, that allows you to 9) . . . . . . track of time and throw yourself into it. Then, increase your sense of options. The 10) .... choices a person feels they have, the happier they are. Vou can increase your options through your friends and activities. Finally, develop your relationships. Don't ask yourself what you can get from your relationships with your loved ones, but instead ask yourself 11) . . . . . . you can improve each relationship. Usually those who expect the 12) ...... get the most.

Part 3 U e the words in capitais at the end of the lines to form a :ord that fits in the gap in the same line.

In the year 1206, AI-Jazari, an Arab O) inventor, designed what we can say was the first humanoid robot. In fact, he built four I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . musicians that he placed in a boat that floated around a lake to entertain guests at a royal party. The 2) .......................... . musicians were powered by water and driven 3) ......................... in the same way a windmill is. 4) ........................... and innovation have had time to evolve since, and thanks to the invention of transistors and integrated circuit boards, robots have become more 5)........................... advanced. In the 1960s, robot 6) ....................... · · was introduced and nowadays robots are used in many industries. Public 7) ......................... for robots is evident and engineers are working on ways to make robots move and think more 8) ........................... . So far however, robots can only be designed to do 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tasks and the goal is to make a universal robot with the I O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to carry out a wide range of tasks.

INVENT

ROBOT

MECHANIC

IMAGINE

TECHNOLOGY MANUFACTURE

FASCINA TE

EFFICIENT

SPECIFY

ABLE

Part 4

_ _ Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

lt's pointless to try to convince him he's wrong.

POINT There is ......... .

convince him he's wrong.

2 I prefer cooking to eating out.

THAN I would .......... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . out.

3 "I have a meeting tomorrow morning, so I ought to go now:' he said.

BETTER "I have a meeting tomorrow, so I ...

now," he said.

4 They were late because the bus was delayed.

TIME lf the bus ........ .

they wouldn't have been late.

5 "I enjoy working without any help," she said.

OWN "I prefer ......... .

she said.

6 Considering how hard he works, he should be paid more.

ACCOUNT lf you ........... .

how hard he works, he s~ould be paid more.

7 He wrote down everything he ate for a week.

RECORD He ............... .

everything he ate for a week.

8 His parents always make him stay home until he has finished his homework.

GO His parents ...... .

out until he has finished his homework.

MODULE si79

,, I

Writing - Reviews

a) Read the review and put the paragraphs in the correct order.

~ lt is an exciting and action-packed film with fantastic special effects. The plot is dark and very interesting but it lacks suspense. The performances are effortless and the directing is great.

[[[] Harry Potter and the Order ofthe Phoeni.x is this summer's must-see film and well worth watching. lt will leave you eager for the next instalment. Don't miss it!

[fi] Harry starts his fifth year at Hogwarts under a cloud. Apart from the strange dreams he is having, many people including the Ministry of Magic refuse to believe him or Professor Dumbledore that Lord Voldemort has returned. Dolores Umbridge, is sent by the Ministry to be the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher and keep an eye on Harry and Dumbledore. She refuses to teach the students any defensive magic and so Harry starts to teach a small group of students, who call themselves Dumbledore's Army, in secret. Together, they learn about loyalty, sacrifice and friendship, as well as how to fight.

@:0 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoeni.x is the latest Harry Potter film and the fifth in the series. It is an action-adventure film starring Daniel Radcliffe as the boy wizard, and Emma Watson and Rupert Grint as his two best friends, Hermione Granger and Ron W easley as well as an ali star cast including Maggie Smith, Gary Oldman, Julie Walters and Ralph Fiennes. It is directed by David Yates.

b) Which adjectives does the writer use to describe the:

• plot • acting • film

80 I MODULE 5

2 a) Which of these adjectives could describe the plot, script, characters? List them in the appropriate boxes.

o moving o gripping o original "well-written o well-developed a evil ~ interesting o thrilling o tragic o highly entertaining o confusing o excellent o believable g weak .. poorly-written o shocking o strong o suspenseful o twisting o imaginative o complicated

b) Use words from Ex. la to complete the sentences.

The songs are ali well-written and it is a(n ............ album.

2 The plot was very ............ and I couldn't wai to find out how it would end.

3 The special effects were good but the amount c blood was a bit . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 There were too many clues to follow so it wa quite ............ and I lost track of the plot.

5 I didn't read to the end because it was s1

6 The villain was such an ............ character tha I wanted to destroy him.

What does each sentence refer to: a film? a CO? a book? a PC game?

' Which of the sentences give a positive/negative recommendation?

The story is totally original - l've never rea anything like it before.

2 The main character is completely unbelievable.

3 This film will keep you entertained from start t finish.

4 I was on the edge of my seat, it was so thrilling.

5 The performances are disappointing and not wort the ticket price.

4 Think of your favourite music CO, film or book and write a recommendation for each.

• Articles

j Match the beginnings ( 1-3) to the endings (A-C). Which techniques have been used in each?

o asking a rhetorical question o addressing the reader directly o using a quotation o offering a general though

Ask anyone over thirty what their favourite comic was as a kid and they'll be able to tell you in an instant. These days, children are more likely to tell you about their favourite video game or website. Are today's kids missing out on an important and wholesome experience?

Are you tired of feeling like a tourist? If you have always dreamed of holiday accommodation with all the comforts of a real home at no expense to you, our home-exchange programme is what you've been looking for!

While most people would agree that every person has the right to live his life as he pleases, do we have the right to end someone's life to stop his suffering? The question of whether euthanasia should be legalised is a hotly debated topic with no easy solutions.

2 Read the extracts below. Which uses:

• narrative techniques? • descriptive techniques? • argumentative techniques?

[]Jit is a sad fact of modern life that fewer young people read for pleasure today than in the past. Young people

are much more likely to pick up their joystick or remete control rather than a book. lf only children these days felt the same as Groucho Marx who said, "I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set, I go into the other roem and read a book."

IIJit is a small, peaceful town bordering a lake, with majestic mountains surrounding it as far as the eye

can see. The snow-capped peaks provi de an impressive background to picturesque Geierspergen. The air is fresh with the scent of pine trees, and a white blanket of snow covers everything for five months of the year.

[TI No matter how many times I go over that day in my · mind, I am amazed at how the events just fell into

place.l was so relieved and happy that it took me a while to fully comprehend it. Who would have ever thougltt that a day that started so badly could ever turn out to be the best day ever? But I suppose, that's life, isn't it?

---------------

A Despite our advanced technology, we are still unable to agree on ways to solve serious problems. Whereas a life of pain is not worth living, will legalising euthanasia open a Pandora's box that will decrease the value of human life?

B Children today live a fast-paced life andare too busy gaming, surfing the net or watching TV to read weekly comics. Soon children will not know what a board game or comic is, let alone how to use their imaginations. As the British writer Norman Douglas said, "If you want to see what children can do, you must stop giving them things."

C Join hundreds of our satisfied customers and make your dream holiday a reality. Call for your free brochure listing a wide choice of destinations and accommodation. So whether you're into small city apartments or spacious country homes, we can find the perfect match for you.

] a) Read the rubrics. Which asks you:

• to describe something? • to give advice? • to narrate an experience?

You recently saw this advert in an English-language film magazine.

Reviews wanted! Have you been to the cinema lately? You have? Then : could you write us a review of the film you saw? Tell · us about the cast, characters and plot and say whether you would recommend the film to others. The best reviews will be published next month.

2 Your teacher has asked you to wr#te a story for an international magazine. The story must end with the following words:

lt was the scariest thing that had ever happened to me and I was relieved it was over and I was safely back home.

3 You have seen this announcement in an international magazine.

MY HOBBY What is your hobby and why do you like it? What advice would you give to someone who wanted to take it up? We will publish thé best article and give the winner l.l 00.

b) Write appropriate beginnings/endings for each rubric.

MODULE 5181

Vocabulary

Choose the correct item.

Before you enter your card details, make sure it's a ....... website. A strong B reassured

C secure D positive

2 I bought a new computer game for my PC today -the graphics are so . . . . . . . . A realistic C truthful B factual D genuine

3 My little brother is so fashion ....... ! A thoughtful C aware B conscious D considerate

4 Oh no! l've lost my memory stick, and it had ali my data ....... on it! A stored B stocked

C kept D put

5 The sales are ....... this Monday; I hope I can find that skirt I had my eye on! A opening C establishing B returning D starting

6 I really need to ....... the security settings on my PC. A modernise B renew

C update D revise

7 Adam always looks so ....... in a suit. A fit C dever B clean D smart

8 My computer keeps . . . . . . . lately. A crashing C smashing B colliding D breaking

9 The whole network is down at the moment.There must be a ....... with the server. A trouble C difficulty B dilemma D problem

I O You should take regular breaks when using computers so that you don't ....... your eyes. A strain C injure B exert D hurt

821 MODULE 5

I I Milan is a . . . . . . . destination for fashion anc shopping. A renowned B prominent

C notorious D distinguished

I 2 Ecology is the study of our ....... environment. A physical C normal B natural D ordinary

13 My friend lives in a(n) ....... warehouse in a ver: fashionable part of town. A converted C changed B transformed D altered

14 When you travei on the metro, you must be ver: ....... about pickpockets. A cautious C suspicious B alert D sceptical

I 5 This restaurant is very ....... so you'll probabl: have difficulty booking a table. A restricted C limited B private D exclusive

16 There's an art . . . . . . . on at the gallery in tow1 that we really shouldn't miss. A exhibition C screening B showing D presentation

17 James is always good ....... as he's so easy-goin~ A partner C associate B company D companion

18 In England, it is ....... to use a mobile phon when driving. A banned B lawless

' C illegal D criminal

19 I like to take part in ....... debates. A active C lively B agile D energetic

20 You should ....... documents displaying person; information before you throw them away. A tear C shred B slice D rip

Grammar

2 Choose the correct item.

I prefer pop music ....... classical music. A than C at B to O for

2 He decided to buy a new PC ....... of updating his old one. A instead B on account

C in spite O because

3 We don't know what to do ....... of a tornado. A in a case B as a result

C in spite O in case

4 We ....... house next week. A have moved C are moving B moving O moved

5 Do you think computers ....... more intelligent than humans in the future? A going to be C will be B would be O ought to be

6 You really must check ....... the new complex in town, it's very impressive. Aon C out B in Owith

7 He insisted that he ....... with us. A came B come

C would come O comes

8 London Fashion Week ....... on Monday.

cinema

A starting C has been starting B starts O had started

9 "I like casual clothes." "I . . . . . . . ." A do too B do

C doso O do either

I O I ....... my new PC difficult to get used to. A am finding C had found B will have found O has been finding

I I Would you mind ....... me with the laundry? A to help C that you help B helping O if you help

I 2 Did you see that documentary about artificial intelligence last night? I did! lt was the ....... interesting thing l've ever seen! A much B most

C many D more

13 He couldn't find his new jacket . . . . . . . he borrowed one from his brother. A so C for B and D as

14 Kelly ....... about studying science at university as she is very interested in biotechnology. A is thinking C thinks B had thought D had been thinking

15 lt's often cheaper to buy things online ....... in shops. A rather C better B from D than

16 "I think this letter is for you." "lt's about time o o o •• o o.

A that it come C to come Bit comes O it came

17 "How ....... will it take you to finish the report?" "An hour?" A much long B much longer

C length O longer

18 Thank you so much for ....... the help you gave me. A a lot of B much of

C ali O many of

19 "I shouldn't have told her abo~t Steve. I didn't expect . . . . . . . so angry." A that she get C her to get B she getting O that she got

20 The thief tried to escape but the police caught up ....... him eventually. Awith B near

c by O at

MODULE sj83

I I

I

:I

I I r

Further Practice Section

• Key Word Transformation

Compl~te the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word g1ven. Do not change the word given. Vou must use between two and five words, including the word given. Study the example.

O He is too young to drive. enough He is not old enough to drive.

We prefer eating salads to fried food. rather We ............................ .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fried food.

2 'lf we don't leave immediately, we'll miss the flight,' said Helen. set Helen said they would miss the

flight ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at once.

3 You can send emails for nothing from here. cost lt .............................. .

send emails from here.

4 His opinion on the issue is exactly the same as his wife's. difference There ......................... .

his opinion on the issue arid his wife's.

5 Bill was the only one who didn't come. apart Everyone ...................... .

............................ Bill.

6 He has always had a good relationship with his brother-in law. well He has always ................. .

........... with his brother-in law.

7 Karen's parents dislike her new boyfriend. approve Karen's parents ................ .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . her new boyfriend.

8 Michael hadn't spoken to his sister in Scotland for over six months. more lt was ......................... .

Michael had spoken to his sister in Scotland.

9 Bill's great-grandfather started the business over eighty years ago. set The business ................... .

Bill's great-grandfather over eighty years ago.

I O Joseph studies during the day and works in a restaurant at night. well Joseph studies during the day ....

............. a restaCirant at night.

I I 'We'll miss the start of the film if we don't run,' said Eddy. unless Eddy said that ................. .

. . . . . . . . . miss the start of the film.

841 Further Practice Section

12 Food prices are the same as they were last year. changed Food prices .................... .

. ....................... last year. I 3 Only tradicional methods were used in making this vase.

made This vase ...................... . . ........ only tradicional methods.

14 'l'm sorry I shouted at you earlier,' Charlie said. apologised Charlie .......................... .

......................... earlier.

I 5 lt's unlikely that it will snow this Christmas . likely lt .............................. .

. ............ snow this Christmas.

16 I wouldn't bother to wash the car today because it's going to rain. worth lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the

car today because it's going to rain.

17 You must show your passport when you enter another country. required You ........................... .

. ............. your passport when you enter another country .

18 lt doesn't matter what you say because I won't change my opinion. difference lt .............................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . what you say because I won't change my opinion.

19 I advise you not to go out in this weather. better You ........................... .

.............. out in this weather.

20 l'm sure she didn't intend to hurt my feelings. no l'm sure she had ............... .

...................... my feelings.

21 My neighbour asked t he might borrow my ladder. could My neighbour asked if I ......... .

....................... my ladder.

22 The tour guide will distribute the tickets when we arrive at the museum. given The tickets .................... .

the tour guide when we arrive at the museum.

23 On arriving at work, I switched on my computer. soon I switched on my computer

· · · · · .................... at work.

24 The football match is postponed and it will be helc next month. put The football match has ......... .

until next month.

25 I don't usually stay out late at night, so I was a little tired. used Iam ........................... .

late at night, so I was a little tired. 26 Paul lost his way in the centre of the city because

he didn't have a map. got lf Paul had had a map, he ....... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . in the centre of the city.

27 This is the best car l've ever owned. neve r l've ............................ .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . car than this.

28 In my opinion, the two sisters are completely different from each other. comparison In my opinion, there is ......... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the two sisters.

29 They are going to demolish the old cinema. pulled The old cinema ................ .

.......................... down.

30 After much discussion, Frank thought of the solution. carne After much discussion, Frank ....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the solution.

31 Tom's children helped him with the housework. hand Tom's children ................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . with the housework.

32 lt's a pity that my flat is so small. wish I .............................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . flat.

33 I was not allowed to play my music too loud when I lived at home with my parents. let My parents .................... .

play my music too loud when I lived at home.

34 John regrets lying to you. told John wishes .................... .

........................... truth.

35 David was thirty-nine before he took up writing professionally. become David did not .................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . he was thirty-nine.

36 lt took me more than six hours to write the report. over I .............................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the report.

37 I must contact my mother about my new address. touch I must ......................... .

my mother about my new address.

38 I haven't been at ali successful in finding work. no I ......................... ·. · · •·

.................. in finding work.

39 Before we could go home, we had to tidy the classroom. stay We had to ............. ·········

................... the classroom.

Further Practice Section

40 Gus could only buy that car because his parents gave him the money. able lf Gus' parents hadn't given him the

money, he ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to buy that car.

41 Theresa isn't capable of running her own business. ability Theresa doesn't ................ .

............... her own business.

42 The lawyer said that he would never mention the matter to anyone else. discuss The lawyer promised never ..... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anyone else.

43 l'm afraid I don't have the energy to go out tonight. too l'm afraid ...................... .

. ............... to go out tonight.

44 The police asked me to describe the driver in detail. full The police asked me to ........ .

. ................... of the driver .

45 Nobody said it wasAian's fault that he crashed his car. blamed Nobody ....................... .

fact that he crashed his car .

46 These days, parking spaces are rarely found in the centre of town. rare These days .................... .

parking spaces in the centre of town.

47 Scientists are looking into the existence of life on other planets . investigated The existence of life on other

planets ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scientists.

48 Your sister can't have been telling the truth about the broken vase. lying Your sister .................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the broken vase.

49 He repaired the fence to prevent the dog from getting out. 50 He repaired the fence .......... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . not get out.

50 'What's the height of that buildirfg?' she asked . high She wanted .................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that building was.

5 I I expect you were pleased with your promotion . been You ........................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . with your promotion.

52 I won't be able to come to the wedding because I will be on holiday at that time. present I can't ......................... .

the wedding because I will be on holiday at that time.

53 The concert was cancelled due to poor ticket sales. called The concert was ............... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . of poor ticket sales.

Further Practice Section 185

i I

!

Further Practice Section

54 I know that eating a balanced diet is a must. necessary I know that .................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . a balanced diet.

55 What do people think of this company? reputation What kind ..................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . have?

56 With more preparation, the space flight could have been successful. succeeded The space flight could only ..... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they had done more preparation.

57 lt was unfair that Mr Jones told Steve off. deserve Steve .......................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . told off.

58 My boss said I could have a week off. permission My boss ....................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to have a week off.

59 lt was a mistake for me to eat so much for lunch. should I .............................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so much for lunch.

60 Doctors don't recommend drinking too much coffee. advisable lt's ............................ .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . too much coffee.

61 They say the actor was discovered by his agent while working in a bakery. said The actor ..................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . discovered by his agent while working in a bakery.

62 My father believes that it's ali right for me to stay up late at the weekend. wrong My father believes there's

up late at the weekend.

63 There is no way that l'm going on holiday with him. intention I .............................. .

............. on holiday with him.

64 There were no good films left at the DVD club. run The DVD club ................ ..

...................... good films.

65 I don't know what the CO is like as I haven't heard it. having I don't know what the CD is like,

............................ to it.

66 Such success has not been achieved by many writers in the world of children's fiction. few Only .......................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . such success in the world of children's fiction.

67 'Don't blame me if you can't find your mobile phone,' Daniel said. his Daniel said that it .............. .

that I couldn't find my mobile phone.

68 There's no chance of finishing the report today. possible lt won't ....................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the report today.

86j Further Practice Section

69 'Why don't we go to the shops?' said Sarah. suggested Sarah ................. · · · · · · · · · ·

................. to the shops .

70 Victoria always sets her alarm because she doesn't want to wake up late. that Victoria always sets her alarm ...

.................... wake up late.

71 Rather than walk to the centre of town, we took a bus. foot lnstead ........................ .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to the centre oi town, we took a bus.

72 I don't feel like studying at the moment. prefer l'd ............................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at the moment

73 They are releasing the new CD on Monday. sale The new CD .................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from Monday

7 4 People say that actor has had plastic surgery. is That actor ..................... .

. ................. plastic surgery.

75 She apologised for ruining his suit. sorry She said she ................... .

. .................. ruined his suit

76 Nobody thinks that Tim will win the race. expected Tim is ......................... .

........................ the race

77 Her son is able to work a lot harder than he i: doing at the moment. capable Her son ....................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a lot harder tha1 he is doing at the moment.

78 I regret not learning to cook when I was younge1 had I .............................. .

. ....... cook when I was younge1

79 He isn't trying to solve his problems at ali. effort He is ......................... .

. ............. solve his problems

80 The heavy rain caustd many rivers to be flooded result Many rivers were ............. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the heavy rair

81 The actor had the respect of everyone in the filr industry. up Everyone in the film industry ...

. ...................... the actor

82 Less than 50 people came to the concert last nigh turned Less than 50 people ........... .

............ the concert last nigh

83 She went to the cinema and didn't go to the theatrl instead She went to the cinema ....... .

. ................. to the theatre

84 Robert was the only one who didn't enjoy the concert. apart Everybody ..................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert.

85 The dentist advised him to brush his teeth more regularly. were 'lf o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . brush my teeth more regularly,' said the dentist.

86 Sarah didn't send the bunch of roses. who lt .............................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the bunch of roses.

87 Paul couldn't go to the concert because he didn't have a ticket. able lf Paul had had a ticket, he ...... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to the concert.

88 You might get seasick, so you should take a tablet before you leave. case Take a tablet before you leave ...

......................... seasick.

89 I don't know why she cried at the party. made I don't know ................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at the party.

90 I have flown only once before. time This ........................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I have ever flown.

91 The price of the bed includes the cost of delivery. is The cost of delivery ............ .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the price of the table

92 Tracey's homemade pizza is so popular that it will ali be eaten by tonight. left Tracey's homemade pizza is so

popular that there will ......... . ...................... by tonight.

93 'I can't find my socks - have you seen them?' my brother asked. seen My brother asked me .......... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . his socks.

94 Everyone expects that he'll win the Oscar for his new film. is H e

....... the Oscar for his new film.

95 I haven't seen my sister for six months. been lt .............................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I last saw my sister. 96 'I won't let my children play on the roads,' Bruno sai~.

refused Bruno ......................... . ............. to play on the roads.

97 Could you look after the twins for an hour? care Would you mind ............... .

............ the twins for an hour?

Further Practice Section

98 Leveis of pollution have increased dramatically over the past decade. rise Over the past decade, there .....

............. in leveis of pollution .

99 I use an encyclopedia to find information that I need for school. up lf I need information for school ..

................. an encyclopedia.

I 00 My uncle can't play the piano very well. good My uncle isn't .................. .

. ...................... the piano.

I O I The restaurant was not dose enough for us to walk. away The restaurant ................. .

................... for us to walk.

I 02 "Whose is this coat?" she asked. to "Who ......................... .

. ............ " she asked.

I 03 How long are these curtains? of What is ....................... .

. ...................... curtains?

I 04 l'm sorry but I don't want to eat Chinese food tonight. rather l'm sorry but .................. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . Chinese food tonight.

I OS Angela last phoned us three weeks ago. heard We ............................ .

. . . . . . . . . . Angela for three weeks.

I 06 'l'm sorry I broke the window,' said Robert. apologised Robert ........................ .

. .................... the window .

I 07 Catherine was given two more days by her boss to finish the report. another Catherine's boss ............... .

. ............. to finish the report.

I 08 I arrived late because my alarm clock didn't work. turned lf my alarm clock had worked, I

. ........................... time.

I 09 We are extending ou r house into the garden. being Our house .................... .

. ................ I into the garden .

I I O To my mind, your test results are going to be excellent. doubt I .............................. .

that your test results are going to be excellent.

I I I You can't be sure that he'll help you if you have a problem. rely You can't ...................... .

. ........... if you have a problem.

I 12 The plumber had to get someone to help him as there was so much work to do. such There was ..................... .

. .......... to do that the plumber had to get someone to help.

Further Practice Section 187

I

• I

Further Practice Section

I 13 lrene continued to get up early even though she was on holiday. carried lrene .......................... .

early even though she was on holiday.

I 14 The rough sea meant that the rescue team could not reach the ship. prevented Rescue workers ............... .

. . . . . . . . the ship by the rough sea.

I I 5 We went swimming despite the cloudy sky. even We went swimming ............ .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cloudy. I 16 How good is your relationship with your cousins?

on How well ...................... . ............... with your cousins?

I I 7 Tom found the recipe very difficult to understand. difficulty Tom .......................... .

...................... the recipe.

I 18 John says he will only cook if Sue agrees to wash the car. unless John has refused ............... .

........... willing to wash the car.

I 19 There were very few people in the cinema last night. carne Hardly ......................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . the cinema last night.

120 You can borrow my car, but you must return it by Wednesday. long You can borrow my car ........ .

.......... returned by Wednesday.

121 My mother said she could not learn how to use a computer at her age. old My mother said that she ....... .

................ learn how to use a computer.

122 My mother insisted on my having my hair cut. made My mother .................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my hair cut.

I 23 Dave once worked for a newspaper. job Dave used ..................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a newspaper.

124 The two politicians were in complete agreement. completely The two politicians ............. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . other.

125 Samantha was completely surprised by the party. idea Samantha ...................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the party.

126 Eric became extremely angry with the cashier after being given the wrong change. temper Eric .............. : . ........... .

the cashier after being given the wrong change.

881 Further Practice Section

127 I saw the film because I had read the book it was based on. would lf I had not read the book it was

based on, ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the film.

128 lt was raining so they cancelled the picnic. owing The picnic ..................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the rain .

129 I didn't know anything about John's problems at home . unaware I .............................. .

......... John's problems at home.

130 Jane didn't speak for about fifteen minutes. before Fifteen minutes went .......... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anything.

13 I To my mind, the dish we ate was the best one WE could have chosen. made To my mind, we couldn't ....... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . choice than thE dish we ate.

132 Mary admitted that she was not in the mood to gc to the cinema. feel Mary admitted that she did no1

. .................. to the cinema

133 'I can look after myself now l'm at university, Dad, said Bob. take Bob told his dad that he caule

now that he was at university.

134 You really don't need to clean the car. point There's really .................. .

. ......................... the car

135 l'd rather you didn't park in front of my house. mind Would ......................... .

. ............ in front of my house;

136 The guard stopped us from entering the building. let The guard ..................... .

.. ................... the building.

137 Could you tell me vlhat time you are leaving? know I would ........................ .

. ....... what time you are leaving

138 The crowd on the street were football fans. crowded The street ..................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . football fans

139 He really shouldn't miss this opportunity fo1 promotion. advantage He really must ................. .

this opportunity for promotion.

140 You can get from here to Manchester withou· changing planes. need You ........................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . planes te get from here to Manchester.

• Word Distractors

D Choose the correct item. D

O lf you are ....... with your homework, you should ask for help. A stumbling @ struggling

C striving O straining

Do you know if there is an admission ....... to get into the fair? A price C fee B cost O charge

2 The . . . . . . . on the back of the box say that we need to add two eggs and a cup of milk. A commands C orders B instructions O rules

3 Jessie's parents were very ....... with the grades on her school report. A fulfilled C pleased B gratified O entertained

4 The two old friends ....... about their childhood. A reminisced B recalled

C recollected O remembered

5 The famous couple tried to keep their wedding a secret but it was ....... in ali the newspapers. A declared C broadcast B announced O advertised

6 The people at the parade were dancing ...... . dances and wearing costumes. A ordinary C conventional B customary O traditional

7 We have a thirty-minute lunch ....... at I :00 and then we go back to work until 5:00. A pause C stop B break O rest

8 The author has received a(n) ....... for her best-selling book. A reward B tribute

C award O trophy

9 I got ....... on the arm by a mosquito last night and now it's really itchy. A chewed C nibbled B pecked O bitten

I O Gerald lost his boarding ....... at the airport and they had to issue him a new one. A slip C pass B receipt O paper

I I Large department stores often give away free · ....... of new products. A examples C trials B models O samples

Further Practice Section

12 1'11 never forget when I went bungee jumping for the first time; my heart was ....... really fast. A rushing C moving B beating O running

13 The main ....... of jam are fruit and sugar. A ingredients C parts B features O items

14 How often do you need to ....... the battery on your mobile phone? A recharge C renew B refresh O revive

15 Digital cameras save us from having to take film to be ....... . A enlarged C developed B processed O progressed

16 Shelly had a(n) ....... with Sharon regarding the party on Saturday night. A exchange B conversation

C dialogue O gossip

17 Lately, many people have been making about the lack of good service at that restaurant. A criticisms C protests B complaints O campaigns

18 The local charity organisation is asking for ...... . of food, clothes and money that will help the earthquake victims. A donations B payments

C deposits O grants

19 My grandfather is really good at ....... stories. A making out C making off B making over O making up

20 Sharon spent a great ....... of time planning her holiday. A amount B deal

C number O quantity

21 Did you hear? Elizabeth was suspended yesterday for ....... truant! A playing B going

C behaving O acting

22 The dinner you made was fantastic and the strawberry cheesecake was ....... good! A mainly C chiefly B especially O primarily

23 Tim couldn't solve the maths problem so he asked the teacher for . . . . . . . . A backing B support

C assistance O cooperation

Further Practice Section IB9

:I

Further Practice Section

24 Did you get caught in the downpour? Here, take this towel, you're ....... ali over the floor. A dripping C dropping B leaking D spilling

25 I didn't ....... her to arrive so soon. A presume C anticipate B wait D expect

26 Hundreds of people had ....... for the job of personnel manager. A registered B enlisted

C applied D enrolled

27 As Mary ....... the house she could sense that something was wrong. A arrived B carne

C approached D advanced

28 The police are robberies.

the neighbourhood

A looking into B looking for

C looking after D looking out

29 They stopped to admire the fantastic ....... from the hilltop. A landscape C vision B outlook D scenery

30 Paul was highly ....... as a top art expert. A considered C noticed B regarded D viewed

3 I I ....... your father for a famous actor. A understood C confused B mistook D misinterpreted

32 The tribe lives in an isolated mountain ....... in South Africa. A region C district B territory D section

33 She decided to . . . . . . . the meeting until the following day. A cancel C suspend B interrupt D postpone

34 The ....... of the village rely totally on fishing for their food. A inhabitants B occupants

C dwellers D tenants

35 She was at the ....... of her career when she had the accident. A summit B peak

C top D tip

36 There will be an exhibition of ....... cars at the town square during the weekend. A aged C ancien't

B primitive D vintage

37 The teaching at Oxbridge College is

outstanding. A cast c staff B crew D team

90 I Further Practice Section

38 The cargo ship ....... from the Port of London. A ran C travelled Bflowed D s~led

39 The cashier's behaviour was so rude that I ..... . an immediate apology from the manager. A ordered C inquired B asked D demanded

40 The lawyer was paid his ....... after the trial. A fee C allowance B salary D wage

4 I My daughter has a nasty . . . . . . . on her arm afte falling off her bike. A rash B mark

C bruise D spot

42 Just as the tennis players were walking onto th• ....... , it started to rain. A pitch C ring B court D course

43 The refugees tried to cross the . . . . . . . betwee1 the two countries. A boundary C limit B line D border

44 Should such an opportunity ....... , I would lov to travei to the moon. A arise B stand

C raise D lift

45 Tony was ....... for driving carelessly. A accused C arrested B sentenced D charged

46 ....... money is difficult to distinguish. A Artificial C Fake B False D Counterfeit

47 We should ....... ali food well before freezing. A wrap C cover B pack D fold

48 I still don't know how he ....... on such a lo'

salary. A gets over B gets down '

C gets by D gets away with

49 Lucy ....... after her father's side of the family. A goes C takes B looks D turns

50 The travei agency's main . . . . . . . is to make sur that everything is in order for the trip. A task C duty B work D job

SI Do you ....... a lot of money working as a nurs• A profit C win B take D earn

52 Please handle the vase carefully. lt is very ...... . A sensitive C weak B fragile D tender

53 Tony was ....... of cheating during the exam. A blamed C accused 8 charged D criticised

54 We made a(n) ....... to meet on Monday. A schedule C appointment 8 programme D time

55 David Beckham . . . . . . . a good example for children by teaching them to keep healthy. A puts C makes 8 sets D places

56 Jenny decided to . . . . . . . her toe into the pool before going in for a swim. A dive C plunge 8 dip D submerge

57 Medicai students were handing out ....... about skin cancer. A leaflets C directories 8 catalogues D advertisements

58 My new bed is so ....... , I could stay in it ali day long! A comfortable 8 favourable

C agreeable D enjoyable

59 Did he ....... accuse you of taking his files? A genuinely C truly 8 positively D actually

60 Ou r ....... to New York was delayed for over six hours due to ice on the runway. A flight C cruise 8 ride D drive

61 They couldn't ....... to buy that expensive house. A spare C provide 8 bear D afford

62 A ....... of birds flew high above us in the sky. A flock C herd 8 school D swarm

63 You must stir the mixture until the sugar ...... . A vanishes C evaporates 8 dissolves D disappears

64 Maria . . . . . . . with embarrassment when Mark asked her to stand up and come to the front of the class. A blinked 8 frowned

C winked D blushed

65 Bill and Jean were looking at the travei ....... to decide where to go on holiday. A brochure C pamphlet 8 booklet D journal

66 Mr Smith was ....... regarded by his students. A highly C hugely 8 greatly D largely

Further Practíce Section

67 I believe Mr Brown is the most ....... candidate for the job as he has ali the necessary qualifications. A satisfactory C suitable 8 correct D proper

68 l've come to the conclusion that the painting you own is an original Warhol and could prove to be very ...... . A priceless C precious 8 valuable D costly

69 Neil wrote a ....... for fADO and made it out to Mark Jacobs. A sum 8 cheque

C credit D cash

70 We have to ....... to an agreement on how we will deal with the problem quickly. A come C reach 8 arrive D get

71 I would like to inform ali passengers and cabin crew that the plane is ready to ...... . A take apart C take off 8 take down D take after

72 Professors at the Academy of Sciences are going to . . . . . . . the effects of food additives on human behaviour. A enquire 8 research

C explain D inspect

73 You can get the ....... for our chocolate mousse online at www.goodfoodmood.com. A description C inscription 8 prescription D recipe

74 Molly laid her clothes in a ....... on her bedroom floor. A bunch 8 stack

C pile D batch

75 I ....... my new jumper and wore it to the party. A put together C put in 8 put away D put on

76 I have a really good ....... , wh~ don't we go to the amusement park? A belief C idea 8 thought D opinion

77 The burglar broke into the h ouse in daylight. A broad c high 8 wide D vast

78 Did you read the ....... in yesterday's newspaper about the earthquake in lndonesia? A article C review 8 notice D essay

19 Christine . . . . . . . her money from the ATM and went on a big shopping spree. A withdrew C ejected 8 pulled D extracted

Further Practice Section J91

Further Practice Section

80 ....... his nasty remarks, Georgina forgave him. A In spite of C Besides B Although D Even though

81 The victim watched in horror as the robber

A got by B got ahead

82 Although it's difficult, becoming an astronaut. A hope B aim

C got around D got away

I ....... of

C dream D plan

one day

83 Last night, John Edwards . . . . . . . his intentions to run for the American Presidency. A promoted C told B reported D announced

84 They say that reading is a wonderful way to ...... . the mind. Awiden B broaden

C increase D enlarge

85 Milly and Rob decided to ....... a flat in London's east end. A hire C borrow B lend D rent

86 We ....... at him in disbelief as he tried to steal the woman's purse. A glanced C stared B glimpsed D watched

87 He had . . . . . . . knowledge on Astrophysics and often gave public seminars. A extensive C large B wide D lengthy

88 Ali staff here at the clothes shop get a 25% ...... . on ali items. A bargain B refund

C discount D sale

89 lt's true that the cost of the house is very expensive, but we can . . . . . . . that if we tighten our budget a little. A get around B get by

C get over D get across

90 Joe sustained a very serious shoulder . . . . . . . in the car crash. A harm B pain

C damage D injury.

91 Sadly, Matthew Humphries ....... in his sleep last night. A passed by C passed out B passed away D passed 1:hrough

92 Going to the cinema really ....... to me, but l'm not sure we'll get there in time. A appeals C attracts B pleases D invites

921 Further Practice Section

93 Sir lan McKellen ....... 'Magneto' in the last X· Men movie. A played B performed

C acted D staged

94 The restaurant customers.

wonderful service to i~

A delivers C provides B contributes D presents

95 I will stay with the lady ....... the police arrive. A as C until B since D so

96 Huge ....... of people turned out for the Rollin~ Stones' beach concert in Rio. A quantities C leveis B figures D numbers

97 l'd like to . . . . . . . an appointment to see the doctor, please. A take B make

C put D give

98 You can ....... how embarrassed he was when he fell over in front of everybody! A imagine C suppose B think D assume

99 Tests show the water • o •• o •• some dangerow chemicals. A involves c contains B includes D consists

I 00 H e ....... his lifelong ambition of climbing Moun1 Everest. A succeeded C fulfilled B performed D managed

I O I She . . . . . . . home a book for her daughter. A delivered C fetched B carried D brought

I 02 He ....... his driving test last week. A placed C took B obtained D did

I 03 Her handbag ....... my attention. A caught ' C gripped B seized D snatched

I 04 This bottle does not seem to . . . . . . . much. A keep C carry B hold D contain

I OS The company ....... office last summer. A shifted C moved B transferred D displaced

• Word Formation -· ------------

forming Nouns and Adjectives from Verbs

Some verbs form their nouns with the endings -ion/ -ation and their respective adjectives with -ive/-ative. impress inform

impression information

impressive informative

(' Fill in the correct form of the words in '--

brackets.

Laura needs a lot of ...................... . (persuade) to go out and enjoy herself.

2 Mary enjoys her job and takes her work very seriously. You could say she displays a lot of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( dedicate) to the company.

3 Sarah enjoys spending quiet time at her cottage. She practices yoga and .................... . (meditate) there.

4 The children in the class must learn to settle down. They are so ..................... (talk).

S I wish governments would do something to solve the problem of ..................... (pollute) in our oceans and seas.

6 Most actors and actresses in movies are very . . . . . . . . . . (attract).

7 We must work together on this project. lt is going to take .................... (collaborate) and teamwork to complete everything on time.

8 Mark has always been ambitious and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (compete).

9 I don't believe his story at ali. lt is a gross ..................... (exaggerate) ofthe truth.

I O Jean is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (support) friend to me. I can share ali my secrets with her.

forming Nouns from Verbs and Adjectives

Some verbs and adjectives form nouns, which end in:

-ance accept - acceptance -ence exist - existence

[D Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets.

lt takes a lot of ............. (persevere) and determination to go to university and complete a degree.

2 The judges made an . . . . . . . . . . . . . (infer) about whether or not she had cheated during the competition.

!

Further Practice Section

3 She was embarrassed about his ............ . (insist) on paying for the meal at the restaurant.

4 There was a noisy . . . . . . . . . . . . . (disturb) outside on the street that attracted the attention of several people.

S Mark couldn't understand his friend's ............ . (resist) towards going to the football game.

6 To live in another country you have to get a ............. (resident) permit.

7 Their ............. (dominate) over the other team was clear by the huge difference in the score.

~---------------------------- ----------- -· ------------------'

Forming Adjectives from Nouns and Adverbs from Adjectives

• Some common adjectives end in -y. dirt - dirty, dust - dusty, etc

• Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to adjectives. ; quicl< - quicl<ly, proper - properly

• Present participles and past participles can be used as adjectives. bored - boring Present participles (-ing) describe what or how somebody or something is and past participles (-ed) describe how people feel. The /ecture was interestilllg. We were interested in the lecture.

I Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets •

The children have been .................... . (anxious) waiting for their grandma and grandpa to arrive.

2 The wind was blowing .................... . {fierce) across the open field.

3 Please drive the car ............ (flow) out of the back gate. There could be someone else coming.

4 Take care walking outside in winter. The pavement can be .......... (ice) and you could slip and fali.

S Maria looked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (innocent) around the roam after she dropped the cup and broke it.

6 The young boy .............. (gentle) stroked the small puppy.

7 The performers were just ............. (amaze).

8 They decided to have their picnic on the ..................... (grass) hill in the park.

9 They were ..................... (impress) by the speech.

I O We were so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (tire) that we decided to stay in.

Further Practice Section 193

I

Further Practice Section

~-~-~~~

I

FormingAdjectives from Nouns andVerbs

Common endings for adjectives formed from nouns and verbs are:

-able enjoy - enjoyab/e -ible sense - sensible -ai education - educational -ic optimist - optimistic -ant distance - distant -ical psychology --ar circle - circular psychological -ate temper - temperate -ious ambition - ambitious -ial commerce - commercial -ish se/f- selfish -ent differ - different -ive respect - respective -esque picture - picturesque -less end - endless -fui sorrow - sorrowful -ous danger - dangerous

T r Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets.

Mike wanted to buy a new car just like his brother. H e was very ............. ( envy) of him.

2 The new furniture they bought is ............ . (function) and decorative. lt can seat 15 people comfortably.

3 The prime minister is an ............. (admire) man.

4 My friend brought me flowers for my birthday. She is very thoughtful and ........... ( consider).

5 He was lying ........ (sense) on the floor.

6 She never shares anything with anyone. She is a very ............. (self) person.

7 The Prime Minister delivered a ............ . (passion) speech.

8 You have to be a ............. (tolerate) person to teach small children. They are so active and noisy when they are in groups.

9 He smiled an ............. (irony) smile.

I O Steve lost his job and was having ............ . (finance) problems.

Adjectives ending in -fui and -/ess

Adjectives ending in -fui show that the person/thing being described has or displays that quality. a beautiful woman (indicates beauty)

Adjectives ending in -iess show that the person/thing being described doesn't have or display that quality. a useiess object (has no use)

. G Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets.

We enjoyed ou r holiday at the lake very much. We stayed in a ............. ( delight) little cottage in the woods.

941 Further Practice Section

2 The doctor promised me I would not feel anythin and the needle would be ............. (pain).

3 The runners were ............. (thank) for th water stations throughout the race.

4 He always follows the rules of the road. He is ............. (care) driver.

5 You must be cautious when you take medicatior Some can be ............. (harm) if you don· follow the directions properly.

6 I have known Kate since we were young. She is m most ............. (faith) friend.

7 Sometimes I feel ............. (help) in countri1 that I do not speak the language.

8 Kate is a tall strong basketball player. She is th most ............. (power) athlete on our tearr

9 You need to add more salt to the soup. lt is ver . ............ (taste).

I O The flowers are lovely. lt was so ........... . (thought) of you to remember me today.

FormingAdjectives with a Negative Meanin;

Negative adjectives are often formed with the prefix un able - unab/e (not able) Other prefixes commonly used to make negative form are: in- (inconsistent); im- (impossible); il- (illogica/); ir (irrelevant); dis- (disused); mis- (mistaken); non- (non-stofJ. anti- (antiseptic); ovel"- (overcrowded)

}1 Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets.

The car was bouncing up and down as we drov along the back road. The surface was .......... . (even) and full of holes.

2 Tom didn't even say goodbye. I can't believe hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( considerate) h e was.

3 Don't believe him. 1-fe is so ............ (honest:

4 The information was inaccurate and .......... . (leading).

5 After you handle raw meat, you should wash you hands with . . . . . . . . . . . . (bacterial) soap.

6 You can't count on him. He's so .............. . ( responsible ).

7 Unfortunately, almost ali of her answers wer ............ ( correct) so she failed the exam.

8 I can't come to the party. l'm afraid it's simpl ............ (possible) .

9 No one liked the meat dish. The plate of food wa left ............ (touched) on the table.

I O Martha tends to ............ (spend) her mone on unnecessary things.

Further Practice Section

Use the word given in capitais at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap.

O Don't trust Sally. She is dishonest.

I The report must be handed in by the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . day of the month.

2 Extreme sports have increased in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in recent years.

3 I was surprised he lost his temper as it is so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . him.

4 She made her first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on the stage over fifty years ago.

5 The cinema was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . destroyed by the fire.

6 Thomas Edison was a world famous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 The new designs are a huge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on the previous ones.

8 Anna is shy and feels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in large crowds of people.

9 The resort is always full at the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the tourist season.

I O The company is increasing ........................... of its most popular car model.

li Hundreds of .................................. took part in the cross-country race.

12 lt wasn't a very ........................................ job but at least it paid well.

13 The minister said it was .................. to tell when the economy would recover.

14 James claimed his refusal was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a matter of principie.

15 lt's easy to get around ................................ London on the underground.

16 The forest fire forced many . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to flee their homes.

17 This tourist agency .......................................... in adventure holidays.

18 Lucy wears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scarves to brighten up her outfits.

19 One of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the disease is loss of physical strength.

20 Under the circumstances, I had no . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . but to accept his offer.

21 They carne to an ............................................. that suited everyone.

22 The new media player will be on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at the end of the year.

23 I have been a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of jazz music since my early teens.

24 He looked back on his .............................. as the happiest years of his life.

25 She tried on ............................. styles of shoes until she found one she liked.

26 Ali health experts agree on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of a balanced diet.

27 The rapid ........................... of tourism has boosted the country's economy.

28 More than a .................................. of the population lives in rural areas.

29 She called the company to enquire about the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for the job.

30 Weightlifting is a good way to increase muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31 Despite being over eighty, she is very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for her age.

32 The key to a good story is to build up the .................................. slowly.

33 His arrival was .................................. , so we were surprised to see him.

34 My mother warned me not to talk to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35 Her favourite Hollywood ...................................... is 'West Side Story'.

36 He is ........................ working on an environmental project for the summer.

37 You need to be ...................................... if you want to succeed in life.

38 Although Sam is a .......................... foo.tballer, he doesn't earn a lot of money.

39 The young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . were very excited on the first night of the show.

40 We spent an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . morning wandering round the city.

41 He has a ................................ to be toa strict with his students at times.

42 Many people are ........................... of the dangers of swimming after eating.

HONEST

SEVEN

POPULAR

LIKE

APPEAR

COMPLETE

INVENT

IM PROVE

COMFORT

HIGH

PRODUCE

CYCLE

EXCITE

POSSIBLE

BASIC

CENTRE

RESIDE

SPECIAL

COLOU R

CHARACTER

CHOOSE

ARRANGE

SELL

LOVE

CHILD

VARY

IMPORTANT

GROW

THREE

REQUIRE

STRONG

' ENERGY

EXCITE

EXPECT

STRANGE

MUSIC

CURRENT

AMBITION

PROFESSION

PERFORM

ENJOY

TEND

AWARE

Further Practice Section 195

li !

I

Further Practice Section

43 He was arrested for being in ............................... of a dangerous weapon.

44 l'm tired of hearing Alex boast about how . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . he is.

45 The restaurant had a huge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of desserts to choose from.

46 The school employs only native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to teach foreign languages.

47 You could . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . improve your music skills with regular practice.

48 The police have no . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the suspect's whereabouts.

49 Jane says she has mixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about starting her new job.

50 Yitamin C is not as .............................. against colds as was once thought.

5 I H e got the job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of his lack of experience.

52 Sir Francis Drake was a ........................................... English explorer.

53 You can ask the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for help in finding the books you want.

54 Helen is proud of her . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . collection of antique furniture.

55 The details are .................................... , it's the main point that matters!

56 Which . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . has made your life easier?

57 Some people find learning languages .................................... easy to do.

58 The previous .............................. had beautifully restored the old cottage.

59 A good teacher gives clear ....................................... to their students.

60 Please put your . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at the bottom of the application form.

61 Clara likes clothes that are both . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and practical.

62 The classes at this gym cater to ali leveis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63 She is more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about the subject than anyone in the country.

64 You don't have to have a lot of money to buy .............................. clothes.

65 Julia was very pleased her dinner party was such a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66 British Airways flies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . non-stop to New York from London.

6 7 Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . were shocked by the DJ's rude comments.

68 The street artist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . drew the child's portrait.

69 Ali the useful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is provided to the user.

70 lt's very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for Simon to be in such a bad mood.

71 She has a very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . outlook on life and is always smiling.

72 Engineers are working on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of a new kind of car engine.

73 John laves to visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cities.

7 4 As a manager, you need to have the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to organise people.

75 There will be an ............................ course on safety at work this Saturday.

76 lf your job doesn't give you .......................... , you should find anothe! one.

77 Most of the people in my language class are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

78 I like this place because it is very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and quiet.

79 lt was quite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of Sophie to go away on holiday alone.

80 The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Scotland was truly breathtaking.

81 He was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dismissed from his job.

82 Severa! people were treated for minar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . after the accident.

83 The film received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reviews from the critics.

84 The fast-flowing river is toa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to swim in.

85 My husband is very good at mending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pottery.

86 lt is not healthy to lose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in a short space of time.

87 We got lots of ................................. while on holiday on a Greek island.

88 l'm afraid the food at that restaurant isn't ................................... good.

961 Further Practice Section

POSSESS

SUCCEED

SELECT

SPEAK

EASY

KNOW

FEEL

EFFECT

REGARD

FAME

LIBRARY

V ALUE

IMPORTANCE

INVENT

RELATIVE

OWN

EXPLAIN

SIGN

ATTRACT

FIT

KNOW

FASHION

SUCCEED

DAY

LISTEN

SKILL

INFORM

USUAL

CHEER

DEVELOP

HISTORY

ABLE

INSTRUCT

SATISFY

BEGIN

PEACE

ADVENTURE

SCENE

F AIR

INJURE

DISAPPOINT

DANGER

BREAK

WEIGH

RELAX

PARTICULAR

Further Practice Section

89 Children should not eat .......................................... foods like crisps.

90 lf you are thinking of ............................. your stereo, I know a good shop.

91 A lot of important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . were made at the meeting.

92 From modest ................................ , she went on to become a great star.

93 You should sum up your main points in the ............................ of the essay.

94 The .................................. to the island on the ferry only took an hour.

95 He has the ................................. of ali who have ever worked with him.

96 I was surprised by ali the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the story got in the news.

97 We would like to thank everyone who made a ....................... to the charity.

98 lt is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that motivates us to gain knowledge.

99 Rubbish on the streets is a common ................................ in most cities.

I 00 Many people ......................... believe that money is the route to happiness.

I O I Country life is great, healthy and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I 02 I will not tolerate bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in my classroom.

I 03 lt was not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for children to work long hours in Victorian times.

I 04 The fire destroyed their home as well as ali their . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I OS Mike has no . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of going to the school reunion.

I 06 Trisha spent a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amount of money on ai r travei last year.

I 07 The album had some . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . success in the USA

I 08 lt was .................................................. cold at the top of the h i li.

I 09 The earthquake generated one of the most . . . . . . . . . . . . . tsunamis to strike the area.

I I O The government must give more money for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . research.

I I I Put an end to her . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and tell her what the secret is.

I 12 When you're seated ........................................... , 1'11 begin the story.

I I 3 France attracts thousands of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . every year.

I 14 The police are appealing for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . information.

I I S The people here are known for their ........................... , . . . and hospitality.

I 16 Doctors work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hours because they are on call day and night.

I 17 The storm caused flooding in many ........................................ towns.

I 18 He is not afraid to express his . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with the government's actions.

I 19 The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . crisis is leading to mass unemployment.

120 The rapid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the company has surprised its rivais.

121 He began looking for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as soon as he left school.

122 The noise in the office is ruining my . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

123 He had a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . career as a diplomat.

124 The river has been found to contain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chemicals.

125 The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the factory will mean more jobs for local people.

126 The family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sits down together for Sunday dinner.

127 The restaurant said that ....................... have to be made a week in advance.

128 The cornerstone of democracy is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of speech.

129 Nane of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . she sent her book to were interested in it.

130 You need a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . diction·ary when learning a foreign language.

131 lf I O am is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for you, we can reschedule the meeting.

132 He tried to hide his ............................... but you could see it on his face.

133 This region of France produces a wide ....... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . . . . . . of cheeses.

134 They serve many . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from the Mediterranean region.

HEALTH

REPLACE

DECIDE

BEGIN

CONCLUDE

CROSS

ADMIRE

PUBLIC

CONTRIBUTE

CURIOUS

SEE

MISTAKEN

PEACE

BEHAVE

COMMON

POSSESS

INTEND

CONSIDER

COMMERCE

BITTER

DESTROY

SCIENCE

SUFFER

COMFORT

TOUR

ADDITION

WARM

REGULAR

COAST

DISAGREE

ECONOMY

GROW

EMPLOY

CONCENTRATE

REMARK

INDUSTRY

EX PANO

USUAL

RESERVE

FREE

PUBLISH

RELY

CONVENIENT

DISAPPOINT

VARY

SPECIAL

Further Practice Section !97

, I I

I

.I

Further Practice Section

135 lt was .................. , ................. to see them again after such a long time.

136 The film was in Spanish with English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

137 Her ideas on education have remained .......................... through the years.

138 Lindsay's new film wasn't very .................................... at the box office.

139 The footballer was very ...................................... and missed the goal.

140 The government is taking emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to deal with the crisis.

141 There is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that he could sign with Manchester United.

142 The President's goal is to . . . . . . . . . . . . . quality in sales operations across the markets.

143 ............................... , he didn't manage to pass the entrance examination.

144 The winning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . receives a small cash prize.

145 We want to go to a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . island for our holiday this year.

146 We stayed at a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . little guest house in the village.

147 He had a very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . career at the university.

148 She is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . respected by her colleagues.

149 Visitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . include an amusement park and a zoo.

I 50 There is a flower show held . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in the park.

I 5 I The weather was too . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to go on the boat ri de.

I 52 His lack of qualifications made him . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for the job.

I 53 The family expected a large ......................................... at the funeral.

I 54 The police caught the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . who broke into the house.

I 55 The government has come to an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with the unions.

I 56 My time is very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so please be quick.

I 57 lt is ................................ to take out insurance before you go on holiday.

I 58 I don't have a car so l'm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on public transport to get to work.

I 59 Most teenagers are actually ............................... and palite young people.

160 The coach gives the players a lot of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . before matches.

161 She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . placed each glass next to the plates.

162 There is a high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of sunshine for the weekend.

163 South Africa has I I .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . language.

164 I bumped into him in the street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by chance.

165 Cameron had to overcome many . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in his early career.

166 lt was a ........................................ plan, but it worked well in the end.

16 7 lt has become . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . difficult to stop crime in cities.

168 We want . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to be developed in a way that benefits ever~one. 169 Ali the company's ................................... were happy with the pay rise.

170 Going to the theatre is a wonderful form of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

171 Schools are trying to increase ............................. about the environment.

172 The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the historie site has angered people around the world.

173 Most . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . agree that human activities affect the Earth's temperature.

17 4 She left him a note as a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of what h e had to do that day.

175 Please, make sure you arrive at the.station ....................... as we won't wait.

176 Sandra is very ....................................... about her exams next month.

177 I went to the restaurant on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of a friend.

178 Greenpeace is the world's leading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . organisation.

179 Many people reacted with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to the news of the tragedy.

180 Claude Monet was one of the greatest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the 19th century.

981 Further Practice Section

WONDER

TITLE

CHANGE

SUCCESS

LUCKY

ACT

POSSIBLE

SURE

FORTUNA TE

CONTEST

TROPIC

DELIGHT

IMPRESS

HIGH

ATTRACT

ANNUAL

STORM

SUIT

ATTEND

BURGLE

AGREE

LIMIT

ADVISE

DEPENO

HELP

ENCOURAGE

CARE

PROBABLE

OFFICE

PURE

DIFFICULT

RISK

INCREASE

TOURIST

EMPLOY

ENTERTAIN

AWARE

DESTROY

SCIENCE

REMI NO

PUNCTUAL

ANXIETY

RECOMMEND

ENVIRONMEN1

ANGRY

PAINT

I . __ )

• Prepositions

Fill in the correct preposition .

Nicholas was absent ............ school for more than a month.

2 Demand . . . . . . . . . . . oil has increased over the past decade.

3 Tom was really upset because Mary accused him . . . . . . . . . . . . lying.

4 Cindy is allergic . . . . . . . . . . . . cats.

5 He argues . . . . . . . . . . . . his brother ........... . politics ali the time.

6 The homeless person begged . . . . . . . . . . . . money on the street.

7 She apologised to me . . . . . . . . . . . . being late.

8 My parents don't approve . . . . . . . . . . . . smoking.

9 She arrived . . . . . . . . . . . . good time for the meeting.

I O Janet is very attached . . . . . . . . . . . . her pet cat.

I I His latest film is based . . . . . . . . . . . . the life of a woman called Monica Jay.

12 I don't believe ............ ghosts.

13 The politician was nervous upcoming election.

the

14 Philip bet 5::300 . . . . . . . . . . . . the horse which carne in last.

15 The police are warning householders to beware . . . . . . . . . . . . thieves after a series of burglaries in the area.

16 I need some advice . . . . . . . . . . . . which car to buy.

17 Don't blame Ted . . . . . . . . . . . . the accident - it's not his fault.

18 The child was bored . . . . . . . . . . . . his new toy after a few hours of playing with it.

19 Susan blames her lack of independence .......... . her mother.

20 Fred is brilliant . . . . . . . . . . . . Physics.

21 When Tom is angry, he is capable ........... . saying rude things.

22 Philip is very good . . . . . . . . . . . . solving riddles.

23 You can draw comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . life in the country and life in the city.

24 The police arrested him . . . . . . . . . . . . vandalising public property.

25 Martin complained . . . . . . . . . . . . toothache.

26 This product does not comply ........... . British safety standards.

27 I can't concentrate . . . . . . . . . . . . my studies and listen to music at the same time.

Further Practice Section

28 He is being considered . . . . . . . . . . . . the best actor nomination.

29 My parents seem fairly content . . . . . . . . . . . . my marks at school.

30 Contrary . . . . . . . . . . . . popular belief, bottled water is not always better than tap water .

3 I I couldn't get into the shop because it was crowded . . . . . . . . . . . . Christmas shoppers.

32 Steven is bad . . . . . . . . . . . . Science.

33 I don't like people who are cruel ........... . animais.

34 Robert is delighted . . . . . . . . . . . . his new car.

35 The flight to London departs ............ gate 3B at 9:00pm.

36 Mark decided to apply . . . . . . . . . . . . Scarborough Ltd . . . . . . . . . . . . the position advertised in the newspaper.

37 Ruth's grandchildren are very dear her.

38 There has been a steady decrease the number of people out of work.

39 The earthquake has caused serious damage . . . . . . . . . . . . the buildings in the area.

40 Her mother is descended . . . . . . . . . . . . British royalty.

41 The pop star was accompanied . . . . . . . . . . . . her manager.

42 The runner was disqualified . . . . . . . . . . . . the race after spraining his ankle.

43 He's always dreamt . . . . . . . . . . . . becoming a famous footballer.

44 After such a hot summer we are ali eager . . . . . . . . . . . . autumn to come.

45 Gary got engaged ........... ! his girlfriend Cathy.

46 She lost contrai of her car and crashed . ........... a tree.

47 He has been dismissed . . . . . . . . . . . . his job after 27 years of service.

48 The coach congratulated the team ........... . having won the match.

49 l'm very envious . . . . . . . . . . . . your new flat - it's beautiful.

50 Christina is married . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert.

51 He is extremely experienced remodelling houses.

52 Tim was dissatisfied . . . . . . . . . . . . the service in the restaurant so he complained to the manager.

Prepositions j99

Further Practice Section

53 She is an expert ......... ~. . Russian History.

54 Her failure to arrive ............ time for work led to her being fired.

55 Venice is famous . . . . . . . . . . . . its carnival which takes place once a year.

56 Karen is very fond ............ dogs.

57 She forgave him ............ offending her.

58 She is extremely frightened ............ spiders.

59 David is very keen ............ playing golf at the weekends.

60 Crash diets are harmful ............ one's health.

61 He hasn't heard . . . . . . . . . . . . his pen friend in China for a while.

62 The Prince ofWales is heir ............ the British throne.

63 I was very impressed . . . . . . . . . . . . his extensive knowledge of English literature.

64 She insisted . . . . . . . . . . . . having her lawyer present before signing the contract.

65 The teacher was intent . . . . . . . . . . . . helping the weak student catch up with the rest of the class.

66 Martin failed ............ pass his driving test for the second time.

67 There's no excuse . . . . . . . . . . . . her rude behaviour.

68 Sh · 1 her friend's e was very 1ea ous ........... . popularity.

69 Fiona was named ............ her grandmother.

70 That actress is notorious . . . . . . . . . . . . causing problems with her co-stars.

71 ls the surgeon going to operate ............ her tomorrow?

72 Most students object ............ wearing school uniforms.

73 I mistook you ............ Pamela- you look alike.

74 The candidate made a good impression ............ the voters after his speech.

75 He was expelled . . . . . . . . . . . . school for hitting another student.

76 She is totally unaware ............ the dangers of smoking.

77 He qualified ............ a doctor five years ago.

78 She studied law and specialises ........... . divorce cases.

79 Nobody expected her to pass her exams so they were ali surprised ............ the good news.

80 Going to the gym every day seems difficult but exercise is beneficiai ............ the long run.

81 lt's quite typical ............ him to come to work late every morning.

1 QQ I Prepositions

82 lt was so crowded . . . . . . . . . . . . the bus this morning that a woman fainted.

83 I like sitting ............ the comfort of my house instead of going out.

84 She had to use a ladder as the books on the top shelf were . . . . . . . . . . . . reach.

85 I don't have the faintest idea what to do; l'm . ........... a loss!

86 She thanked the speaker . . . . . . . . . . . . behalf of everyone in the class.

87 H e was ............ pain for a long time after the accident.

88 Nowadays most people prefer reading the news . ........... the Internet.

89 l've read a few good books lately but this was the best ............ far.

90 Their conversation was strictly ............ the record and was kept secret.

91 Some people can be very productive when they are ............ pressure.

92 . . . . . . . . . . . . the beginning of the film you are introduced to the characters.

93 She is staying with her sister . . . . . . . . . . . . the time being.

94 ............ addition to being a talented painter she is also a remarkable musician.

95 Sometimes you are offered a discount when yoL pay ............ cash.

96 The police suspect him ............ stealing the missing files.

97 His latest action film is very popular .... · · · · · · · teenagers.

98 She always takes pride ............ her children'~ achievements.

99 He prefers coffee ............ tea.

I 00 You shouldn't eat sweets since you're .... · · · · · · · a diet. I

I O 1 H e always behaves . . . . . . . . . . . . such a silly waJ that nobody respects him.

I 02 I was wrong ............ the time; the class start

at 9 not 8.

I 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . ali accounts, her performance was ' success.

1 04 After losing everything they had, they had to star . ........... scratch.

1 OS A lot of important discoveries happenec . ........... chance.

·I 06 Scientists are currently conducting researcl ............ the possible causes of the disease.

1 07 After confessing to his crime, he was sentencec ............ life imprisonment.

I 08 Everyone was shocked . . . . . . . . . . . . the tragic news of his death.

I 09 l'm afraid there is no solution ............ your problem.

li O You can't rely ............ him because he never keeps his word.

I I I Please refrain . . . . . . . . . . . . smoking in the restaurant.

I 12 My brother always takes pleasure ........... . teasing me.

I 13 Nobody knows who is responsible ........... . the arson.

I 14 Ali negotiations failed and the two countries are still ............ war.

I I 5 H e used to gamble his money and he left his family ............ debt after his death.

I 16 Life is full of surprises so don't take anything ............ granted.

I 17 His insincerity resulted ............ losing her.

I 18 Her views are similar . . . . . . . . . . . . mine; that's why we never argue.

I I 9 Red meat is rich ............ protein.

120 Her dance teacher is never pleased ........... . her performance.

121 Women spend a lot of money .......... cosmetics.

122 l'm sick . . . . . . . . . . . . helping Ann with her homework ali the time.

123 She is very sensitive . . . . . . . . . . . . other people's feelings.

124 l'm not worthy ............ such praise; I didn't do much.

125 Students' papers were piled one ............ top of the other in the professor's study.

I 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . some respects the new version of the song is better than the original one.

127 She left her briefcase ............ the top of the stairs this morning.

128 Ali her complaints were . . . . . . . . . . . . vain as nobody seemed to bother.

129 He is very proud . . . . . . . . . . . . his promotion to senior editor.

130 ............ the one hand, her job is exciting but it can be stressful toe.

13 I Women live longer than men, ............ average.

132 There's a beautiful house ............ sale in my. neighbourhood.

133 They have lived ............ the suburbs ali their life and they don't want to move to the city centre.

134 Don't read the text ............ detail; just scan it.

135 They spend their summers in a beautiful house . . . . . . . . . . . . the coast.

Further Practice Section

136 War must be avoided ............ ali costs.

I 3 7 H e felt very worried at first but ............ the end everything went well.

138 You can have a party here ............ condition that you clean up afterwards.

139 He's been ............ work for a long time now and feels depressed.

140 lt was such a sad film that the viewers were . ........... tears.

141 The main suspect has been traced and is . ........... arrest.

142 You will receive your new credit card ........... . mail.

143 . . . . . . . . . . . . the beginning I thought she was reliable but I was wrong.

144 You have to pay a deposit ............ arrival at the hotel.

145 . . . . . . . . . . . . second thoughts, l'd rather not go out with him.

146 He hasn't replied . . . . . . . . . . . . my invitation for the party yet.

147 Don't punish him; l'm sure he didn't do it . ........... purpose.

148 He's a specialist . . . . . . . . . . . . modern German literature.

149 I want to speak to you . . . . . . . . . . . . private; make sure there's nobody around.

I 50 She has very good taste ............ clothes.

I 5 I lt is impolite to stare ............ people.

I 52 That song is popular ............ people of ali ages.

I 53 Critics raved ............ the new film and gave it good reviews.

I 54 H e has the reputation ............ being a strict teacher.

I 55 lt's rude to talk ............ your mouth full.

I 56 Mary was tired ............ bein; a secretary.

I 57 Kelly suffers . . . . . . . . . . . . terrible allergies in spring and autumn.

I 58 Carmen was highly qualified . . . . . . . . . . . . the teaching position.

I 59 Which one of the sisters are you referring ............ ?

160 Steve met Mr Williams ............ chance.

161 We heard about the car accident ............ the news.

162 The police officer placed the suspect ........... . arrest.

163 l'm writing ............ regard to your previous e-mail.

I 64 My best friend and I have a lot ........... common .

Prepositions J1 01

Further Practice Section

• Phrasal Verbs

:<~ Fill in the correct particle. _L~

When is the new Harry Potter film coming . . . . . . . . ?

2 Something in the fridge is giving ........ a terrible smell.

3 I usually cut ........ the park to get to work; it's the shortest route.

4 My brother often asks me to lend him money but he always pays me . . . . . . . . .

5 The price of petrol has gane ........ three times in the last month.

6 I looked out of the window and saw Henry's car pulling ........ in the driveway.

7 Let's see if we can work . . . . . . . . a way to solve this problem.

8 I felt so tired today in class that I didn't really take ........ anything the teacher said.

9 My trainers are totally worn ........ ; 1'11 have to get some new ones.

I O Ali the students look ........ Mr Brown because he's such a good teacher.

I I A big German Shepard went ........ my little dog.

12 I think 1'11 go . . . . . . . . my essay again one more time before I hand it in.

13 I don't think Ben is cut ........ to be a waiter; he's too clumsy!

14 l've got two more exams left to do and then they'll be ........ .

15 I came ........ a terrible cold on the day of Andy's party, so I couldn't go.

16 Mrs Jenkins told us to carry . . . . . . . . our work while she spoke to the head teacher.

17 In the end the meal came ........ over f: I 00.

18 Samantha is always in a bad mood these days; she's really getting me ....... !

19 l've had this little address book for so long that it's falling ........ .

20 l've got such a busy day today; I don't know how l'm going to get ........ it.

21 I was . . . . . . . . send Alison an email when she called me.

22 The picnic went . . . . . . . . despite the terrible weather.

23 I get . . . . . . . . really well with my older sister; we never argue.

24 Alex has put . . . . . . . . a lot of weight since he started working in an office.

l 02J Phrasal Verbs

25 We set ........ for the train station at six o'clock this morning .

26 Can you help me put ........ this painting in the living roam?

27 The thief passed himself ........ an electrician in arder to get into old people's homes.

28 Don't forget to turn ........ ali the lights when you leave the house.

29 MP stands ........ 'Member of Parliament'.

30 I don't know why she's taken ........ biting her nails.

3 I David tried to take ........ the horrible things he had said to Anna, but she wouldn't forgive him.

32 There are signs ali over the park saying 'Keep ........ the Grass'.

33 I began to feel dizzy and sick and then I passed ........ on the floor.

34 I didn't ask Marge if I could stay at her house because I didn't want to put her ........ .

35 I usually clear the table, while my sister sees . ....... washing the dishes.

36 Can you look ........ your granddad on your way home and check he's okay?

37 I never get up straight away in the morning when my alarm goes . . . . . . . . .

38 Tom and Tracy were going to get married this summer but they have just broken ........ their engagement.

39 The match was called ........ due to the heavy snowstorm.

40 I simply can't do ........ my electronic organiser; I use it ali the time.

41 Richard draws heavily . . . . . . . . his teaching experience each tim~ he gives a presentation.

42 l'm trying to give ........ eating junk food.

43 Fortunately, everyone saw ........ lain's lies.

44 Put the lid on the cake tin, Brian - it'll keep ........ the flies.

45 When I phoned the shop to complain, I was put ........ to the manager.

46 Why don't we look ........ the information we need on the Internet?

47 The construction company wants to pull ....... . the old factory and build some new houses in its place.

48 The whole family went to see Doug ........ at the airport when he left to go on his trip around Asia.

49 Michelle is finding it difficult to keep ........ her schoolwork because she is working in a restaurant almost every evening.

50 The bank robbers managed to make ........ with almost f: I million.

51 Look, there's a crowd of people over there -what's going ....... ?

52 John promised to take me out for a meal to make ........ missing my birthday.

53 They let us ........ the roam after we showed them our invitation card.

54 The coach broke . . . . . . . . on the way to the airport and I nearly missed my flight.

55 I carne . . . . . . . . an interesting article in the newspaper this morning.

56 Unfortunately, only a few people turned ....... . at the meeting.

57 The police were standing ........ in case of any problems at the demonstration.

58 I ran ........ Judy on the way to the supermarket this morning.

59 Joe has to leave now- can you see him ........ ?

60 The teacher ran ........ thirty copies of the new timetable and gave one to each student.

61 Bill was let . . . . . . . . of prison after serving only three months of his sentence.

62 lf you set ........ a little money each week, you'll save quite a lot.

63 Ann carried her speech ........ well.

64 Peter arrived late at the restaurant because he got held . . . . . . . . at work.

65 When I look . . . . . . . . my childhood, I have many fond memories.

66 Sally put her failure to get the job ........ her lack of experience.

6 7 The guide told us to look ........ rare wildlife as we walked through the valley.

68 The teacher called Angie's parents to tell them that she was falling ........ with her schoolwork.

69 The rash went . . . . . . . . quickly after I took the antibiotics.

70 The new boy seemed very quiet so I chatted with him to try to draw him ........ .

71 The government have decided to do ........ the old style of exams.

72 Unfortunately, plans to build a brand new sports centre in the town have fallen . . . . . . . . .

73 Daniel didn't let ........ that he knew Jill was having a baby.

7 4 The snow is falling fast now; winter really seems to have set ........ .

Further Practíce Sectíon

75 The firefighters battled ali night to put ....... . the flames.

7 6 A small crowd of people looked . . . . . . . . at the scene of the accident.

77 Tina couldn't hold ........ her tears when she heard the terrible news.

78 As a doctor, I try to keep . . . . . . . . ali the latest developments in medicine.

79 You managed to put . . . . . . . . your ideas really well at the meeting, Greg.

80 Bill and Jean have just set ........ their own little language school.

81 Sadly, Tim's grandma passed ........ last night.

82 I suggest going for a long walk to work ........ ali the calories we just ate!

83 My English teacher is ill at the moment, so another teacher is standing ........ her.

84 The plane was unable to take . . . . . . . . on time due to the thick fog.

85 The boys were turned ........ from the night club because they were wearing jeans.

86 Fortunately, Adam's headache wore . . . . . . . . as the day went on.

87 I like the idea of installing security cameras in the school; l'm totally ........ it.

88 The burglars' trial will take place earlier now; it has been brought ........ by a month.

89 Amy's parents died when she was a baby, so she was brought . . . . . . . . by her grandparents.

90 That man over there is acting very suspiciously; l'm sure he's ........ something.

91 Why don't you come . . . . . . . . to my house tomorrow for a chat?

92 That awful noise is bringing my headache ....... . again!

93 The Second World War broke . . . . . . . . in September 1939. 1

94 Historians still argue about what or who finally brought ........ the Roman Empire.

95 lt's a situation that calls ........ serious attention.

96 Someone broke ........ my dad's office last night and stole his computer.

97 There's a good documentary ........ TV tonight.

98 Brian has come ........ a great idea for the short story competition.

99 The flowers in the garden are beginning to come ....... ; they look beautiful.

I 00 Don't cut ........ while l'm speaking; it's rude.

I O I Tom lied to us about where he had been and we ali fell ........ it.

Phrasal Verbs 11 03

Further Practice Section

I 02 My boss didn't like the report, so I had to do it

I 03 The baby's sleeping, so try to keep the noise

I 04 My grandfather used to make ........ wonderful stories to tell me when I was a child.

I OS The drama department at my school are putting . . . . . . . . a play next week.

I 06 Sarah's unusual hair style makes her stand ....... . wherever she goes.

I 07 Now children, turn ........ to the next page.

I 08 This safa takes ........ most of the living roam.

I 09 Please turn ........ the TV; it's really loud.

I I O Sandra carne . . . . . . . . a large inheritance when her parents died.

111 I can't believe Mark and Diane have broken ....... ; they've been together for ages!

I I 2 They carried . . . . . . . . some tests to see the effects of the new drug.

I 13 A young woman carne . . . . . . . . me in the park and asked me the time.

I 14 Do ........ your shoe laces or you'll trip over them.

I I 5 lf you don't pay your bill soon, you'll get your phone cut ........ .

I 16 That soap opera you like is coming . . . . . . . . in a minute!

I I 7 Don't go ........ what other people tell you; find out for yourself.

I 18 The manager drew ........ a list of the people he wanted to interview for the job.

I 19 Beth went . . . . . . . . a terrible time when her mother died.

120 I wouldn't bring that subject . . . . . . . . again with Greg if I were you!

121 lt sounds like we're . . . . . . . . a lot of rain this weekend.

122 The builders have really come ........ since last month; a few of the houses are nearly finished now.

I 23 The teacher advised me to cut a few parts . . . . . . . . of my essay.

124 She cut ........ the photos into little pieces and threw them in the bin.

I 25 Sally decided to put ali the clothes she no longer wore . . . . . . . . in a box.

126 When Simon was offered a place at university, he decided it was an opportunity he couldn't pass

127 Whenever l'm in trouble, I always turn ....... . my best friend Mick.

i· 1 041 Phrasal Verbs

128 Vicky was shaking before making her speech, but she managed to pull herself ........ before she had to go on stage.

129 Unfortunately, l've got to have a tooth taken

I 30 Dylan stood . . . . . . . . and walked towards the doar.

13 I I think 1'11 turn ........ now because I have to get up very early tomorrow morning.

132 The manager has recently taken ........ five new members of staff.

133 lt was very hot on the bus so I took ........ my jacket.

134 My mum often stands . . . . . . . . me when l'm in trouble with my dad.

135 Graham was offered the job but he turned it

136 l'm taking a day ........ work on Tuesday to take my niece to the zoo.

137 The news of the couple's marriage soon got

138 In the end, Sam's plan to go on a trip around the world didn't come ........ .

139 The police are still . . . . . . . . the gang who vandalised the school.

140 Andrea had to break the bad news about the fire ........ Amy.

141 My birthday seems to come . . . . . . . . faster and faster each year!

142 I get paid so little that I can hardly get ....... . each month.

143 Now that I have more free time, l'm thinking of taking ........ painting.

144 The terrible service at that restaurant has really put me ........ going there again.

145 I didn't really want to go to Spain with Andrew, but it turned ....... ~ one of the best holidays of my life.

146 Harry fell . . . . . . . . Lucy as soon as he first met her.

147 Philip will take ........ the company when his father retires.

148 l've been very busy today, so I haven't got ....... . to calling Phil yet.

149 The new products that the company have brought ........ seem to be quite popular.

I 50 The building of the new shopping centre brought ........ big changes in the town.

Comparatives and Supedatives

We use the comparative to compare one person or thing with another. We use the superlative to compare one person or thing with more than one person or thing of the same group. We often use than after a comparative and the before a superlative. She is yo/IJJnger dum me. She's d1e Jf<O/IJII'lgest person in the roam.

Formation of comparatives and superlatives from adjectives and adverbs:

• with one-syllable adjectives, we add -(e)r to form the comparative and -(e)st to form the superlative. large - larger - largest Note: for one syllable adjectives ending in a vowel + a consonant, we double the consonant. thin - thinner- thinnes'l:

• with two-syllable adjectives ending in -ly, -y, -w, we also add -er I -est.lively - livelier - /ivelies"i: Note: for adjectives ending in a consonant + y, we replace the -y with an -i. tidy- tidier- tidies'l:

• with other two-syllable adjectives or adjectives with more than two syllables, comparatives and superlatives are formed with more/most. comfortable - more comfortable - most comfortable

• with adverbs that have the same form as their adjectives, we add -er/-est. hard - h arder - h ardes-a:

• two-syllable or compound adverbs take more/most. carefully - more carefully - mos'l: carefully Note: dever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, pleasant, polite, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet, can form their comparatives and superlatives either with -er/-est or with more/most.

TI Choose the correct answer.

Film budgets are getting ....... as actors are paid more. A as high B the highest

C higher and higher D higher than

2 Walking to the cinema took . . . . . . . I thought it would. A as half as long C half as long B half as long as D as long as half

3 MP3 players are definitely . . . . . . . portable CD players. A best of C the better of B better than D best than

4 Cycling is ....... than parachuting. A less dangerous C the least dangerous B least dangerous D least danger

S 'Titanic' was ....... film ever made. A most profitable C the most profitable B the more profitable D more profitable

Grammar Practice Section

• Irregular forms: good - better - best I bad - worse - worst I much - more - most I little - less - least I far- farther/further- farthest/furthest I manyllots - more - most

Types of comparisons:

• (half/twice/three times) as + adjective +as (to show that two people or things are similar/different in some way).ln negative sentences we use not as/so ... as. This coat is ~s e;tpernsive !)]S that one.

• less + adjective + than (expresses the difference between two people or things). The opposite is more ... than. Tom is !ess rõd1 than his friend Tony.

• the least + adjective + of/in (compares one person or thing to two or more people or things in the same group ). The opposite is the most ..• oflin. She is 'l:he !erast hcamr:Jwork.iUJg person /'ve ever met.

• much/a lot/far/a little/a bit/slightly + comparative (expresses the degree of difference between two people or things).jaci< is sUóghtly taUier di!Cm jeremy.

• comparative and comparative (to show that something is increasing or decreasing)./t gets wcarmer auuJ wmrmer every day.

• the + comparative •.• , the + comparative (shows that two things change together, or that one thing depends on another thing). The more you study now, the Uess you wi/1 have to study at the end of the school year.

• by far + the + superlative ( emphasises the difference between one person or thing and two or more people or things in the same group). Last winter was by far iche ccoUdlesic we ever had.

6 The more you exercise, ....... you will feel. A the more good C the better B the more better D the bett

7 This designer jacket is . . . . . . . expensive item of clothing l've ever bought. A by far most C the most by far B most by far D by far the most

8 This comedian is ....... than anyone else. A much funnier C more funnier B as funny D the funniest

9 'Superman Returns' superhero film. A twice as better B twice as best

is . . . . . . . as any other

C twice as good D better twice

I O Unfortunately, l'm not finding it ....... thing to stick to this new diet. A most easy C more easy B any easier O the easiest

Grammar Module 1 /1 05

'I

Grammar Practice Section

2 Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

The meal at the restaurant was more expensive than I had expected.

as The meal at the restaurant ....... . ............ I had expected.

2 As she gets older, she becomes less energetic.

the The ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . energetic she becomes.

3 In the film business, actors are usually paid more than actresses.

well In the film business, actresses are .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . actors.

4 That car is a third of the cost of the silver one.

much The silver car costs .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that one.

5 Playing golf is not as much fun as playing tennis.

more Playing tennis .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . playing golf.

Relative Clauses

6 He would rather play footbali than basketball.

playing He prefers ..................... ..

.. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. . basketball.

7 He was the most talented of ali the actors.

than He was .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ali the actors.

8 Wouldn't you prefer to go out rather than stay in?

sooner Wouldn't you .................... . . .......................... stay in?

9 l've never had such a bad experience .

the This ............................. . l've ever had.

I O Ou r house and theirs are alike .

similar Our house ...................... . . ........................... theirs.

Relative clauses are introduced with either a relative pronoun or a relative adverb.

Relative pronouns

We use: i. who(m)/that to refer to people.

ii. which/that to refer to things. iii. whose with people, animais and objects to show

possession (instead of a possessive adjective).

• Who, which and that can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause. He's the mon (who) the police islore looking for.

• Whom can be used instead of who when it is the object of the relative clause. Whom is always used instead of who o r that after a preposition. Thot's the girl to whom the courier gove the porcel.

• Who, which and that are not omitted when they are the subject of a relative clause. The mon who is singing now is my cousin. They can be omitted when they are the object of a relative clause; that is, when there is a noun or a subject pronoun between the

relative pronoun and the verb. Louro met a frienc (wholwhomlthat) she hodn't seen for yeors.

• Whose is never omitted. That's the man whose do! chosed our cat

Relative adverbs

We use: i. when/that to refer to a time (and can be omitted)

That was the yeor (when/that) we got married. ii. where to refer to a place. The hotel where we staye.

is c/osing down. iii. why to give a reason, usualiy after the word reaso1

(why can be omitted). That's the reoson (why) I war to do this.

Note: When using whe!J! or when, we do not need preposition. The house where he grew up is bein demolished. (NOT: Tl:!e .l:Je!lse wl:lare /:!e g.Fe"' ~~~ iR ... )

ldentifying and Non-ldentifying Relative Clauses

An identifying relative clause gives necessary information essential to the meaning of the main sentence. lt is not put commas and is introduced with who, which, that, whose, where, when or the reason (why). The woman who teach• us English at school /ives next door.

A non-identifying relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence. lt is P1

in commas and is introduced with who, whom, which, whose, where or when. The womon, who is reading a newspapc seems familiar to me.

1 061 Grammar Module 1

Choose the correct answer.

The racing driver ....... crashed is now out of hospital. A which C whom B who D whose

2 Stamford is the village in ...... . grew up. A where B who

Cwhich D whose

3 'Superman Returns', . . . . . . . is the best movie l've ever seen, is now out on DVD. Awhom B which

C who D that

4 That's the referee bad decision caused us to lose the last mate h. Awho C whom B whose D which

5 Tom's poor health was the main reason ....... he gave up his job. A why C where B which D whose

6 Cornwall was the place ....... we always used to spend our holidays. A which C that B when D where

7 She is the singer . . . . . . . album really like. A that B who

C whose Dwhom

8 The stadium I used to go running has closed now. A that C where B when Dto which

9 The player . . . . . . . scored the most goals is the best player on the team. A whose C when B who D which

I O H e was a great musician by ...... . many musicians were influenced. A which C whom B where D when

li The boy ....... Mr Jones is talking to is my cousin. Awhich B whose

Cwho Dwhen

12 The hotel . . . . . . . is near the sea. A that I stayed B where I stayed C to where I stayed D which I stayed

Grammar Practice Section

Fill in the relative pronoun adding commas where necessary. Write (I) for identifying, (NI) for non-identifying and whether the relative pronoun can be omitted or not.

That's the film whichlthat I was talking about.

2 The Star stadium ............ . has been renovated is reopening tomorrow.

3 David Beckham .............. . played for United has moved abroad.

4 This film .................... .

5

is based on a true story is fascinating.

know few

as he does.

sportsmen play as well

6 My team .................. . didn't do well this year needs better players.

7 The cinema in ............... . we saw 'Pirates of the Caribbean' has one of the best sound systems.

8 The ring .................... . I bought in Paris is very expensive.

9 My neighbour ............... . son plays the drums is finally moving house.

I O The police are looking for the man ........................ . fingerprints they found on the gun.

omitted

Link column A with Column B using the correct relative pronoun/adverb.

I This is the hotel

2 That is the restaurant

3 The man

4 Tony is watching the DVD

5 The reason

6 That's the girl

7 That was the year

who

whose

which

where

when

why

a I graduated, from college.

b brother is an actor.

c we spent our honeymoon.

d is giving a speech is my uncle.

e serves Chinese food.

f he rented yesterday.

g Frank has high marks is that he studies hard.

Grammar Module 1 11 07

. I

Grammar Practice Section

We use the present simple for:

• facts and permanent states.Jane 'N•'?i"iç:; as a nurse. • general truths and laws of nature. The sun sets in the west. • habits and routines (with always, usually, etc). She

usually goes to the cinema twice a month. • timetables and programmes (in the future). His iJfane

i.ecves at ten o'c/ocl< next Friday. • sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations. Terqr

wiliis the ba/1, cnosses and Lampard scores for Chefsea. • feelings and emotions. f kwe !Viozart. f-fis music is

wonderfuf.

The time expressions we use with the present simple are: usua/ly, often, always, every day/week/monthl year etc, in the morninglafternoonlevening, at night/the weekend, on Fridays, etc

Stai:ive Verbs

We use the present continuous (to be + verb -ing):

• for actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking.jean ;s do>ing her homeworl<.

• for temporary situations. VVe cme {i;ring the (ence this \,veei<.

• for fixed arrangements in the near future. l'm gCJ>ing out with Tony tonight.

• for currently changing and developing situations. The temperature is i:Jeç;;omio~g warmer and warmer.

• with adverbs such as always to express anger or irritation at a repeated action. She is afways ·wí(ing my things.

The time expressions we use with the present continuous are: now, at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, sti/1, today, tonight, etc

Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action, and so do not usually have a continuous tense. These verbs are:

• verbs of the senses (see, hear, smell, taste, feel,look, sound, seem, appear, etc). 11our per(ume smeíls fovefy. • verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget, etc)./ l'<flow what the prob/em is. • verbs which express feelings and emotions (like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want, etc). i\licl< efljC>JIS

rock music. • some other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, cost, own, want, owe, weigh, wish, have, keep,

etc). Those jeans cosíé me a fortune.

Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses, but with a difference in meaning.

THINK f ·:;;CiJii!UÍ{ he wi/1 become a good teacher. (= believe)

HAVE She Cws a huge house. (= own, possess )

f can see the fJarf< (rom my o)'(tce. (= it is visible) I see what

TAS TE The ftsh ·:;;as'Í:es delicious. (= it is, has the flavour of)

SMELL This rase smeDis lovely. (= has the aroma)

APPEAR

They ruwe ·~C1i~11í<iung about buying a new car. (= are considering)

I íulm CiJ«JJviUJg a (antastic time. (= am experiencing) She is Cu«JJving a bath. (= is taking) They «me Cw:wiung dinner. (= are eating)

f'm seeing i\!1r Stewart at ten o'c/ock. (= am meeting)

' Sue is ·~<íJJs~ing the stew to see if it needs more fJepper. (= is testing)

She is smeUUirag the nowers. (= is sniffing)

He apperars to be going in the wrong direction. (= seems to) 1-/e is Cilfp{oeowing in a pfay at The Arts theatre. (= is performing)

FIT The jeans fit him l)er(ectly. (= are the right size)

Note:

The technician is fit~iff'Dg a new air conditioner on the wa/1. (= is attaching)

• The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses to express a specific preference. i\11y brother realfy eli11joys pfayin~ (ootba/1. (general preference) BUT í-le's erajoyiff'Dg the match very much. (specipc preference)

• The verbs look (when we refer to somebody's appearance), feel (experience a particular emotion), hurt and achE can be used in simple or continuous tenses with no difference in meaning./ feei very sad. = I am feeling very sad.

1 081 Grammar Module 1

We use the present perfect (have + past participle) for:

• an action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The emphasis is on the action, the time when it occurred is unimportant or unknown. I hrwe Wz:Jshed the car. Ann hrtJJs beeí'J W London once.

• an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with stative verbs (see above) such as be, have, like, know, etc. I hcwe ffmowiTJ the Browns for six years.

• a recently completed action. I hi(Jve ;0ainlecd the house. • personal experiences or changes. She hrtJJs J:nr~ on /ive

ki/os.

The time expressions we use with the present perfect are: for, since, already, a/ways, just, ever, never, so for, today, this week/month etc, how long, /ately, recently, sti/1 (in negations), yet, by now, etc

Grammar Practice Section

Present P.sr·fe.,::t Continuous

We use the present perfect continuous (have + been + verb -ing):

• to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present. \ri/e hcwe be.en de<e©ii"t:ri:.itng the living roam ali morning.

• for an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. lt may still be continuing or has frnished already with the result visible in the present. He's soal<ing wet because it hrfls bee;1 mil'liE1g ali moming.

• to express anger, irritation or annoyance. He has

be·.en ~rfl~{Ôl'lg my things without my permission. • for repeated actions in the past continuing to the

present. She h os lost weight becouse she hm; beetn die·~ili'lg.

The time expressions we use with the present perfect continuous are: for, since, how long, ali daylmorning/month etc, lately, recently

Note: with the verbs live, work, teach and feel we can use the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous with no difference in meaning. She !uCils wori<.edlhas !been

working os a teacher for the last eight years.

(.l Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous.

A: This is the stadium I .................. (run) in every weekend. lt's usually full.

B: lt might be busy then but nobody .......... . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . (run) here now.

2 A: .......................... (you/do) anything special tonight?

B: Yes! I . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . (go/out) for a meal with Ann. lt's her birthday.

3 A: He .......................... (have) a great reputation as an actor.

B: That's true but at the moment he .......... . ............. (have) problems with his career.

4 A: That director usually ............... (shoot) his films in the studio.

B: Not this time. The film is set in the jungle so h e . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . (shoot) it on location.

S A: I .......................... (think) of taking up snowboarding this year.

B: I ....................... (not/think) that's a very good idea!

6 A: Their son . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. (look) at an expensive pair of trainers in the shop window.

B: That's why his parents ................ · · · · · · (look) so miserable!

7 A: What ............ (you/do) on Friday night? B: Nothing special. I always . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (do)

my homework then.

8 A: What time ................................ . (the match/start)?

B: Hurry! lt ...................... (start) now!

9 A: We .................... (travei) by train to France next week

B: That's adventurous. I only .................. . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. (travei) by plane!

I O A: I . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . (hear) there's a good art exhibition at the Metropoli~n Museum this weekend. Would you like to go?

B: l'd leve to, but I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (visit) my grandparents this weekend .

I I A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/want) to come to the cinema with us tonight?

B: Sorry, I can't. I .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . (babysit) tonight.

I 2 A: Why .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . (you/smell) the pot?

B: l've washed it twice, and it still ............. . (smell) like onion.

Grammar Module 1 11 09

• I

Grammar Practice Section

7 Fill in the blanks using the present simple or the present continuous.

Dear Billy,

How are things back in England? You really should be here beca use I 1) ............................ . (have) the time o f my life in Los Angeles/ The sun 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (shine) and there 3) ............................. (not/he) a single cloud in the sky/ Not like old Manchester, eh?

I 4) ............................. (start) every day with a huge breakfast at the hotel restaurant and then I 5) ............................. (spend) a few hours walking around sightseeing. I 6) ............................ . (absolutely/ lave) the people. They are so kind and helpful/ The shopping centres are simply the best and you of all people know how much I 7) ............................. (enjoy) shopping/

Today I 8) ............................. (go) to Universal Studios for a tour. I am really looking forward to going on the Back to the Future ride/

I 9) ............................. (really/enjoy) myself but I 10) ............................. (wish) you were here as well/

Take care/ See you soon/

Sarah ~n------ -·---·•-·~----·--•••••------- -- ~----·•- .·----- •• •----~--·-- ••-•-•·- ·-----•• ,_, __ ,_:_.; _________ ~ ---·-··-·---- --·---------------· -·-···- -- ------------ .. ·-····

B Complete the sentences using the present perfect or the present perfect continuous.

A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/watch) that film ali this time?

B: Yes. lt's over three hours long.

2 A: Are you ready to go to the gym? B: Not yet. I ................................. .

(just/come) from work and I ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not/change) my clothes yet.

3 A: I ...................... (run) every London Marathon since I moved here three years ago.

B: That's very impressive. I .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not/do) anything like that.

4 A: They ............................ (use) CGI technology in that film.

B: What's CGI? I ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (never/hear) of that before.

A: Computer generated imagery - they ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (use) it for special effects

for a long time now.

S A: How long .....................•............ (you/play) the guitar?

B: Well, I ........................ (learn) for a few months now.

6 A: David Copperfield ........................ .. (perform) in our town since last week.

B: Really? I ................................... . (always/want) to see his show.

11 Q I Grammar Module 1

7 A: Why are you angry at your sister? B: She .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . (use) my things

without asking for permission.

8 A: ls Andy a good friend of yours? B: Yes, he is. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (know)

him since I was 6 years old.

9 A: The team .................. (spend) a huge amount of money on new players this year.

B: Maybe, but it ................... (not/help) their performance.

I O A: Why is ou r phone bill so high? B: Angela ........................ (make) long

distance calls for weeks now.

Choose the correct answer.

Johnny Depp . . . . . . . on location since the beginning of the month. A has been shot C has been shooting B has gone shooting D has already shot

2 Susie is a real Bond fan. She ....... the new film three times already. A is going to see B has been seeing

C goes to see D has been to see

3 I ....... water pelo in my life. A am never playing C have never been playing B have never played D never play

4 He's exhausted because he's ....... the London Marathon. A already finished B only finished

C just finished D hardly finished

S My uncle ....... to every football cup final since he was a little boy. Ais going B has been

C went D goes

6 Jeremy ....... shopping twice this week . Ais already going C goes already B has already been D has gane to

7 The referee . . . . . . . in an unusually bad mood since the match bega".What's wrong with him? A has been C is being B is D has gane

8 Brad is looking happier these days because he

A has already got promoted B has got promoted before C has been promoted D has just got promoted

9 Sean Connery ....... abroad for years now. A has lived C is living B has been to live D lives

1 O She ....... ali day; it's no wonder she's tired. A has filmed C has gane filming B has been to film D has been filming

Grammar Practice Section

J O Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple, present continuous, present perfect o r present perfect continuous.

A: How ................... (you/be) recently? B: Not too good. I broke my leg skiing so I .....

.................. (use) crutches for the last three weeks.

2 A: We .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . (go) swimming tomorrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/want) to come?

B: No thanks, I ...................... (see) my dentist in the morning.

3 A: I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not/see) your sister lately.

B: I know. She .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (work) really hard these past few weeks.

Past Simple

We use the past simple:

4 A: Your son .................... (take) his final exam tomorrow, right?

B: Yes. l'm sure he will pass because his grades .................... (really/improve) since

last year.

5 A: After school I ............................. . (usually/do) my homework and then I ..... . .................... (watch) TY.What about you? ·

B: Well, I .......................... (play) with my dog for a while and then I .............. . . .............. (have) dinner with my family.

• for an action that occurred ata definite time (stated or implied) in the past. He went to the doaor yesterday. • for actions that happened immediately after one another in the past. She got up, had breakfast and went to worl<. • for habits or states which are now finished. Mr Ferguson worked as a teacher when he was younger.

Note: Used to can also be used instead of the past simple for habits/repeated actions in the past.

The time expressions we use with the past simple are: yesterday, then, when, How /ong ago ... ?, /ast nightl weeklmonth/ year/Friday/Oaober etc, three dayslweeks etc ago, in /999, etc

Past Continuous

We use the past continuous:

• for an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action in progress (the longer action), and the past simple for the action which interrupted it (shorter action). We were doing our homework when the lights went out

• for two o r more simultaneous actions in the past. Ben was watching TV in the living room while Alice was cooking dinner. • for an action which was in progress ata stated time in the past.We don't mention when the action started o r finished.

At 8 o'c/ock yesterday, I was having a shower. • to describe the atmosphere, setting etc and to give background information to a story. The birds were singing and the

sun was shining as we were driving towards our countryhouse.

Note: When there are two past continuous forms in a sentence with the same subject, we can avoid repetition by just using the present participle (-ing form) and leaving out the verb to be. He was fixing his bike; he was listflrling to the radio. = He was fixing his bike while listening to the radio.

The time expressions we use with the past continuous are: while, as, ali morning/evening/daylweek etc

Past Perfect

We use the past perfect (had + past participle):

• for an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past. Ann had finished ironing by eight o'c/ock.

• for an action which finished in the past, and whose result was visible at a later point in the past. She hod lbroken her wrist a month ago and she sti/1 couldn't write properly.

The time expressions we use with the past perfect are: before, after, already, just, for, since, ti/1/unti/, when, by the time, never etc

Grammar Module 1 1111

I I

I

Grammar Practice Section

Past P:er'fect Continuous

We use the past perfect continuous:

• to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past, before another action or stated time in the past, usually with for or since. He 1'-lwd ibeera jogging for about an hour ibefore he go'i: home and had a shower.

• for an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past. She h(Ú}d beeU'l mal{ing a cake and her c/othes were covered in {lcwr.

The time expressions we use with the past perfect continuous are: for, since, how long, before, until etc

Time expressions to talk about the past:

ago (= back in time from now) is used with the past simple. I did my homework about an hour I(Jgo. since (= from a starting point in the past) is used with the present perfect (simple and continuous). I haven't seen her

sinc.e she moved. for (= over a period of time) is used with the present perfect (simple and continuous). They've been watching

DVDs for hours. already yet

is used in statements and questions (to show surprise).l have already written to him. f-lave you fínished writing cs8rerady? is used with the present perfect in questions and negations. /-lave you ftnished reading yet? I haven't dane the washing up yei:.

Complete the sentences using the past simple or the past continuous.

A: What ....................... . (you/do) when the phone ....................... (ring)?

B: I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (water) the plants in the garden. That's why I ....................... . (not/hear) it.

2 A: I .................... (come) by your house at 8 o'clock but you ......................... . (not/be) there.

B: Oh, l'm sorry. I .............. .

3 A:

(walk) the dog at that time.

(you/manage) to fix the car on your own?

B: No. I ................... (try) ali morning, but in the end I

(take) it to the garage.

4 A: I ..................... (write) an email to Mr Thomson when the computer ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (crash).

B: Oh, no! ...................... . .................... (you/call) • the technician to come and fix it?

S A: What ....................... . (happen) to Jill?

B: She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (fali) off her bike as she ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (go) to school.

1121 Grammar Module 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate present --·-·

and past tenses.

i : • • •' ••••-••~::... •• _.:: •• ~:. ••• ~•••• : _____ , ... ~.:•--•••••:••••••••-u•••••-•• ::· ·~·•••~••_;• •' • •''' • • •' '• • • • • • •'' • • • • • •'' '' • • •' • • • • o''' o • • • •' • •' 'o'' •' • '•

Everyone 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (hear) of the Channel Tunnel, which 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (take) passengers under the English Channel since 1994, but 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/ever/hear) of anyone swimming from England to France? Well, believe it or not, there 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) actually a sport called 'Channel Swimming', which 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (begin) in the late 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (swim) the English Channel in 21 hours and 45 minutes.

Today, many people 7) ............... (attempt) to swim this 21-mile stretch of water every year, but at least 50% 8) .............. . (not/succeed). Samantha Wilkins, only 14 years old, 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . üust/become) one of the successful ones. So how 10) ............... (she/do) it? "While I 11) .............. . (swim), I just 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (focus) on my goal and 13) ............... (not/let) myself think about feeling cold or tired! Now I 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (think) about attempting the swim again. I 15) ............... (complete) my ~rst crossing in just over 16 hours. I really 16) ............... (want) to beat that!"

Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verb in brackets.

A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/buy) an MP3 player yet? B: No. I ........................ (still/use) my old Walkman .

2 A: I love the hustle and bustle of Paris ....................... . (you/ever/go) there?

B: No, but I ......................... (plan) to go next year.

3 A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/ever/try) scuba diving? B: Yes, actually I ..................................... (take)

since last summer.

4 A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/see) him pass the finish line? B: He's not even dose. He ................................. .

(not/even/get) to the halfway point yet.

5 A: Stella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (travei) to Barcelona twice this year already.

B: Lucky her! I ............................... . (never/go) there, but I .................... . (hear) it is a beautiful city.

6 A: Why was he tired? B: Well, he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (work)

in the garden for hours.

7 A: England ................................... . (not/win) a major championship in football for over thirty years.

B: They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (train) hard at the moment but they need better players.

8 A: lt's the first time I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) to a 3D cinema.

B: Really? I .................. (come) regularly since it opened, three years ago.

9 A: Charlotte Moore .................... (sing) at the concert hall tonight.

B: I can't go. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (try) to finish that school project for two weeks now.

I O A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/see) Tom last night? B: No. He ..................... (leave) for the

airport when I arrived.

-/J_ Fill in with the present perfect or past simple -- ~ form of the verb in brackets.

A: That tennis player ......................... . (decide) to retire.

B: lt's about time. He ................... (lose) nearly ali his matches last year.

Reported Speech

Grammar Practice Section

2 A: She ................................... (be) in Rome ali this month. She's filming her new blockbuster there.

B: And she ...................... (be) in Tokyo last month. lt's a great life being an actress!

3 A: .......................... (you/see) Dennis anywhere? We were supposed to be playing tennis.

B: He ................... (leave) an hour ago.

4 A: The Chunnel .............................. . (have) some problems when it opened.

B: That's true but they ....................... . (solve) ali of them by now.

5 A: They .......................... (demolish) Wembley Stadium a few years ago.

B: Yes, but they .............................. . ( rebuild) it now.

6 A: Helio, Mrs Green. ls Lindsey there? B: "Sorry, Mark, she .................. (leave)

an h ou r ago. I think she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (go) to the supermarket.

7 A: Mr Smith ...................... (decide) to resign.

B: I know! He ................................ . (inform) the managing director of his decision yesterday.

8 A: Emily ..................... (join) the school choir yesterday.

B: No way! I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (hear) her sing and I think her voice is terrible.

Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words.We do not use quotation marks. The word that can either be used ar omitted after the introductory verb (say, tell, suggest, etc). I She said (that) she wouldn't te61 cmyone our secret.

Say -Tell

• say + no personal object. He said he was very happy. • say + to + personal object. He said to us (that) he was very happy. • tell + personal object. He toUd us he was very happy.

Expressions formed with say, tell and ask.

helio, good morning/afternoon etc, something/nothing, so, a prayer, a few words, no more, for certain/ sure,etc

the truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time, the difference, one from another, somebody one's name, somebody the way, somebody so, someone's fortune, etc

a question, a favour, the price, after somebody, the time, around, for something/somebody, etc

Grammar Module 21113

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Grammar Practice Section

Reported Statements

• In reported speech, personallpossessive pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the meaning of the sentence. Philip said, "U'm having my hair cut." Philip said (that) he was having his hair cut.

• We can report someone's words either a long time after they were said (out-of-date reporting) ora short time after they were said (up-to-date reporting).

Up-to-date reporting

The tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech.

Direct speech: David said, "/ sti/1 haven't finished it." Reported speech: David said (that) he sti/1 hasn't/hadn't finishedl it.

Out-of-date reporting

The introductory verb is in the past simple and the tenses change as follows:

-> Past Simple "My bus /eaves at 4 o'clock." He said (that) his bus /eft at 4 o'clock.

Present Continuous -> Past Continuous

"/ am playing basketba/1 this afternoon." He said (that) he was playing basketba/1 that afternoon.

Present Perfect-> Past Perfect

"/ have washed my hair." She said (that) she had washed her hair.

Past Simple -> Past Simple or Past Perfect

"/ paid no for the book." He said (that) he paidlhad paid t.20 for the book.

Past Continuous -> Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous

"/ was studying for the exam."

"/ wi/1 cal/ you tomorrow."

• Certain words and time expressions change according to the meaning as follows: now -> then, immediately today -> that day yesterday -> the day before, the previous day tomorrow -> the next/following day this week -> that week last week next week ago here

-> -> -> ->

the week before, the previous week the week after, the following week before there

come -> go bring -> take

• The verb tenses remain the same in reported speech when the introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect. Trevor has (often) said, "The system doesn't work." Trevor has (often) said (that) the system .doesn't work.

• The verb tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech when reporting a general truth or law of nature. The teacher said, "Corfu is an island." The teacher said (that) Corfu islwas an is/and.

1141 Grammar Module 2

He said that he was studyingl had been studying for the exam.

(would)

He said that he would cal/ me the next day.

Reported Questions

• Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask, inquire, wonder or the phrase want to know.

• When the direct question begins with a question word (who, where, how, when, what, etc), the reported question is introduced ")ith the same question word. "What time do shops dose, please?" (direct question) He asked me what time shops closed. (reported question)

• When the direct question begins with an auxiliary (be, do, have), ora modal verb (can, may, etc), then the reported question is introduced with if or whether. "Are there any oranges left?" (direct question) He asked me iflwhether there were any oranges left. (reported question)

• In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative.The question mark and words/phrases such as please, well, oh, etc are omitted. The verb tenses, pronouns and time expressions change as in statements. "Can you te/1 me when the next f/ight to Spain is, please?" (direct question) He asked me when the next flight to Spain was. (reported question)

Grammar Practíce Sectíon

Reported Orders

To report orders in reported speech, we use the introductory verbs order ar tell + sb + (not) to- infinitive.

Reported Commands/Requests/ Suggestions, etc

To report commands, requests, suggestions, instructions, etc, we use a special introductory verb followed by a to­infinitive, -ing form ar that-clause, depending on the introductory verb.

"Stop!" (direct arder) He ©rdleredl them to stop. (reported arder) "Don't run!" (direct arder) She ·~<IJ>Drt:ff us h"»orrc t© ri!.B!'l. (reported arder)

+ to infinitive agree *claim *demand offer

'*promise refuse *threaten

+ to-infinitive advise allow ask

1 beg command encourage

· forbid 1 invite order *remind

*warn

+ -ing form accuse sb of *admit (to)

apologise for *boast about/of

*complain (to sb) of/about *deny *insist on *suggest

+ that clause explain inform sb

"Yes, /'11/end you my MP3 player." "/'m worl<ing this weel<end." "/ want to mal<e a phone ca/1 now." "Would you lil<e me to come with you?" "/ promise 1'11 te// you." "No, I won't tal<e that." "Stop arguing or I won't /et you go out to play in the nftornr.,,n

"You should try to fase weight." "You can go out." "Piease stop mal<ing noise." "Piease, please, te/1 me." "Halt!" "You shou/d at least try it." "You cannot smol<e in the office." "Wi/1 you come to the reunion?" "Come here!" "Don't forget to checl< everything before you leave." "Don't swim on a fu/1 stomach."

"She told everyone I am a fiar." "Yes, I brol<e the window."

"/'m sorry I didn't cal/ you." "/'m an exce//ent guitar player."

"/ fee/ very exhausted." "/ didn't hit that boy!" "/ am going to tal<e you to the zoa." "Why don't we go on holiday?"

"/t is faster to go by plane." "You passed the test."

He ·agreed to lend me his MP3 player. He claimed to be worl<ing that weel<end. He demanded to mal<e a phone cal/ then. He offered to go with me. He promised to te// me. He refused to tal<e that. He threatened not to /et us go out to play in the afternoon · we didn't

He advised me to try to fase weight. He al/owed me to go out. He asl<ed me to stop mal<ing noise. He begged me to te// him. He commanded them to ha/t. He encouraged me to try it. He forbade me to smol<e in the office. He invited me to go to the reunion. He ordered me to go there. He reminded me to checl< everything before 1/eft. He warned me not to swim on a fui/ stomach.

He accused her of tel/ing everyone he was a fiar. He admitted to breakinglhaving brol<en the window. He apologised for not ca/ling her. He boasted of/about being an excellent guitar player. He complained (to me) offee/ing very exhausted. He denied hitting/ having hit that boy. He insisted on taking me to the zoa. He suggested going on ho/iday.

He explained that it was faster to go by plane. He informed me that I had passed the test.

* The verbs marked with an asterisk can also be followed by a that-clause in reported speech. 1-/e c/aimed that he didn't know about it.

• In conversation we use a mixture of statements, commands and questions.When we turn them into reported speech, we use and, as, adding that, and he/she added that, because, but, since, etc. Words such as oh!, oh dear, well, etc are omitted in reported speech. Direct: "Oh! That's a nice pai r o f jeans," Ann said to me. "They suit you perfectly." Reported: Ann said that they were a nice pai r of jeans_ and added thcri: they suited me perfectly.

Modals in Reported Speech

• Modals change as follows: will/shall _. would, can _. could (present reference)/would be able to (future reference), may -. might/could, shall _. should (asking for advice)/would (asking for information)/offer (expressing offers), must-. must/had to (obligation) (* 'must' remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction), needn't _. didn't need to/didn't have to (present reference)/wouldn't have to (future reference) .

. ~~--~-~----------------------,,.....-;

Grammar Module 21115

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Grammar Practice Section

15 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.

"l'm trying to be more health conscious," said Helen.

2 "l've already read this book," Frank said.

3 "l'm starting a new job next week," Sally said.

4 ''1'11 see you tomorrow," he said to her.

5 "The support group meets on a monthly basis," said Dr Evans.

6 "I got up early;' Tom said.

7 "I don't usually like trying new food, but 1'11 try some of that curry," said Sarah.

8 "l've booked a cooking holiday in Thailand;' Sam said.

9 "I have a surprise for you," Robert said to Jane.

I O "Malta is an island," h e said.

I I "Peter has put on a lot of weight," said Gary.

12 "I was working at eight o'clock;' said James.

13 "I don't like riding a bike through heavy traffic;' said Greg.

14 "I am going for a takeaway pizza tonight," Jill said to him.

15 "My house is not for sale," he says.

1161 Grammar Module 2

]Ó Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.

She said, "1'11 come by later:'

2 H e said, "She can start work on Monday."

3 H e said, "H e should exercise more."

4 "I may go to university to study medicine," he said.

5 He asked, "Shall I make some tea?"

6 She said, "They won't arrive on time."

7 H e asked, "When will he come?"

8 They said, "Pete must study harder."

9 He said, "Your son must be intelligent to have achieved such high grades."

I O H e said, "We must be cousins."

I I "I can't afford to buy this car," he said.

12 He said, "She needn't go to school today." . ................... .,. ......................... .

13 "Fiona needn't attend the meeting tomorrow;' he said.

14 He said, "I can cook better than my wife."

I 5 She said, "Yes, I can come to the party next weekend:' • o ••• o •••• o o o ••• o. o •••••••• o •• o o ••••••••••• o ••• o

• •••••••••• o •••• o o o. o. o •••• o. o o. o ••••••• o •• o •• 00

-:·~ Use an appropriate --.

introductory verb from the list to report the following sentences.

I apologise I~ I invite I~ I promise I I inform li complain li warn llsuggestll advise I

"You should eat more nutritious meals," she said.

She advised me to eat more nutritious meals.

2 "You always leave the window open;' she said.

3 "Let's make a curry," Tom said.

4 "l'm sorry I was late," he said.

5 "I own the best restaurant in the area," said Charles.

6 "Piease, please, help me!" he said.

7 "Would you like to come to a party with mel" he said.

8 "Don't touch the wire!" she said.

9 "Your results will come out tomorrow," he said.

I O "1'11 definitely arrive early;• she said.

Grammar Practice Section

Rewrite the following conversations in Reported Speech.

"Helio, Mrs Jones," said Dr Palmer. "What can I do for you?"

"Well, doctor," said Mrs Jones, "I want to lose some weight and I need a diet plan that I can follow."

"How much weight do you want to lose?" asked Dr Palmer.

"Fifteen pounds would be just fine," replied Mrs Jones.

"Before we start," said Dr Palmer, "I need to know if you have any health problems I should know of."

"Apart from these few extra pounds, I am perfectly healthy," replied Mrs Jones.

"Helio, Madam," said the waiter. "Are you ready to order?"

"Yes," said the woman. "I would like a steak and a Waldorf salad."

"Would you like anything to drink?" asked the waiter.

"I would like some blackcurrant juice, please," replied the woman.

"l'm sorry, Madam," said the waiter, "but we don't have any blackcurrant juice at the moment. Would you like some apple juice instead?"

"I don't like apple juice," replied the woman, ''1'11 just have some mineral water."

'

• o •••••••• o o •••• o. o •• o o. o o •• o ••••• o o. o. o ••••••••••• o. o ••

• • • • • • • o ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• o •••••••• o •••••

• o ••• o •• o •• o •••••••••••••••••• o ••• o o. o ••••• o ••••••••• o o o

••••••••• o o ••••••• o •••• o. o. o ••••• o •••••••• o ••• o •••••••••

• • • • • • • • • o o ••••••• o •••• o o ••••••••••• o. o ••• o o o. o o •• o •• o ••

• • • • • • • • • • • • o •••••••••••• o •••• o •••• o •••• o •••••••• o. o ••••

• • • • o o ••••••••••••••• o. o. o •••• o •• o o ••• o ••• o o •••• o. o o o •••

• • • o ••••• o o. o o o. o o. o o o o o o o o o. o o o o o •••• o ••••••••••••••• o o

Grammar Module 21117

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Grammar Practice Section

future Simpie

We use the future simple (will + bare infinitive) for:

• decisions made at the moment of speaking. The phone's ringing. /'UI ~GI1lswer it.

• predictions about the future, based on what we think, believe or imagine, using the verbs think, believe, expect, etc; the expressions be sure, be afraid, etc; and the adverbs probably, certainly, perhaps, etc. He wiiU probabUy come /ater on.

• promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and offers. Wi88 you heUp me with my homeworl<?

• actions, events, situations which will definitely happen in the future and which we can't contrai. Rod wm be ftfty years old in )une.

Be going to

We use be going to:

• for plans, intentions or ambitions for the future. He's goi111g -rco ibe a doctor when he ftnishes university.

• actions we have already decided to do in the near future. Laura is goi111g -rco spend her ho/idays in France.

• predictions based on what we can see or what we know, especially when there is evidence that something will happen. Look at that man with the guitar. He's going to start playing.

The time expressions we use with the future simple and be going to are: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month/year/summer etc, in a weeklmonth etc

future Continuous

We use the future continuous (will be + verb -ing):

• for actions which will be in progress at a stated future time. This time next month, 1'81/be siti:ing in a café in Paris.

• for actions which will definitely happen in the future as the result of a routine o r arrangement. We will be going to the museum at the weel<end.

• when we ask politely about someone's plans for the near future. wm you lbe wearing your new jacl<et tonight?

li9 Fill in ,;;ill or be going to.

A: You're studying maths, chemistry and biology?

B: Yes, because I ............................. . study medicine at university.

2 A: I have decided what to buyTom for his birthday.

B: Really? What .............................. . buy him, then?

3 A: Have you finished your report yet?

B: No, but l'm sure I .................... finish it on time.

1181 Grammar Module 2

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Futu re Perfçct

• We use the future perfect (will have + past particle) for actions that will have finished before a stated time in the future. We wiUU have {i111ishedl the exams by the end o{ this weel<.

The time expressions we use with the future perfect are: before, by, by then, by the time, unti//ti/1 (only in negative sentences)

future Per-fect Continuous

• We use the future perfect continuous (will have been + verb -ing) to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. The future perfect continuous is used with: by .•. for. !By the end o{ May,ji/1 wi89 have foeeuu ffivi111g here for ;'ifteen years.

Time clauses when talking about the future:

When we use words and expressions such as while, before, after, until/till, as, when, whenever, once, as soon as, as long as, by the time, etc to introduce time clauses, we use the present simple or present perfect, NOT future forms. By ·the :time we get there, the ship wi/1 have left. (NOT: íGy -::l=l:z -::ime ·::o y:iiff ;;;::·~ ~/':e;s .. .)

We also use the present simple and present perfect, NOT future forms, after words and expressions such as unless, if, suppose/supposing, in case, etc. Take an umbre//a ib'l c~Gse it mim /ater. (NOT: ... ir. ::sse lt wi!U :·:::§::;

/e~or.)

We use future forms with:

• when, when it is used as a question word. WU1e111 wm you lbe going sai/ing?

• if/whether, after expressions which show uncertainty/ ignorance etc, such as I don't know, I doubt, I wonder, l'm not sure, etc./ don't l<now whe'i:her he wiUU come or not Note: We use the present simple to refer to timetables/programmes. The fiBm s'i:ar"1:s at 1:3!ft We use the present co~inuous for a fixed arrangement in the near future. U'm seeing Tom tonight

4 A: I have three friends coming to dinner tonight.

B: Don't worry. I ............................ . help you cook.

5 A: Why do you need so much flour?

B: I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . make a pizza.

6 A: l'm so tired. l'm about to fali asleep.

B: I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . get you some coffee.

7 A: How old is your son?

B: He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be twelve next month.

8 A: Don't be late for work tomorrow. B: I promise. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be there

on time.

9 A: The meeting starts at I Iam. B: Can you tell them I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be

a little late?

I O A: I don't know how to use this computer. B: I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . show you if you like?

li A: Why do you need ali these eggs? B: I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . make a cake.

12 A: Oh no! I left my umbrella at home! B: Don't worry I ......................... give

you mine.

13 A: Look at those dark clouds. B: lt looks like it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rain.

14 A: I hear you're going to York University in September.

B: Yes, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . study law.

15 A: Why don't you tidy your roam? B: I can't. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meet John in ten

minutes, so I haven't got time.

2D Put the verbs in brackets into the - appropriate future forms. ----~-- ---~ ··--- --------- --- -~-- ·-·-

() Ã: wh~t 1) ...... -.. : . ..... -. . . . . . . {Cio) tonight?

! '

B: I 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (tidy) my roam.

A: What time 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (finish)?

B: I 4) .......... (finish) by nine o'clock. I hope.

A: Shall we go to the cinema then? The film starts

at 9:30. "-- -----· --·------ ---·-·· ---------------- ----·-·· ~--·---- ----- ------ -------- ~--·-------------------------

!nfinitive

The to-infinitive is used:

• to express purpose. He took the train to arrive early. • after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect,

hope, plan, promise, refuse, etc). They expect to start printing next week.

• after would like, would prefer, would love, etc to express a specific preference.l would prefer to go to the theatre tonight

• after adjectives which describe feelings/emotions (happy, sad, glad, etc); express willingness/ unwillingness (willing, eager, reluctant, etc); refer to a person's character (dever, kind, etc) and the adjectives lucky and fortunate. I was very happy to hear that Jennifer and Darren got married. Note: With adjectives that refer to character we ca!l also use an impersonal structure.lt was kind ofyou ~o inform me about it.

• after too/enough. lt is too windy to go kite-flying. • to talk about an unexpected event, usually with only.l

finally arrived home only to find that my house had been broken into.

Grammar Practice Section

® The-~~~~~tcf~d'di~;f~~~-H-al~o~d1) .. -.-.. :: '."~-~-=--1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (arrive) in Britain next week. This j diet, the authors claim, 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (help) you lese up to 5 kilos in just one month. Furthermore, they guarantee that by the end of the month you 3) ....................... . (reduce) your stress leveis by 50% and you

4) ...................... (feel) 100% fitter. The _,li

book 5)................... (be) available in bookshops next week.

_______ :.:/

~ ;.~~:~~e~~"' :··~~.~h . ;~ . Th~;i~~d . ~~d ~i~ 2) .......... , ...... , .. (forget) ali my problems 1

at work. I 3) . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . (sunbathe) l and the kids 4) ...... , . , ........... (swim) and we 5) ...... , .......... , (have) lots of fun. I just can't wait.

~ A: I 1) .............. {have) a party on Sunday. --\i Would you like to come? j

B: l'd love to but I can't. I 2) .............. (fly) .11 to Madrid.

A: What 3) .............. (do) tomorrow, then?

B: I think Jane 4) ............... (come) to see

me this afternoon.

A: Really? How long has she been here?

B: Well, by the end of this week she 5) ........ .

(be) here for a month.

• with it + be + adjective/noun. Ut wasn't easy to fundi a new accountant.

• after be + first/second/next/last etc. He was the Uas'l: person to tatu< at the conferenCj.

• after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, explain, decide, find out, want, want to know, etc, when they are followed by a question word. She explained how to use the vending machine. Note: why is followed by subject + verb, NOT an infinitive.l wonder why slhe didn't come to me with her problem.

• in the expressions to tell you the truth, to be honest, to sum up, to begin with, etc. To te IH you the truth, I didn't want anyone to find out. Note: lf two to-infinitives are linked by and or or, the to of the second infinitive can be omitted.l would like to go rand see the performance tonight.

Grammar Module 2 119

Grammar Practice Section

Tenses o'f the ~nfinijtive

Present: (to) read Perfect: (to) have read Present Continuous: (to) be reading Perfect Continuous: (to) have been reading

• The Present lnfinitive refers to the present or future. e.g. You are expected ·~o worff{ from 9.00 to 4.00 every weekday. • The Present Continuous lnfinitive expresses an action happening now.e.g. She seems ~o be worldng on the project at preseni. • The Perfect lnfinitive is used to show that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb. e.g. She

c/aims ·lo lj'-wve been to Austria twice. • The Perfect Continuous lnfinitive is used to emphasise the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened

before the action of the main verb. e.g. H e seems to G-i<>Jve been reQdfing ali nighi. l-lis eyes are red.

The infinitive without to is used:

• after moda! verbs. Beth C<'JQ"i ff:»Ürti)f the saxophone we/1. • after the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel. They mlilde him Ue<'Jve the building. BUT we use the to-infinitive after

be made, be heard, be seen, etc (passive form). /-/e W<'Js m<111<rffe ·~o Deowe the building. Note: When see, hear and watch are followed by an -ing form, there is no change in the passive. /-/e s<>Jw me rertJJding the email. I W<'JS seen re@ding the email.

• after had better and would rather. We /Jwd betv:er take a taxi. • help can be followed by either the to-infinitive o r the infinitive without to. She iheUped me (~o j soUve the problem.

• 1: ~ung 10rm

The -ing form is used:

• as a noun. Smoküng is not good for your health. • after certain verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, continue, deny, fancy, go (for activities), imagine, mind, miss, quit, save,

suggest, practise, consider, prevent. H e sa.oggested soUving the problem on ou r own. • after love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express general preference.jeremy Uoves e<'Jting chocolate ice-cream.

BUT for a specific preference (would like/would prefer/would love) we use a to-infinitive. • after expressions such as be busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help,

there's no point in, can't stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, etc. ü/here is Q]O poiQ"it in Ullll<i~ng to her; she is so headstrong!

• after spend, waste o r lose (time, money, etc)./-le spe~nt a lot of money ba.o)fiflilg a home cinema system. • after the preposition to with verbs and expressions such as look forward to, be used to, in addition to, object

to, prefer (doing sth to sth e/se). l-/e prefers eating at home "ito eating out. • after other prepositions. /-/e was thinl<ing of chcmging his /ook. • after the verbs hear, listen to, notice, see, watch and feel to describe an incomplete action.//heardl john ·~@Dfdng to Elaine.

(I only heard part of the conversation.) BUT we use the infinitive without to with hear, listen to, notice, see, watch and feel to describe the complete action./ ihe<Dlrdl Larry tell the story. (I heard the whole story.)

Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive and -ing form

' Some verbs can take either the to-infinitive or the -ing form with a change in meaning.

• forget + to-infinitive = (not) remember./-le forgot «:o Dock the doar.

forget + -ing form = not recall. /'// never forget living in 1-/awaii.

• remember + to infinitive = not forget. Did you rremember ·~o post the letter?

remember + -ing form = recall. I remember /hearing him say that.

• mean + to-infinitive = intend to./'m sorry, I never me<!JJQ"it to m<111ke you feel so bad. mean + -ing form = involve. /f I Jose my job, /'m afraid it wi/1 meaf11 sellif11g my car.

• regret + to-infinitive = be sorry to (normally used in the present simple with verbs such as say, tell, inform). We regrei: to if11forrm you that you have nofbeen accepted into university. regret + -ing form = feel sorry about./ regrret Uosing touch with my friends in America.

• try + to-infinitive = do one's best, attempt. She tried to teli him but he just didn't want to listen. try + -ing form = do something as an experiment. Why don't you try addiif1lg more sugar?

120 I Grammar Module 2

--n Fill in the correct form of the infinitive. _L,j

Mind the tenses.

On a diet of junk food, his health seems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. (deteriorate) daily.

2 l'm finding the work difficult but my colleagues appear .......................... (cope) easily.

3 Many people claim ...................... (see) UFOs.

4 Helen was only pretending ............... {do) her homework; she was reading comic books instead.

5 H e is too tired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (go) to the gym today.

6 He was supposed ..................... (study) for the exams but instead he was playing football with his friends.

7 He appears ........................... (train) for this match for months.

8 They made him . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (pay) for the damage.

9 Julie seems ..................... (lose) her car keys.

I O The new restaurant is supposed .............. . (open) next month but they are still looking for a chef.

li Jim has decided ...................... (accept) the job offer.

I 2 She promised ................................ . {help) us with the wedding preparations.

13 She is planning ........................ (leave) Madrid on Monday.

14 We had better .......................... (run) or we will be late.

15 He was very angry earlier but he seems ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . (calm down) now.

):J Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ~~ the infinitive or the -ing form. Mind the

tenses.

A: l'm getting colds and headaches on a regular basis. B: You'd better .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . (go)

to the doctor.

2 A: Do you know any good ways of ............ . (reduce) stress leveis?

B: l've heard that some people meditate every day.

3 A: I can't lose any weight so l've decided ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (join) a dieting club ..

B: Good idea! I lost loads of weight when I joined one.

4 A: Josh wasn't at the lesson today and the teacher was very angry.

B: He'd better ........................ (have) a good excuse or he'll be in trouble.

Grammar Practice Section

5 A: What was your cooking holiday in Thailand like? B: Great! lt was really interesting ............. .

( cook) with lots of new ingredients.

6 A: He's put on too much weight since his holidays . B: Yes. I should . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {tell)

him when I saw him yesterday.

7 A: I wish I were on holiday. B: Me too.l'd like ................... (lie) on a

sunny beach right now!

8 A: You look exhausted! B: l've just worked 15 hours without ........... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (take) a break!

9 A: Would you like to go to a Chinese restaurant tonight?

B: Not really. I would rather .................. . (go) to an ltalian restaurant.

I O A: What's that man doing? B: He seems ........................ (look) for

something in his briefcase.

li A: ls Tom in his office? B: Yes, I can hear him

on the phone. (talk)

12 A: Do you want to rent 'Sieepless in Seattle' tonight?

B: No, I can't stand ................... {watch) romantic films.

13 A: What time do you have to be home on Saturday nights?

B: My father lets me ................... (stay) out until twelve o'clock on Saturdays.

)'::) Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive ~,_) or the -ing form.

A: 1'11 never forget ...................... (meet) David Beckham .

B: Yes, but you forgot . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. (get) his autograph, didn't you?

2 A: Do you regret ....................... (lend) the money to Nick?

B: Yes. I regret ................. f (say) he's not a very trustworthy person.

3 A: Did you remember ........................ . (return) the DVDs we rented?

B: I remember ................... (take) them but I think I left them in my briefcase.

4 A: l've been trying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (get) in touch with Sharon ali day.

B: Why don't you try ................... (call) her on her mobile.

5 A: l meant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (tell) you there's a good film on TV tonight.

B: I won't watch it if it means ............... · · · (stay up) late.

Grammar Module 21121

I I

Grammar Practice Section

Summary of Functions of Modal Verbs

possibility

probability

losical assumptions

permission

necessity

Í 221 Grammar Module 2

She's able to make people /augh.

He can sti/1 be at work. (90% certain) She could be angry. (50% certain; it's possíb/e she is angry) Sal/y may be teaching. (50% certain; it's possib/e that she is teaching) You might need to come tomorrow. (40% certain; perhaps you need to come tomorrow) 8"1: is like/y that Sue wi/1 give up worl<ing. Sue is likely to give up working.

They wi/1 be in Spain tomorrow. (I 00% certa in; prediction) We should see him there. (90% certain; future only; it's probable) She ought to be in Canada by now. (90% certain; she wi/1 probably be in Canada)

He must be exhausted. (90% certain - positive; l'm sure he's exhausted) She can't be serious. (negative; l'm sure she's not serious) They couldn't be on holiday. (negative; I don't think they are on holiday)

You ccmlcan't have a party. (giving or refusing permission; informal) Could I be excused? (palite; asl<ing for permission) You may be excused. (formal; giving permission) Nlight I bring a friend to the wedding? (more formal; asl<ing for permission) l'm afraid you can'tlmustn't have visitors. (informal; refusing permission) Guests may not smoke in their rooms. (formal; refusing permission - written notice)

I must return these books soon. (I say so)

She has to finda new job. (necessity coming from outside the speaker) They've got to sei/ their caravan. (informal) The plants need watering. OR The plants need to be watered. (it's necessary) She doesn't have to/doesn't need to/ needn't /eave when they do. (it isn't necessary­absence of necessity) · We ought to reply to the invitation. (it's necessary)

H e couldlwas able to speak Japanese. (repeated action - ability in the past) We were able to go on a three-month tour of Austra/ia. (single action)

We could have had an accident (luckily we didn't)

John may have broken that vase. (perhaps he did)

Jane might have /ost our telephone number. (perhaps she has /ost it) lt was likely that she had taken the /ast train. She was lit<ely to have tal<en the /ast train.

He should have finished by now. (He has probably finished.) They ought to have started the course by now. (They have probably started the course.)

He must have won the competition. (positive; /'m sure he has won the competition) She can't have married Ted. (negative; l'm sure she didn't marry Ted) They couldn't have been friends. (negative; I don't think they were friends)

He wasn't allowed tofcouldn't board the plane. H e was allowed to see the patient. (NOT: GOOIG!)

I had to return the books to the library. (I was obliged to) She had to find a new job after she was dismissed. They had to sei/ their caravan. The plants needed watering. OR The plants needed to be watered. (it was necessary) She didn't have toldidn't need to worl< as hard as me. (it wasn't necessary for her to worl< as hard as me and she didn't- absence of necessity) She needn't have got a taxi. (it wasn't necessary for her to get a taxi but she did)

Grammar Practice Section

Summary of Functions of Moda! Verbs

advice

criticism

obligation

requests

offers

suggestions

prohibition

duty

You shoukJ try to mal<e more of an effort. (general advice; I advise you) You rcwgh·~ .,o l<eep to the speed limit. (I advise you; most people believe this) You hard better not l<eep her waiting. (lt's not a good idea; advice on a speciftc situation) §h ali/ apply for the job? ( asl<ing for advice)

She could at least wait until 5 o'c/ocl<. They should warn us. You oughi: to be more palite to her.

I must get more exercise. (I need to; I say so) I have ~o get more exercise. (l'm obliged to; the doctor says so) We ought to give more money to charity. (lt's the right thing to do, but we don't a/ways do it.)

Can I use your phone? (informal) Could U use your phone? (palite) May U mal<e a phone cal/, please? (formal) Might U borrow your pen? (very formal) Will you give me a hand? (very friendly) Would you mind helping me? (palite)

Cem 6/we do anything to help? (informal) §hall 0/we help you tidy up? (informal) Would you lil<e me to do it for you?

§hall we stop for a drinl<? 8/We can a/ways leave early. We could eat out tonight if you want.

You can't wear jeans at worl<. (you aren't al/owed to) You mustn't wa/1< on the grass. (it's forbidden) You may not ta/f< during the test. (formal)

AI/ members mwrl: fol/ow the rufes.

You should have paid more attention. (but you didn't) She ought í!:o have reserved a table. (but she didn't) lt wor.o/d have lbeen beucer if you hadn't l<ept her waiting. (but you did)

She could at least have waited until 5 o'c/ocl<. They should have warned us. (but they didn't) You ought to have been more palite to her. (lt was the right thing to do, but you didn't do it.)

I had to get more exercise because I was unfit. I had to get more exercise because I was unfit.

We ought to have given more money to charity. (lt was the right thing to do but we didn't do it.)

He could have asl<ed for advice.

They couldn't wear jeans at worl<. (they weren't al/owed to)

AI/ members had to follow the rules. People ought to live in peace. (lt's the right thing to do, but people don't do it.)

She ought to have treated us more fairly. (lt was the right thing to do but she didn't a/ways do it.)

---~------~----

)L'l Use the appropriate modals with the verbs in brackets to complete the sentences. ~-"-

You ......................... (take) my advice and get fit.

2 You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (study) for many" years to become a doctor.

3 Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) late if the traffic is bad.

4 Lucy's engagement ring is enormous; it ... · · · · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (cost) a fortune.

5 Susan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (pass) her exams if she had studied harder.

6 I .......................... (attend} a course this weekend to get my First Aid certificate.

7 There's no-one here so the staff meeting ...... . · · · · · · · · · ·· · .......................... (finish).

8 To apply for this job, you ..................... . (complete) the attached form.

Grammar Module 21123

i I' I

I I

'!

Grammar Practice Section

9 You .......................... (eat) fruit until you've washed it because of the pesticides they put on the crops.

I O ............. (have) a look at your newspaper~

I I You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (stay) in the shade, then you wouldn't have got burnt.

12 You .......................... (exercise) your dog every day to keep it fit and healthy.

13 Tom left so quickly; he . . . . . . . . . . . . (wait) until we finished eating dinner.

14 Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (speak) Spanish fluently when he was child and he lived in Spain.

I 5 Mary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . (find) a new flat after she was evicted from her old one.

~y) Complete the sentences using the words in -·~ bold. Use two to five words.

lt's forbidden to eat in the library.

not

You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . library.

2 Perhaps she will be late.

be

She ...................................... late.

3 lt isn't necessary for Jim to come to the meeting today.

h ave

Jim ...................... to the meeting today.

4 Shall I carry this bag for you?

me

Would ....................... this bag for you?

5 lt wasn't necessary for her to buy me a gift.

needn't

She

6 l'm certain it has stopped snowing now.

h ave

a gift.

lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snowing now.

7 l'm sure he isn't at home now.

be

He ...................................... now.

8 She is likely to win the competition.

that

lt is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the competition.

9 I advise you to read the contract before you sign it.

had

You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . before you sign it.

I O l'm sure John hasn't finished yet.

h ave

John ...................................... yet.

12 41 Grammar Module 2

I I Let's try doing this exercise.

we

Shall ............................ this exercise?

12 lt isn't necessary to wash the dishes.l'll do it later.

need

You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the dishes. 1'11 do it later.

I 3 They cooked more food than necessary for the dinner party.

h ave

They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so much food for the dinner party.

14 lt's possible that she has forgotten his birthday.

may

She ............................... his birthday.

15 Perhaps Daniel is at the chemist's.

could

Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the chemist's.

16 l'd better start studying for my test.

ought

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for my test.

17 l'm sure he has written his report now.

h ave

He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . his report now.

18 lt wasn't necessary for Bob to work overtime.

need

Bob overtime.

19 Alex was obliged to wear glasses because he couldn't see properly.

had

Alex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glasses because he couldn't see properly.

20 lt's necessary for you to learn how to drive.

need

You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to drive.

26 Circle the correct !..nswer.

Your acne ..... due to your unhealthy eating habits. A ought to be C would be B could be D should be

2 I . . . . . like to rely on alternative medicine for my health. A mustn't B needn't

C couldn't D wouldn't

3 You ..... go to the dentist soon. A had better C should have B ought to have D had· to

4 As it's very sunny today, you .' .... wear plenty of sunscreen when you go outside. A are likely to C will be able to B are able to D must

5 The future success of his business ..... at risk if he doesn't pay his staff more money. A would be C need be B could be D should be

6 Diane is a great cook; she ..... a curry in under I O minutes! A would make C should make B was able to make D is able to make

7 You . . . . . be so rude to the customers. A shouldn't C aren't likely to B couldn't D might not

8 You ..... ask Simon to come to the meeting. A must have C ought to B need D could have

Quite - Rather - Fairly - Pretty - Very

Grammar Practice Section

9 After qualifying, new doctors decide in which area of medicine they ..... like to specialise. A must C would B could D should

I O I can't eat that as I ..... allergic to it. A might be C must be B shall be D have to be

I I Julie would make a great office clerk if only she . .... type faster. A should C need B must D could

12 Do you ..... chew with your mouth open like that? A ought to C must B have to D need

• Quite (= fairly, to some degree) is used in favourable comments. He's OJMite good at geography. Quite is used before a/an. He's quite CJJ good footba/1 player. Quite (= completely) is used with adverbs, some verbs and adjectives such as: amazing, brilliant, certain, dreadful, different, exhausted, horrible, impossible, perfect, right, sure, true, useless, etc. l'm quite sMre she wi/1 come with us.

• Rather is used in unfavourable comments. He's rather bad at tennis. lt can also be used in favourable comments meaning "to an unusual degree". The lecture was rather interesting. (more interesting than we expected). Rather is also used with comparative degree. My MP3 player was rather more expeiTisive than yours. Rather is also used before or after a/an. lt's a rather warm summer. or /t's rat.her a warm summer.

• Fairly/Pretty are synonymous with quite and rather.They are used after a. She's a fairffylpre'i:ty good actress. • very + adj/adv of positive degree. He is very careless with his things.

27 Choose the correct word.

lt will take me pretty/rather a long time to finish painting the house.

2 Bill had a quite/pretty good reason for being late for school, as the bus had broken down.

3 We were quite/rather exhausted after we climbed to the top of the mountain.

4 Although organic foods cost pretty/quite a lot, they are probably better for your health.

5 The price of the meal was rather/quite higher than we had expected.

6 He is a pretty/quite good singer.

Be/Get used to - Used to - Would

7 lt's rather/pretty a cold day, so take a jacket with you.

8 Shirley is quite/rather bad at chess.

9 lt was quite/pretty a surprise to see them again.

I O Are you rather/quite certain 5he film doesn't start until nine o'clock?

I I The band played quite/rather better this time than at their last performance.

12 My new laptop was quite/rather more modern than his.

• Be/Get used to+ -ing form/noun/pronoun (= be/get accustomed to, be in the habit of) expresses habitual actions. He isn't Msed íto driving on the /eft. He go11: UJsed to the noise pollution

• Used to expresses past habitual actions. He UJsed to play footba/1 more when he was 20. • Would expresses past repeated actions and routines but not states. When she was 15, she wouUd go swimming every day

for an hour. (a/so: she used to go) Stative verbs are not used with "would". H e used to live in London. (NOT: Áe wsyJr:J.Gve)

Grammar Module 31125

Grammar Practice Section

2fS Put the verbs in brackets into the correct - form. .

Fiona used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (wake up) at 7 am every day.

2 My grandmother would always . . . . . . . . . ( cook) a roast dinner on Sundays.

3 My mother never had a washing machine, so she was used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . (do) the washing by hand.

4 I am not used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) spoken to so rudely!

5 I didn't use to ..... (like) fish, but now I lave it.

6 When Michael was young, he used to ......... . (go) fishing with his grandfather every Saturday.

7 Although Pete was a postman ali his life, he never got used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (get) up early in the morning.

8 I would never ............. (sleep) without the light on when I was a child.

9 When she was younger, Mary used to ......... . (be) chubby, but now she has lost a lot of weight.

I O My parents aren 't used to . . . . . . . . . . . ( stay up) late at night.

.2~ Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

I went on safari every month when I lived in Africa.

go When I lived in Africa, I ............. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on safari every month.

2 When Amy was a nurse, she used to work night shifts.

would When Amy was a nurse, ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . night shifts.

3 Paula found her job difficult at first, but now she quite likes it.

used Paula found her job difficult at first, but now ............................... it.

4 Billy lived in Egypt when he was a child.

live Billy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . when he was a child.

5 I don't think 1'11 ever find it easy to live in this noisy neighbourhood.

get I don't think 1'11 ever ................. . this noisy neighbourhood.

6 My cousins rarely go to parties any more.

used My cousins .............. :. to parties.

1261 Grammar Module 3

7 My father was in the habit of taking a long walk on Sundays.

always My father ........................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . a long walk on Sundays.

8 Dean hasn't become accustomed to the climate abroad yet.

got Dean ............................... .

the climate abroad yet.

Choose the correct item.

How are you ....... used to your new car? A get C to get B getting D to getting

2 Susan ....... have black hair, but now she's blond. A would C used to B was used D used

3 I can't get used . . . . . . . on the left-hand side of the road. A to drive C drive B driving D to driving

4 When I was younger, I . . . . . . . play football every weekend. A used B got used

C was used D would

5 He ....... hard work because he was brought up on a farm. Ais used to B used to

C gets used to D is used

6 Your dancing has improved. You didn't . . . . . . . to be so good! A would C use B was used D is used

7 When Tommy was younger, he ••••• o. live in Cana da. A got used to C would B was used to D used to

8 I ....... get used to your unusual accent! A would never 1 C will be B would always D will never

9 lt's taking me a long time to ....... speaking French. A am used to C used to B get used to D would

I O Before she started cycling, she ....... go to work by bus. A used to B got used to

C was used to D used

Grammar Practice Section --------------·----~

The definite artide the

We use the:

• with nouns when talking about something specific. Christina has got a book and a pen. The book is green and -the pen is blue.

• with nouns that are unique (~he moon, the Earth, etc). • with names of newspapers (the Times), cinemas (the

Coronet), theatres (~he Art Theatre), museums/art galleries (the Natural History), ships (the Titanic), organisations (the United Nations).

• with the names of rivers (tlhe Thames), groups of islands (tlhe Virgin fsfands), mountain ranges (the Alps), deserts (the Gobi), oceans (the fndian), canais (the Suez canal), countries when they include words such as States, Kingdom, Republic (the UK), names or nouns with of (the Houses of Parliament), in geographical terms such as the Antarctic/Arcticlequator, ~he North of frefand, the North/East/South/West.

• with the names of musical instruments and dances (~he piano, the rumba).

• with the names of families (the Smiths) and nationalities ending in -sh, -ch o r -ese (the French). Other nationalities can be used with or without the (the Egyptians/Egyptians).

• with titles (the King, the Prime Minister) BUT not with titles including a proper name (Queen Elizabeth).

• with adjectives/adverbs in the superlative form (the best book f have ever read) BUT when most is followed by a noun, it doesn't take the. Most people enjoy watching DVDs.

• with the words day, morning, afternoon and evening. lt was late in the evening when they /eft. BUT at night, at noon, at midnight, by day/night

• with historical periods/events (the fast Ice Age, the Vietnam war). BUT World War I

• with the words only, last and first (used as adjectives). She was the onfy one who didn't befieve me.

• with the words station, cinema, theatre, library, shop, coast, sea(side), beach, country(side), city, jungle, world, ground, weather. Let's go to the pari<.

]li Fill in a/an or the where necessary.

Dear Jenny,

We do not use the:

• with uncountable and plural nouns when talking about something in general. Shõps are a safe means of transport. Many people drink coffee.

• with proper nouns. Anthony works as a c/erf<. • with the names of sports, games, activities, days,

months, celebrations, colours, drinks and meals. We had dinner with the Robinsons on Saturcffay.

• with languages, unless they are followed by the word language. Bob speaks German, Spanish and IE.nglish f/uentfy. BUT The frendh language is spoken in parts ofCanada.

• with the names of countries which don't include the word State, Kingdom or Republic. Germany, Dndia, Australia. BUT there are some exceptions: the Vatican, the R.iviera.

• with the names of streets (Oxford Street, Penny Lane). BUT the M6, the A42, squares (Trafalgar Square), bridges (London Bridge) BUT the Golden Gate Bridge, parks (Hyde Pari<), railway stations (Euston, King's Cross), mountains (Mount 0/ympus), individual islands (Corfu), lakes (Lake Erie) and continents (Europe).

• with possessive adjectives or the possessive case. That is my computer.

• with the names of restaurants, shops, banks, hotels, etc which are named after the people who started them (Harrods, Mario's R.estaurant).

• with the words bed, hospital, coUege, court, prison, school, university when we refer to the purpose for which they exist. The injured boy had to be taken to hospital. BUT We went to 1J:he hospital to visit Doug/as.

• with the word work (= place of work). I must /eave worl< by f 2 o'c/ock.

• with the words home, mother, father, etc when we talk about our own home/parents.

• with by + means of transport (bus/ferryltrainlcar etc). We travelled to America by plane.

• with the names of illnesses. He's got chicken pox. BUT flu/the flu, measfes/the measles, mumpsl11:he mumps

How are you? l've just got back from spending two weeks on 1) .... west coast of 2) .... lreland. I must tell you ali about it! 3) .... Galway, where I stayed, is situated on the mouth of 4) . , .. River Shannon and faces 5) .... Atlantic Ocean. 6) .... Aran lslands nearby can be reached by 7) .... ferry. These are, in fact, the last stop in 8) . . . . Europe before you reach 9) .... United States of America! Galway is also close to some beautifullakes, including 10) ..... Lake Ross, where you can go fishing. The city has not lost its sense of tradition, and 11) .... lrish language is still spoken there. lt has both 12) . . . . university and 13) .... cathedral and is quite multi-cultural. Galway hosts an important arts festival, which I was lucky enough to go to. This takes place in venues ali over the city. When I wasn't dashing around watching pertormanêes, I was only too glad to stop at 14) .... Eyre Square, in the·centre. You can sit outside there and have 15) .... lunch or a cup of coffee. A little further out, at nearby Ballybrit, 16) .... most important sporting event of the year takes place. lt is the famous Galway Races, which are held during 17) . . . . month of Augt.ist, and should not be missed by horse lovers. 1'11 never forget my visit there, even though 18) .... weather was chilty and rainy and I had to wear 19) ..... anorak ali the time! Don't forget to get in touch soon. Lots of love, Louise

Grammar Module 31127

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Grammar Practice Section

~nversion

A. modal/auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

lt is used in the following cases:

• in questions. Can you really sing we/1?

• after the following words ar expressions, when they come at the beginning of a sentence. Seldom Only in this way Rarely Only then Little Hardly ( ever) ... when Barely No sooner ... than Nowhere (else) Not only ... but (also) Never (before) Not until Not (even) once In no way On no account ln/Under no circumstances Only by So/Such

Not since, etc.

Never (before) hrmve O seeffll such an exciting match. Nrar~ oUDilf rrli<rJ ·~hey mrmff<e rm Uo·~ of money but they (<fJJUs<O) made a good nome for themselves. §eMom <riJo we go ou'i: since I took up Spanish classes. BUT We seU<rJom go ou'i: since I took up Spanish classes. (There is no inversion because the word se/dom does not come at the beginning of the sentence.)

Note: When the expressions only after, only by, only if, only when, not until/till come at the beginning of a sentence, the inversion is in the main clause. OO?UJ! roJfícer saving money for months was she 101bUe ·~o buy a new cor. OUDUJf õfyou do what the doctor tel/s you wi86 you get we/1 soon.

• with so, neither, nor, as to express agreement. "/lave chocolate yoghurt "§o do 0." (We use "so"to agree with an affirmative statement) She was a talented artist, as W<G$ her brotherland so w101s her bro'i:her.

]~., Rewrite the sentences.

The authorities seldom pay any attention to environmental activists.

Seldom ....................................... .

l Ou r country has never seen such extreme weather conditions before.

Never before ................................. .

3 The police didn't know that the man was a thief.

Little ......................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . .. .. . . .

1281 Grammar Module 4

"Neither/Nor can 1." (We use "neither/nor" to agree with a negative statement.) "/ can't stand c/assical music." Neitheri/Nor can I.

• with should, were, had when they come at the beginning of an if-clause instead of"if". e.g. Type I: Should h e cal/, te/1 him /'// meet him at six.

(= /f he shou/d cal/ . .. ) Type 2: Were I you, I would te// her how I feel.

(=/f/ were you ... ) Type 3: Had I been told, I would have been prepared

for what would follow. (= /f I had been told ".)

B. main verb + subject

lt is used in the following cases:

• after verbs of movement or adverbial expressions of place when they come at the beginning of a sentence. Ou'i:sidle 'i:he house was <01 big pine tree. On the ch101ir lroJy <!11 crm'i:. Here comes the bus. There goes t/he trail'l. lf the subject is a pronoun, there is no inversion. Here they come. (NOT: Here Gel'l'!e tfle~'.)

Out you go. (NOT: O[,Jt ge ye&~.) • in direct speech when the subject of the

introductory verb is a noun. "I don't like this bool<," said Jimmy. (OR: ... Jimmy said.) "/'// cal/ you tomorrow," $rcJid her moi!:her. (OR: ... her mother said.) BUT "How can I help you?" she asked. (NOT: esi<ee sF!e; because the subject of the introductory verb is a pronoun.)

'

4 lf we had known how easy it is to recycle, we would have started a long time ago.

Had .......................................... .

5 As soon as I converted to solar energy, my electricity bill went down.

No sooner ................................... . . ............................................. .

6 You won't be able to reduce smog unless you reduce city-centre traffic.

Not until ..................................... .

7 Deforestation not only reduces the number of trees, but it also affects biodiversity.

Not only ..................................... .

8 You shouldn't puta metal utensil in the microwave on any account.

On no account ............................... .

9 We will reduce the risk of global warming only if we act now.

Only if ....................................... .

I O lt hasn't been this hot since the beginning of the last century.

Not since .................................... .

33 Rewrite the sentences using the word given at the beginning of the sentence.

He is so ignorant that he has never heard of Einstein.

Such ........................................ .

2 Stormchasing is so dangerous that very few people take it up as a career.

So .......................................... .

3 The weather was so bad yesterday that I just stayed at home ali day.

So .......................................... .

4 Climate change is such an important issue that we cannot afford to ignore it.

Such ........................................ .

5 Carlos speaks English so fluently that I thought he was British.

So .......................................... .

6 The visibility was so poor that we could hardly see a thing.

So .......................................... . • o o •••••••••• o •••••••• o o o •• o ••••• o o. o o o ••••••••

7 She was so anxious that she kept biting her nails.

Such ................................... · · · · · · o 00 •••• o ••••••••••••• o •••••• o •••••• o •• o ••••••••

Grammar Practice Section

8 He was so angry that he banged his fist on the table.

Such ........................................ .

9 Antarctica is so cold that no humans can live there.

So .......................................... .

I O The exam was so difficult that the students needed a month to prepare.

So .......................................... .

lc:..1_ Complete the sentences using the words in - _,_ bold. Use two to five words.

I didn't realise that my shoes were untied until I got home.

until Not ................................ . I realise that my shoes were untied.

2 The wind was howling and there was flying debris.

only Not ................................ . . . . . . . . . , but there was flying debris toa.

3 lt isn't often that we see such stormy conditions.

do Seldom ............................. .

. ................... stormy conditions.

4 He didn't expect that they would throw him a surprise party.

did Little ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . throw him a surprise party.

5 The eco-friendly car is so popular that they are increasing production.

is So .................................. . that they are increasing production.

6 The drought had only just finished when heavy rain brought floods.

had Barely .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . when heavy rain

brought floods.

7 lf I were you, l'd convert to solar1energy.

you Were ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . convert to solar energy.

8 We won't come out until the tornado has passed o ver.

will Not until the tornado ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . come out.

9 We only realise that a species is in danger when it is near extinction.

do Only when a species is .............. . · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that it is in danger.

I O The hailstorm was so violent that it broke several windows.

was So .................................. . that it broke several windows.

Grammar Module 41129

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Grammar Practice Section

11 Patricia won't cancel the trip under any circumstances.

will Under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cancel the trip.

The Passive

We form the passive with the verb to be in the appropriate tense and the past participle of the main verb. Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be used in the passive. (e.g. live does not have a passive form.)

We use the passive:

• when the person or people who do the action are unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. Jane's handbag was stolen. 0f'le don't know who stole it.) The house is being painted. (lt's unimportant who is doing it.) The criminal has been arrested. (lt's obvious that the police arrested him.)

• when the action itself is more important than the person/people who do it, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, advertisements, instructions, processes, etc. The wedding wi/1 be held on May 4th.

• when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an action, or when we refer to an unpleasant event and we do not want to say who or what is to blame. The man was beaten to death.

Changing from the active into the passive:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence

• the active verb remains in the same tense but changes into a passive form

• the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is either introduced with the preposition by or is omitted.

Subject Verb Object ACTIVE The secretary was typing an email.

~I t i Subject Verb Agent

PASSIVE An email was being typed by the secretary.

• Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be changed into the passive. Active: Monkeys live in trees. (intransitive verb) No passive form: +fees ere Uvee iR sr R'l9RI@ys,

Note: Some transitive verbs (have, exist, seem, fft, suit, resemble, lack, etc) cannot be changed into the passive. Roy has a new bike. (NOT: A RS'N si!Ee is hee sy Ray.)

• we can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly. He got injured when he was trying to climb the tree. (instead of H e was injured ... )

130 I Grammar Module 4

12 She had just finished her speech when he walked in the door.

sooner No ................................. . that he walked in the door.

• By + the agent is used to say who o r what carries out an action. With + instrument/material/ingredient is used to say what the agent used. The design was made lby Roselyn. lt was made wifdh fresh cream.

• The agent can be omitted when the subject is they, he, someone/somebody, people, one, etc. Somebody has opened the window. _,. The window h as been opened.

• The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or important person, or when it is essential to the meaning of the sentence. Jurassic Pari< was directed by Steven Spie/berg.

• With verbs which can take two objects, such as bring, tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, sell, read, offer, give, lend, etc, we can form two different passive sentences. Bob gave Jean ~owers. (aciive) Jean was given Oowers by Bob. (passive, more usual) Flowers were given to Jean by Bob. (passive, less usual)

• lf in an active sentence a preposition follows a verb, then in the passive it is placed immediately after the verb. A snake /bit Ann <DI1 the leg. Ann was lbiiJ:iJ:ero 0111

the leg by a snake. • The verbs hear, help, see and make are followed by

the bare infinitive in the active, but by the to-infinitive in the passive. She mtOJde me d/10 my homework. I W<OJS macffe iJ:o dlo my homeworl<.

• Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. The mother /et the children watch TV. _,. The children were <OJDDowed it<D watch TV.

• To ask questions in the passive, we follow the same rules as for statements, keeping in mind that the verb is in the interrogative form. /-lave they received the email yet? _,. /-las the email been received yet?

• When we want to find out who or what performed an action, the passive Cjf.Jestion form is Who/What ••• by? Who was the book written by?

• The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions. They expectt he wi/1 pass his driving test.

• subject (person) + passive verb +to inf 1-/e is expeciJ:ed to pass his driving test. (personal construction)

• lt + passive verb + that-clause lt is expectted that he wi/1 pass his driving test. (impersonal construction)

; ':_ ..

~.·::; Complete the exchanges using the correct _,_ passive form.

A: What happened at the WWF meeting yesterday? B: We . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( advise)

to adopt an animal.

2 A: How does he make money from stormchasing? B: His photographs ..................... (use)

on publicity posters.

3 A: Are most of the animais kept in captivity? B: No, some ................................. .

(release) into their natural habitat.

4 A: Who started the Rocky Mountain lnstitute? B: lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (found) by a

visionary, Amory Lovins.

5 A: Have we made any progress in helping the planet?

B: Well, greenhouse gases .................... . (reduce) considerably because of specific measures to limit pollution.

3 Ô Choose the correct answer.

Sammy ....... by the WWF for three years now. A has been employing C has been employed B is employed D is being employed

2 Hundreds of plant deforestation. A have been made B being made

species . . . . . . . extinct by

C having been made D have made

3 The scientific results . . . . . . . in the next issue of the magazine. A are published B to be published

C will be published D to publish

4 The natural habitats of many species . . . . . . . by housing developers. A is being destroyed C is destroyed B has been destroyed D have been destroyed

5 Five years from now, factory emissions ...... . reduced. A are being C will have been B have been D were being

6 The video footage Faidley took . . . . . . . on TV channels around the world. A being shown C had shown B has been shown D to be shown

7 Wangari was the first African woman ....... the Nobel peace prize. A to award C to be awarded B being awarded D having been awarded

8 Approximately two hundred volcanoes ....... in lndonesia. A are being located B are to be located

C is located D are located

Grammar Practice Section

9 In what ways can ....... informed about extreme weather conditions? A we be kept B we will keep

I O Woodland creatures through the forest. A can spot B can be spotting

C we are keeping D we have been keeping

. . . . . . . on nature walks

C can be spotted D can have spotted

:~7 Complete the sentences using the words in - bold. Use two to tive words.

Frank repaired the roof after the storm. was The roof ................... after the storm.

2 They let her leave early because she had a doctor's appointment. allowed She ....................... because she had a doctor's appointment.

3 Many people believe that eating disorders affect only teenage girls. believed lt ............................. that eating disorders affect only teenage girls.

4 The secretary will type the report. be The report ...................... secretary.

5 The teacher punished Daniel for cheating on a test. was Daniel ................ for cheating on a test.

6 A lot of people enjoy basketball. is Basketball .................. a lot of people.

7 They are opening the new shopping centre this morning. is The new shopping centre .................. . this morning.

8 They will have elected a new pre~ident by the end of the week. been A new president ....................... by the end of the week.

9 The teacher has given the students their report cards. h ave The students ............. their report cards.

I O Someone stole his bicycle last night. was

His bicycle ...................... last night.

Grammar Module 41131

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Grammar Practice Section

~;; ~, Rewrite the sentences using the personal or impersonal form.

lt is said that she donated a lot of money to charity. She is said to h ave donated a lot of money to charity.

2 The ice caps are believed to be melting at a rapid rate. lt ............................................ .

3 She is known to be one of the most active animal rights advocates. lt ............................................ .

4 Dolphins are believed to be very intelligent creatures. lt ............................................ .

5 lt is thought that the planet has been affected by global warming. The planet ................................... .

6 Linfen, in China, is said to be the world's most polluted city. lt ............................................ .

7 The giant panda is said to face an uncertain future. lt ............................................ .

8 The tanker is reported to have caused the oil spill. lt ............................................ .

9 lt is expected that they will win an award for their conservation work.

They ............................... ··· .. ·· ··· ·

I O lt is believed that he was hunting illegally. He ........................................... .

Type 0/ ~ Conditionals

Type O conditionals are used to express a general truth or a scientific fact. In this type of conditionals we can use when instead of if.

lf/When + present simple --+ present simple

Bf/When you drop something, it fa68s to the ground.

Type I conditionals are used to express a real or very probable situation in the present or future.

lf + present --+ future simple, imperative, can/ simple must/may etc + bare infinitive

Bf I go to the party, I wiWmayletc have a good time.

When the hypothesis comes before the main clause, we separate them with a comma. When the main clause comes before the if-clause, then we do not use a comma to separate them.

Note: With type I conditionals we can use unless + affirmative verb (= if + negative verb). I wi/1 not be able to come 1.m8ess it stops raining. (= if it does not stop raining, ... )

1321 Grammar Module 4

Look at the notes, then write a report using the passive.

The rural southern states of America/hit by a severe tornado yesterday. Many properties/damage and the rescue services/say to be stretched to the limit. The tornado was so strong that at one point a car/lift/ and throw against a school building. Luckily, nane of the teachers or pupils/hurt. Trees/rip up from the sides of roads and lampposts/bring down, slowing down the fire engines and ambulances considerably. Many residents/ leave homeless because of the damage and they/house at local schools for the time being. Meteorologists have admitted they/take by surprise by the phenomenon, and ways in which forecasts can/improve in the near future/hopefully find.

Type 2 and 3 Conditionals

• Type 2 conditionals (unreal in the present) are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present, and therefore are unlikely to happen in the present or the future.We can use either was or were for I, he, she, it, in the if-clause.We can also use the structure lf I were advice.

lf + past simple/past wouldlcouldlmight + present continuous --+ ~are infinitive

Uf O Umew how to do it, B would do i"l: myself. Uf Sue was worl<il'lg today, we wo«.JJBd see her. Uf U were you, B wou8d ~elff them not to interfere.

• Type 3 conditionals (unreal in the past) are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the past. They are also used to express regrets or criticism.

lf + past perfectlpast--+ wouldlcouldlmight + perfect perfect continuous bare infinitive

3f ·~hey hacl asked me, U wou8d h ave ·~okl them not to do it. ff{ J hadn'·t been working today, we wowffd i-lave done the shopping.

l .1

'ij

Mixed Condiàonals

We can form mixed conditionals, if the context permits it, by combining an if-clause from one type with a main clause from another.

C~i.Eó:@::I.t:i~ ·.. ·I ---:....·--·-~-· -·--· _. ____ _-_.::.........._j

Type 2 Type I i

/f he wenr~ to bed late /ast night, i

he '!Jcm'i: be able to get up ! {

on time today. !

Type 2 Type 3 /f you werre more care(ul, you wouffdE~'-~ i'-Ja'!e

!cwokeru your /eg. i

Type 2 I Type 3 /f h e l101di1'·i: missed the bus, h e wouidl be at worl< now. i

_j

VVishes

• We can use wish /if only to express a wish.

·< ··..:.:····"""-~"'"··-~""-~êrfr'""';~:;,..:..:TI"""'jC""'~"'~·..:.:i~_·~~:'""·· ·"--'----'-'--'--"-~-'-- • . : ;< ·.··.·._'\}[!,S@ __ ,_-.•7'"l ___ ._· .. -__ -~_ •. •.' .•. ·.· :.~-.-::>·f~~~::;;_-·.~:·-··---· __ ,_-.,;·._; .-. 21 I + past simple/ i I wish I was rich i to say that we would j J past continuous i now. (but /'m not) lfllike something to be

1

1

i ! only I were going i, different about a

li ! to the beach. (but : 1:Jresent situation I i :1' /'m not) Í I' 1:-------~--__:___ : _______ _ I + past perfect j1 wish I lrlad ! to express regret about , I {inisl<ed the j something which I I j houseworl<. (but I i happened or didn't

I 1 didn't) ! happen in the past I ltf only she C.adn'-;; I 1 ·~old me to leave

I her afane. (but she I I did) I

l-+--s-u~bJ~.e-c_t_+ ___ ' 1 li wish you would I to express:

would + bare inf.l stof} smoking. i o a palite imperative. I 'i'f only i·~ would I o a desire (or a stop raining. ! situation or person's

, i behaviour to change

IN-· • lf only is used in exactly the same way as wish but it is more emphatic or more dramatic.

• We can use were instead of was after wish and if only. I wish I werre/wrtJJs at the beach.

Note: I wish to speal< to you now (I want to ... ) ~ ~ í1 i Unreal Past- had betterlwouk1 rather

~ The Past Simple can be used to talk about imaginary, ~ unreal or improbable situations in the present, and the ~ Past Periect can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal ~ or improbable situations in the past. This is called unreal &!._~~~ Unreal Past is used as follows: ~''• -------· -----·- -.

Grammar Practice Section

Past Simple to refer to the present:

• Type 2 conditionals e.g.l( I were you, /'d ask for help. • wish/lf only e.g. I wisih he werre more patient with

children.

• l'd rather/sooner sb ... e.g. 9'd r01~!'oer h e stw:Jied more. • Suppose/Supposing e.g. SwfJffJose you were DJ:.;ff,ed

to stay bacl<, what would you do? • as if/as though e.g.l-/e behaves as i{ he were the boss. • lt's (about/high) time ... e.g. tl"i:"s -~ime we Jef~.

Past Perfect to refer to the past:

• Type 3 conditionals e.g. /f I hrt:Jd beetn more care(u/, I wouldn't have had the accident.

• wish/lf only e.g. lf ornly I lli651dll1i 9ô: told fies to my mum.

• l'd rather/sooner sb ... e.g. U'd mtherr he hadrn•t spenii: so much money yesterdoy.

• Suppose/Supposing e.g. SIJ.IíOjpose he ff'i@cff seei'J you, what would you have dane?

• as if/as though e.g. They /ooked at each other !(JJS i{ they C101d meii: before.

had better = should

• I had better + present bare infinitive (for presentl future reference) e.g. You•d beii:'i:err tal<e an aspirin.

• lt would have been better if + Past Perfect (for past reference) e.g. lt would nave been bet"l:e1· if you /had 'i:old them the truth.

would rather = l'd prefer

• When the subject of would rather is also the subject of the following verb, we use l'd rather + present bare infinitive (for present/future reference) or l'd rather + perfect bare infinitive (for past reference) e.g. l'd md1er Ue01ve now. fd mtherr Guove OJdmi'l:'l:ed taking the money.

• When the subject of would rather is different from the subject of the following verb, we use: l'd rather sb + Past Simple (for presentlfuture reference) or l'd rather sb + Past Perfect (for past reference) e.g. /'d/ rrathe!" you fpl!lt Olll the green dress tonight. /'d/ rratherr you G-Dad called me earlier.

' Note: • prefer + gerund/noun + to + gerund/noun

(general preference). e.g./ prefer swimming to skiing. • prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare

infinitive (general preference) e.g. I prefer «:o d/ress casually rrather 'i:han dress formolly.

• would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (specific preference) e.g. /'d prefer íCo

go hiking rra'i:herr thcm go horse riding. • would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare

infinitive e.g. l'd rather read tium watch TV.

Grammar Module 41133

I !

Grammar Practice Section

4!-([J) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

A: Look at ali that packaging you're throwing away! B: I know but what can I do? I wish there ..... .

............... (be) more recycling bins near here.

2 A: Sorry, I didn't come to the Greenpeace meeting last night. I couldn't make it.

B: lf I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (know) that, I ................ (change) the date.

3 A: Stockport Zoo has closed down. B: That's a shame. I wish I .................... .

(visit) it more often when it was open.

4 A: lf you .......................... (go) to the environmental conference, ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/pick up) some

brochures, please? B: Of course!

5 A: Shall I put this rubbish in the bin? B: No, if I ......................... (be) you, I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (take) it to the recycling centre.

6 A: lf I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (know) about the park clean up, ........................ (sign/up) to help.

B: Don't worry. There's going to be another one next week.

Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

She didn't get the part because she was late for the audition. would lf she hadn't been late for the audition, .................................... part.

2 You'd better cut down on salt. were lf ........................ cut down on salt.

3 I really regret not going to the conference. wish I ....................... to the conference.

4 He was driving fast so he gota speeding ticket. been lf he ...................... fast, he wouldn't have got a speeding ticket.

5 lf you don't correct him, he will mistakes. unless He will make the same mistakes

make the same

.................................... him.

6 He can't start his own business because he doesn't have enough money. would lf he ................. start his own business.

1341 Grammar Module 4

~1~' Circle the correct answer. __!. • .::...!

Should I ....... myself anywhere near a tornado, I don't know what I would do. A be finding C found B have found D find

2 Water leveis will rise if the temperature ...... . even by a tiny amount. A had increased C would increase B will increase D increases

3 As long as you •••• o •• your best, no one will criticise you. A had dane c do B were doing D were

4 lf the international community had dane more, many species ....... extinction . A might have faced B might have been faced C might not have been faced D might not have faced

5 Unless we reduce traffic, pollution leveis will ...... . to rise. A not continue C continue B be continuing D have continued

6 lf only I ....... to university when I was younger! A would go C could go B had gane D was going

7 . . . . . . . in the government, I would do more for the environment. A Would I be B Would I have been

C Were I D Willl be

8 I wish I . . . . . . . to the beach, but I have to stay at home and study. A can go B could go

C could have gane D can be going

l-}3 Rewrite the following as mixed conditionals.

We didn't recycle and now we are running out of natural resources. lfwe had recycled, we 'I'A:Juldn't be running out o( natural resources now.

2 The authorities didn't prevent the flooding on time, and now we are facing an environmental disaster.

3 She isn't a reliable worker, so she didn't get a promotion.

•• o o. o ••••• o ••• o ••••• o •••• o •••••••••••••• o. o. o.

4 The bus drivers went on strike, so l'm not using public transport at the moment. ••••• o •••••••• o. o •••••••••••••• o •••••••••• o. o o o

• •••• o ••• o •• o ••• o •• 00 •• o ••• o •• o ••••••• o •••• o •• o

5 She walked 20 kilometres, so her feet are sare now. • •• o ••••• o •• o •• o o •••••••• o. o ••• o •••••• o ••• o •• o.

• o •••••••• o o ••••••••••••• o •• o ••••••••••••••••••

-~ Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

I A: I wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (know) you were free last weekend. We could have gane out somewhere together.

B: Oh, that .................. (be) nice!

2 A: I would lave to swim with dolphins. lt is said to be an amazing experience.

B: Yeah. That would be fantastic. lf only we ..... ................ (swim) with them right now!

3 A: Sorry, what did you say? B: Oh, I wish you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (pay) more

attention when l'm speaking to you!

4 A: Over 3/4 of the rubbish people throw out could be recycled.

B: I know. lf only more people ................ . (realise) that!

S A: lt's pouring down. We're going to get soaked. B: I wish I .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (bring) my

umbrella with me.

6 A: l'm going to buy Tim the 'Happy Feet' DVD for his birthday.

B: That's a great idea. I wish I ................. . (think) of it.

n -~ Circle the correct answer. ~_i-_J

lf we take care of our planet, our planet ...... . care of us. A take C will take B has taken O will be taking

2 lf people used public transport more, there ...... . less pollution in cities. A will have C would be B was O will be having

Grammar Practice Section

3 about the 'Neighbourhood Clean-up, would have taken a day off work to take part. A I had known C Had I known B Had I been knowing O Having known

4 I don't go running ....... the weather is fine. A when C if B that O unless

S This city would be a lot more attractive if there . ...... so much litter in the streets. A didn't have C hadn't been B aren't O wasn't

6 The headmaster wishes ....... to you in his office right now. A he spoke B to speak

C he had spoken O to be speaking

7 I prefer tennis ....... basketball. A than C to B rather O from

8 lf he hadn't been late, he ....... the new boss. A had seen C would have seen B would be seeing O will be seeing

9 I wish people . . . . . . . more to help protect the environment. A should do B can be doing

C should have done O would do

I O l'd rather eat out . . . . . . . cook. A from C than B only O to

r··· -· ---------------1

I There- it I

I

' • There + be is used to mention sth for the first time ar to say that sb ar sth exists. Tfhere are a lot of people at my party.

• lt + be ... to-inf I that clause is used to begin a sentence. Ut's so nice to see you again. lt is also used for distance, temperature, weather and in the following expressions: lt appears/seems that, lt looks like, lt is said that, lt doesn't matter, etc. Ut Dooks Oike it is going to be a warm day.

• Note: There's no point in/lt's pointless + -ing form. There's no point in/8t's pointless trying to change his mind.

L ___ -------------------------------------- ---

_{l h Fill in: there or it. s_

' t h I d are lots of ........ s a grea se ao an ....... . after-school clubs.

2 ........ 's a good documentary on in a while; do you want to watch it?

3 . . . . . . . . are ways in which we can ali help to reduce crime.

4 Are . . . . . . . . any good films on at the cinema? ........ 's a good night to go out.

Grammar Module 51135

Grammar Practice Section

5 ........ are many advantages to nanotechnology but ........ still needs a lot of research.

6 ..... seems that someone has broken into Ann's flat.

7 ........ 's pointless trying to talk to Tim; he's in a really bad mood.

8 . . . . . . . . looks easy to operate but . . . . . . . . are always hidden problems.

9 ls . . . . a good thing to rely on technology so much?

I O That's a great thriller; ........ will have you on the edge of your seat!

4-7 Fill in the blanks with it or there.

A: ........ 's a pity you're working this weekend. B: I know, but ........ 's nothing I can do about it.

2 A: ls ........ cloudy outside? B: No, ........ looks like it's going to be a nice day.

AII/Both/Neither/None/Whole/Either/Every

3 A: ........... 's been months since I had an email from Peter.

B: Really? I hope ........ 's nothing wrong.

4 A: l'm afraid ........ isn't any paper left for the printer.

B: ........ doesn't matter.l'll buy some more.

5 A: ........ were so many people at the Internet café!

B: l'm not surprised ......... seems to be busy ali the time.

6 A: ........ 's easy for criminais to steal your identity.

B: Yes, but . . . . . . . . are things you can do to protect yourself.

7 A: The Internet is slow again; ........ 's so annoying! B: ........ 's time we got a faster connection!

8 A: . . . . . . . . was very good of you to fix my computer for me.

B: Oh, ........ was a pleasure!

• Ali refers to more than two people, things or groups.lt is followed by a plural verb. A.UI ofthem are interesting bool<s. lt can go after the verb to be, They are ali very happy about the family reunion, or after an auxiliary verb, but before the main verb. They have ali gone away. They ali enjoyed the party. Ali can be followed by daylmorning/weeklyear. He has been lying in bed ali day.

• Both/AII can go: a) after the verb to be, They are alllboth excited. They were lboth ali tired. or b) after an auxiliary verb but before the main verb. They both left early. They have both/all failed their exams.

• Both ( ... and) refers to two people, things or groups.lt has a positive meaning and is followed by a plural verb./Boith Jim and Ben speak Chinese fluently.

• Neither ( ... or) refers to two people, things or groups. lt has a negative meaning and is followed by a singular verb in the affirmative. Neither composition is descriptive enough. Neither john nor Peter is coming. Neither of + plural noun phrase can be followed by either a singular or plural verb in the affirmative. Neither of the films are box-office hits.lis a box-office hit

• None of refers to more than two people, groups o r things and has a negative meaning. lt is used with nouns or object pronouns and is followed by either a singular or a plural verb. None of the guests islare here yet.

• Whole is used with countable nouns. /t took me an hour to read the whole essay. • Either ( ... or) refers to two people o r things and means any one of two. IE.ither Tom o r Paul is coming with us. • Every is used with singular countable nouns. IE.very applicant has to attend an interview. • Either of + plural noun phrase can be followed by either a singular o r plural verb./E.ither of these itwo dresses suitslsuit

you. BUT Either dress suits you. 1

48 Underline the correct item.

Both/Either Johnny and Brad applied for the job but neither/none of them got it.

2 I buy all/every my clothes from designer outlets; my whole/all wardrobe is full of brand names.

3 Neither/Either of the hackers admitted to identity theft but both/either looked very guilty.

4 Sammy watched the whole/all trilogy on DVD last night and he loved every/all of it.

5 Both/Either shirts suit you and neither/either of them is expensive.

1361 Grammar Module 5

6 Renovating historie buildings is both/either time­consuming and expensive.

7 I didn't buy either/neither of the vases even though they were either/both nice.

8 Whole/Every areas of science will be transformed by nanotechnology and none/all of us will remain unaffected;

9 lnstructions are included with every/all computer and all/every items can be delivered to your door.

I O We can neither/either watch TV or go to the cinema; what do you think?

!.

Grammar Practice Section

~;- .~·· Rewrite the sentences using bo•:h ... and, neither ... no r, either ... o r, not only ... but ais o.

Steven bought a computer game and so did his friend. Both Steven and his friend bought a computer game.

2 Nicole Kidman is an actress and so is Meryl Streep.

3 Nanotechnology hasn't been fully developed and memory storage systems haven't either.

4 The film wasn't just a success at the box office, it was a success with the critics, too.

5 I have enough money to buy the MP3 player, but not the digital camera too.

Causative Form

6 Terry doesn't like football and his brother doesn't either.

7 lf you would like something to drink, I have coffee and I have tea.

8 The children use computers a lot and so do their parents.

9 Leaving a TV on standby isn't just a waste of energy, it's a waste of money too.

• We use have + object/(thing) + past participle to say that we arrange for someone to do something for us. He asked the gardener to mow the lawn. He had ~he lawlfl mown (He didn't do it himse/f The gardener did it.)

Present Simple He has i-ois c<úlr servked twice a year. Present Continuous He is having his car serviced at the moment. Past Simple He had ihis car serviced last month. Past Continuous He was having his cear serviced when his brother cal/ed. Future Simple He wiUI hCOJve his cor serviced next Monday. Future Continuous At /I o'clock tomorrow, he will be having his cor serviced. Present Perfect He h<úis j1.0st had his car serviced. Present Perfect Continuous He has bee111 having his car serviced since this morning. Past Perfect He had h<úid his ceaD" serviced before he left for holiday. Past Perfect Continuous He had been having his cor servked. lnfinitive He may have his car serviced tomorrow. -ing form His car is so o/d that there's no point in having it serviced.

• The verb "to have", used in the causative, forms its negations and questions with do/does (Present Simple) or did (Past Simple). She didn't have the dress shortened. Did he have the parce/s delivered?

• The causative form can be used instead of the passive to refer to accidents and misfortunes. He hcr:J his leg broken in the accident. (= His leg was broken in the accident.)

• Make/Have + object/(person) + bare infinitive are used to express that someone causes someone else to do something, but their meaning is slightly different. H e ma de Ann sign the contract. (H e insisted that Ann should sign the contract). He had Am1 sign the contract. (He asked Ann to sign the contract.)

• Get + object/(person) +to -inf shows that someone persuades someone else to do something. e.g. H e got Steve to move the furniture. (He persuaded Steve to move the furniture)

50 a) Rewrite the sentences using the causative form, as in the example.

The decorator is painting Julie's h ouse. )u/ie is having her house painted.

2 The hairdresser is cutting Jimmy's hair. • • • • • • • • o •••••••••••••••••••••••• o. o o. 00 ••••• o

3 Simone's mother washes ali her clothes for her. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Someone fixed his computer for him. • •••• o o •• o ••••••••••••••••••••• o •••••• o •• o •• o.

5 The mechanic is going to repair David's car tomorrow. • •••• o ........................................ .

6 Someone has delivered pizza to Norman. . ............. ······ ......................... .

Grammar Module si137

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Grammar Practice Section

b) Rewrite the sentences in the causative form, as in the example.

Does someone mow your lawn? Do you have your lawn mown?

2 Will the secretary type your letters?

3 ls someone going to install an alarm system for you?

4 ls the optician going to test his eyes today?

5 Did someone replace your broken window?

6 How many times has someone fixed your washing machine this year?

,~-,

::IJ Rephrase the following using have, make or get, as in the example.

Her husband persuaded her to wear the red dress. Her husband got her to wear the red dress.

2 She asked the shop assistant to deliver her purchases to her house.

3 Douglas insisted that his brother help him do the washing up.

4 1'11 try to persuade them to go on holiday with us.

5 Why don't you ask your brother to pick you up from the airport?

6 She is going to insist that the travei agent give her a full refund.

7 The protesters persuaded the scientists to change their minds.

8 Ann asked a babysitter to look after her baby while she was at work.

9 My father always insists that we do ou r homework before we watch TY.

1381 Grammar Module 5

I O We asked an electrician to fit ou r new oven.

Choose the correct answer.

This spring we ....... the roof retiled. A have C will have B will have had D had had

2 The heels on these shoes have worn down so I will ....... them repaired. A have had B have to have

C have been having C had been

3 Peter ....... his money stolen while he was taking money out of the cash machine. A had been having C had B was having D having

4 ....... a removal firm help you move house? A Are you having C Were you having B Have you been having D Do you get

5 How many times . . . . . . . that tyre repaired on your car? A are you having C have you had B have you been having D were you having

6 Tracy ....... the children clean up the mess. A is made C make B made D has been made

7 Alan . . . . . . . his hair cut at that hairdresser's for five years before he moved out of the area. A has been having C had been having B has had D having had

8 There was a sudden downpour while ....... the window replaced. A we had had C we had been having B we had to have D we were having

9 Our neighbours ....... new cupboards fitted and the workmen are so noisy, it's unbelievable. A are having C will be having B have D were having

I O We ....... ali ou r Ch~stmas presents professionally wrapped. A have already C always have B already were having D always were having

I I She . . . . . . . her house cleaned every week because she has no time to do the housework. A had C is having B has D having

I 2 I ....... the report tomorrow. A will be have my secretary type B my secretary will type C will have had my secretary type D will have my secretary type

Grammar Practice Section

Concession

Clauses of concession are used to express a contrast. They are introduced with the following words/phrases:

but, a/though!even though/though, in spite of/despite, however, while/whereas, yet, sti/1, nevertheless, on the other hand

• but He had a good voice but he never sang in public.

• although/even though/though + clause Even though is more emphatic than although. Though is informal and is often used in everyday speech. lt can also be put at the end of a sentence. A.Hthoughi/Even though/Though it was hot, he wore boots. He wore boots althoughleven though/though it was hot lt was hot. He wore boots, though.

• in spite of/despite + noun/-ing form Dn spite of/Despite his talent, he couldn't find a job. He couldn't find a job in spite of/rdespite his talent.

• in spite of/despite + the fact that + clause Un spite of/Despite the fac'!: thot he had talent, he couldn't get a job.

Clauses of Result

Clauses of result are used to express result. They are introduced with the following words/phrases:

as a result, therefore, consequentlylas a consequence, so, so/such ... that, etc

• as a result/therefore/consequently/as a consequence The hoJe in the ozone layer is becoming bigger and bigger. A.s a result/Thereforel Consequently/A.s a consequence the Earth's temperature is rising at an alarming rate.

• so I was feeling lonely, so I went to visit my friend. • such a/an + adjective + singular countable noun

jack is such a good singer that everybody laves him. • such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun

They were such nice people that I wi/1 never forget their kindness. lt was such heavy luggage that we had to pay excess baggage charge at the airport.

• such a lot of + plural/uncountable noun He has got such a lot of books that he has to buy a new bookcase. There was such a Hot of work to do that I couldn't finish on time.

• so + adjective/adverb She felt so embarrassed that she blushed. The thief ran so fast that nobody was able to catch him.

• so much/little + uncountable noun so many/few + plural noun There was so much smog that I couldn't see the view. /'ve got so litde money that I can't pay the rent. There were so mcmy mistakes in the book that it had to be reprinted. · He had so few plastic ci!lps that he had to go and buy more.

• however/nevertheless A comma is always used after however!nevertheless. H e /eft ear/y. However/Nevertheless, he missed the bus.

• while/whereas She is blonde, whilelwhereas her brother has dark brown hair.

• yet (formal)/still lt was )une, yet it was quite cold. My house is old. Sti8/, it is in very good condition.

• on the other hand My new house is in a safer area. On the other hond, it is much smaller than my old one.

• however/no matter how + adj/adv + subject + verb We couldn't convince him however/no matter how hard we tried.

Clauses of Purpose

Clauses of purpose are used to explain why somebody does something. They are introduced with the following words/expressions:

• to-infinitive Many phoned the doctor to make an appointment.

• in order to/soas to+ infinitive (formal) The editor requested that everyone work overtime ün order to meet the newspaper deadline.

• so that + can/will (present/future reference) Take my number so that you can cail me when you get there.

• so that + could/would (past reference) He finished his homework early so that he could go out with us.

• in case + present tense (present or future reference) Take a coat in case it ôs cold.

• in case+ past tense (past reference) She had taken her ce/1 phone in case she needed it. Note: in case is never used with will or would.

• for + noun (expresses the purpose of an action) They went to their friend's house for dinner.

• for+ -ing form (expresses the pur'pose of something ar its function) Knives are a/so used for cutting meat

• with a view to + -ing form The Richardsons saved money with a view to buying a house.

We can express negative purpose using:

• in order not to/so as not to + infinitive He made a /ist of the things h e had to buy so as not to forget anything.

• prevent + noun/pronoun (+ from) + -ing form Violent winds prevented the plane (from) departing.

Grammar Module si139

il

'I I

i 'l·

::,

I'

I

I. !:

Grammar Practice Section

53 join the sentences using the words in brackets.

She borrowed her dad's car without asking him. He was in a bad mood ali day. (as a result) She borrowed her dad's cor without asking him, and as a result he was in a bad mood ali day.

2 lt was a windy night. Some tiles blew off our roof. (such ... that)

3 The shop is expensive. Not many people can afford to shop there. (so ... that)

4 Shaun has long spiky hair and wears unusual clothes. People often misjudge him. (as a consequence)

S There are many advantages to nanotechnology. More time and money should be invested into it. (so ... that)

6 I moved out of the city. lt was too noisy and polluted. ( due to the fact that)

7 John hasn't got married yet. He hasn't found the right girl. (as)

8 Pirates ofthe Caribbean is a fantastic film. l'm going to buy it on DVD. (such ... that)

9 Dave never has any money left at the end of the month. He spends it ali on computer games. (since)

I O He was arrested by the police. A witness had identified him. ( on the grounds that)

541- Underline the correct item.

The match went ahead despite/although the heavy rain.

2 l'm going to solve this problem even though/ however long it takes.

3 1'11 write it down so that/in case I forget it.

4 In spite of the fact that/Despite she is poorly­paid, she is always well-dressed.

140 I Grammar Module 5

S Yet/Even though he bought a car to get to work, he was still late almost every day.

6 Nicky didn't expect to pass the exam. Despite/ Nevertheless, she was disappointed when she didn't.

7 Despite/Aithough he ran well, he only finished third.

8 However/Even though I have a good memory, I still write shopping lists.

9 While/Despite being very handsome, he didn't have a lot of confidence.

I O Philip is studying history in case/so that he can become a teacher.

';:;';::: Choose the correct answer. jJ

lt was raining ....... she didn't have an umbrella. A while C but B despite D inspite of

2 Attractive it seemed to live in the countryside, we found it far too quiet. A even though C though B however D despite

3 ....... I love new gadgets, I wouldn't want ali my memories in a storage system. A However C Despite B Even though D In spite of

4 Computers undoubtedly make our lives easier . . . . . . . . , they also lead to the digital divide. A Though C However B Despite D In spite of the fact

S ....... being extremely rich, he stilllives in a small flat in the city. A In spite of the fact that C Despite B Although D Whereas

6 There are . . . . . . . high street fashion shops nowadays that people are spoilt for choice. A so much of C such lots of B such a lot of D so many of

7 She's taken out a loan . . . . . . . buy a house. A so that

1 C to

B in case D in order

8 ....... hard he tries, he just can't seem to save any money. A Despite C Nevertheless B Although D However

9 lf that film is ....... good, then why did it get bad reviews from the critics? A such C so B so much D such a lot of

I O H e was given counterfeit money. ....... , he went to the police. A In spite of B Therefore

C Despite D Even though

Grammar Practice Section

Far - Every - Each - Much - Too - Even -A bit - Any

• further/farther (adv) = longer in distance He runs furtherlfardter every day. further (adj) = more !Further information is needed to complete the report.

• very + adj/adv of positive degree He is very patierrrt with his children. • even/much/far/a bit + adj/adv of comparative degree /t is evef'J!muchlfarla bit coUder than it was yesterday. • most + adj/adv of positive degree = very You are mosrt wekome to visit us. They are most hospitC~Jb8e with visitors. • any + adj/adv of comparative degree (used in negations and questions) /s he feeling a111y lbertrter? • too + adj of positive degree + for sb + to do sth This box is too heavy for me rtOJ 8ift • each +singular countable nouns = one by one (considered individually) !Each member ofthe team was given a si/ver

medal. • every +singular countable nouns = ali (people and things in a group) !Every house on the street has a ffreplace.

every + plural countable nouns: to show how often something happens There is a bus every twenty minutes.

~~-----------------------------------------'

5(6 Choose the correct answer.

She was . . . . . . . helpful and answered ali my questions. A too B much

C even D most

2 Can you walk ....... faster, please? A a bit C very B most D too

3 His house is ....... away from the supermarket than ours. A much B very

C further D far

4 I don't buy designer labels.They are ...... expensive. A much C far B too D further

5 ....... employee will be given a pay increase. A Every C Most B Any D Much

6 lt's . . . . . . . hotter today than yesterday. A most C much B too D very

7 The European football championship is held ....... four years. A each C every B most D any

8 Unfortunately, the weather isn't going to be ...... . better tomorrow. A any C too B very D even

9 This jacket is too big ....... me to wear. A also C even B too D for

I O The teacher gave a book to . . . . . . . student. A much C each B any D most

57 Choose the correct answer.

A: How often do you go to the gym? B: I usually go ....... day.

A most C any B each D every

2 A: Did you buy that home cinema system you wanted in the end?

B: No, unfortunately it was ....... expensive. A far C very B most D even

3 A: The film lasted for more than three hours. B: Yes, it was ....... longer than expected.

A much C too B most D very

4 A: I need ....... information on this subject. B: Well, why don't you do some research on the

Internet? A much C further B very D most

5 A: Can you drive ....... quicker, please? B: Yes, but if I do, I might get a speeding ticket.

A too C any B very D most

6 A: These skirts are ....... cheap. B: Yes, they are. Shall we try on~on?

A most C even B much D very

7 A: This ladder is ....... longer than the other one. B: Yes, it is. You should use this one then.

A much C very B most D further

8 A: Mark is the best player on the team! B: Actually, I think Frank is ....... better.

A any C even B very D most

Grammar Module 51141

•'i

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Grammar Practice Section

Quantifiers

• Several, (a) few, many, a (large/great/good) number of are followed by a countable noun. e.g. A few students passed the exam.

• Much, (a) little, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of are followed by an uncountable noun. e.g. There was 8itt8e sugar left.

• A lot of, lots of, hardly any, some, no, plenty of are followed by a countable or uncountable noun. e.g. There , is hardly any food left. There are hardly any biscuits /eft.

L _______ _ '::: .iJ Underline the correct item. .J<D

There wasn't little/much/no milk left so I bought some more.

2 There is a great deal of/many/few interest in this cutting-edge technology.

3 Hardly any/No/A little of the students passed the exam.

4 Little/Few/Hardly any did he know that he was being followed.

5 Bobby expressed his gratitude to Ann by sending any/some/much flowers to her office.

6 He didn't see her again until several/few/a great deal of days later.

7 Much/A lot/Many to my annoyance, the Internet wouldn't work just when I needed it most.

8 My sister was up ali night studying and didn't get many/much/few sleep.

9 Much/A little/Hardly any shops open on Sundays.

I O The patient shows no/few/a few sign of memory loss.

I I Karen made little/much/plenty of biscuits this morning.

12 Ben obviously has a lot of/much/many money.

13 We get few/a little/little opportunities to go to the countryside.

14 That dog has caused a great deal of/many/ several trouble.

15 There were still few/severallmuch problems with Sam's new invention.

16 Scientists have little/few/several hope of finding a cure for cancer by the year 20 I O.

I 7 There were a little/lots of/much people at the beach yesterday.

I 8 The soup tastes bland. lt needs a few/a little/little more salt.

19 There is few/much/little chance ôf his getting the part. He has no acting experience.

20 There was a lot of/many/several food at the birthday party.

1421 Grammar Module 5

59 Choose the correct answer •

2

There are not ....... people as good-hearted as Sophie is. Afew B little

passengers was delayed. A Severa! B Little

C many D several

complained when the plane

C A great deal of D Much

3 lf you have ....... questions, please wait until the end of the speech. A little C few B any D much

4 Sarah sees point in seeing a film at the cinema when it'll soon be out on DVD. A few C little B hardly D a little

5 I spend ....... of my time standing in queues! A few C severa! B much D many

6 Take a look in the fridge. There should be ...... . milk left. A little B hardly any

C a few D a little

7 You must need . . . . . . . information for your project.You've been on the Internet for hours. A many C a lot of B a great deal D severa!

8 lt was raining heavil/so there was ....... traffic on the road. A few C little B nane D afew

9 We are dose to the project deadline, but there is still ....... time left. A severa! B any

C afew D a little

I O There are . . . . . . . reasons why she should go to college. A much B a large amount

C a great deal D lots of

_________ Appendix I Phrasal Verbs

Be

be about to = (int) be on the point of 1-/e was about -~o leave when the phone rang.

be after = (tr) chase The police were af~er the thief

be/go down with = (tr) be ill with john is

down witl1 the j1u.

be for= (tr) be in favour of (opp: be against) They are (ali) for the proposalw demolish the old building.

be in for = (tr) expect sth, usu bad We are in [or bad weather.

be off = (tr) be absent from school/work Bi/1 isn't in his office. /-le's of{ (ar two days.

be on = (tr) be shown on TY, at the cinema/ theatre etc There's a good j'ilm on at the Odeon.

be out = I) (int) be unfashionable Bagg'j trousers are ou·;; this season.

2) (int) (of light/fire) have stopped burning. The fire is out - that's why it's co/d in here.

be over = (int) have come to an end The ftlm starts at 6.00 and wi/1 be over at

8.00. be through with = (int) have ended a

relationship/job etc We're ·;;hrough witi1 Bob; he's so selftsh.

be up to = I) (tr) be capable of Let's take the coach- I don't think l'm Uj] ·;;o driving so (ar. 2) (tr) feel like doing sth usu sth wrong The children must be up to something -they're very quiet.

Break

break down = I) (int) (of machinery) stop working The cor brolce down so we missed our j1ight.

2) (int) (of a person) Jose contrai of feelings. She brol<e down when she was to/d her grandmother was dead.

3) (int) fail (talks/negotiations etc) Negotiations brol<e down and war was dec/ared.

4) (tr) separate under headings She brolce the list down into categories.

break in = (int) enter by force or illegally Burglars broke in and sto/e ali our money.

break into = I) (tr) enter by force /-le brol<e into the house and sto/e some money. 2) (tr) interrupt /-le brol<e imo our conversation to asi< something.

break off = (tr) end a relationship/agreement Ann broice of{ her relationship with Tony.

break out = I) (int) begin suddenly (war etc) War brol<e out between the two countries.

2) (int) escape (from prison) The prisoner broke out o( prison.

break through = (int) advance (in spite of opposition) The soldiers brol<e through the enemy /ines.

break to = (tr) tell (usu bad news) to sb in a kind way She had to breal< the bad news ·~o

John. break up = (int) end a relationship Ann and

Tony are no longe r together; they brolce ujJ

last weei<.

Bring

bring about = (tr) cause to happen The end o( ih e war l:wought al:mu·;; great changes.

bring round to = I) (tr) cause to regain consciousness; bring to They poured co/d water on her face to bring her round.

2) (tr) persuade; bring over (to) She tried to bring him rmmd ·w her point o( view.

bring back = (tr) cause to recall This sme/1 brings badc childhood memories.

bring down = (tr) cause to fali The measures brougiTi: down the government.

bring forward = (tr) move sth to an earlier date or time The e;wm date was brought forNard by a week.

bring in = (tr) create profit/money 1-/is plan brought in lots o( money.

bring on = (tr) cause, usu sth unpleasant The damp weather !~rough·;; on his co/d.

bring out = (tr) put on the market The new shampoo wi/1 be brougiTi: ou·;; next May.

bring up = I) (tr) raise a child She was brough·;; up by her grandparents as her parents were abroad. 2) (tr) mention/introduce a subject You shouldn't have brought that matter up in (ront o( Steve.

C ali

call for = (tr) need The situation calls for immediate action.

call in = (int) visit briefly She wlled in /ast Monday to see our new ~~at.

call off = (tr) cancel The trip was wlled off due to bad weather.

call on sb = (tr) visit formally Our representative wi/1 cal/ on you next Monday.

call out = (tr) order to come to sb's help Ali fireftghters were wlled out to sove the burning theatre.

call up = (tr) order to join the army Thousands of young men were colled up during World Warl.

Carry

be carried away = be very excited The)l were ali carried away by his performance.

carry off = (tr) handle a difficult situation successfully She c:~rried her speech off we/1.

carry on (with) = (tr) continue with Cari'y Jn wi'i;h your work while we are out.

carry out = (tr) conduct an experiment They can·ied ovri: some tests to see the ef'(ects o( the new drug.

carry through = complete successfully 1 don'i think anyone but Matt can cars·y this project ·~il;·ough.

Come

come across = (tr) find/meet by chance I ::ame <'JCross this ring in an antique shop.

come around = I) (int) visit casually Come e~round any time for coffee. 2) (int) recover consciousness To the doctors' surprise the patient carne amunc!J quicl<ly.

3) (int) happen again (for regular events) Easter comes ar,oui/Jd early this year, doesn't it?

4) (int) be persuaded to change your mind (about) /'m beginning to come around to your way o( thinl<ing.

come by = (tr) obtain Everybody wonders how he carne by so much money.

come down with = (tr) become ill; go down with /'m sure l'm coming c!Jown with the i~u.

come forward = (int) appear and offer help or information A witness came [orward and described the events o( the crime.

come into = (tr) inherit /-le came into a Jorge sum o( money after his grand(ather died.

come off = (int) succeed Despite ali his planning the deal didn't come oj"f.

come on = I) (int) make progress The project has really come 011 quicl<ly in the last two days. 2) (int) begin broadcasting The new series comes em Channel 4 in an hour.

come out =I) (int) (offlowers) begin to blossom Rases come out in summer. 2) (int) be published When does his new bool< come out? 3) (int) (of stains) b@ able to be removed This wine stain wi/1 come out i( you /et it soai< in warm water.

come over = (int) visit Come over ror dinner tomorrow night.

come to = (tr) amount to a total The bi/1 came to [5O.

come up = I) (int) be mentioned 1-/is nome came up in the conversation. 2) (tr) arise; occur Such an opportunity comes ujJ once in a li(etime.

come up to = (tr) approach A strange man carne up ·~o me and asi<ed me ror money.

come up with = (tr) find (an answer, solution etc) 1-/e came up witl1 a bri/liant plan to sove the company.

:i ,j

lli . i:

·I· ~ i

··.11 .• .,

' ·i.:li ,, i

:i I i I

Appendix I - Phrasal Verbs

Cut

cut across = (tr) take a shorter way Cu·;;

across this {leld if you're in a hurry. cut back (on) = (tr) reduce (expenses,

production); cut down on We must ctri:

bac/' on eating out; we just can't afford it. cut in = I) (int) move suddenly in front of

another car A cor cu·;; in and forced us to slow down. 2) (int) interrupt Would you mind not cutting in until l've /'inished speal<ing?

cut into = (tr) interrupt The children i<ept ct.rWng ini:o our conversation.

cut off = I) (tr) disconnect Ou r electricity was cu·é o)f as we didn't pay the bi/1 on time. 2) (tr) isolate (usu places) The )1ood cut off the vil/age for a weel<.

cut out = (tr) omit Your artic/e is {lne provided you cut ou~ the (ourth paragraph.

be cut out = be suited for (a profession) I don't thinl< l'm cut out/to be a teacher - I haven 't got enough patience.

cut up = (tr) cut into small pieces Cut ujJ the meat for johnny - otherwise h e won 't be able to eat it

Do

do away with = (tr) abolish Most countries have done away with capital punishment.

do in = (tr) kill He threatened to do her in if she didn 't cooperate.

do over = (tr) do sth again from the beginning My boss didn't lil<e the report, so I had to do it over.

do up = (tr) fasten; tie Do up your jaci<et; it's cold.

do with = (tr) want I could do with a cup of tea. do without = (tr) live or continue without

having sth/sb There's no mi/1< left- we'/1 have to do without.

Draw

draw back = I) (tr) be unwilling to fulfil a promise; pu li back Although h e had promised to help us, he drew bacl< at the last minute. 2) (int) move away On seeing the snai<e she drew bacl< in terror.

draw in = (tr) (of breath) breathe deeply He drew in a deep breathe before answering the question.

draw on = (tr) to use previous knowledge or experience to do sth His music draws heavily on his difficult childhood.

draw out = I) (tr) encourage sb to be less shy He's very shy; someone shou/d draw him out.

1441

2) (tr) take money out of a bank account 1-/e drew ou·;; some money to pay his rent.

draw up = 1) (of a vehicle) stop The cor drew get on = I) (tr) enter (bus, train etc) Ge2

UfJ outside the building and two men got out. 2) (tr) write out (will, list, contract etc) !Viy grand(ather had a lawyer draw up his wi/1 /ast

year.

Fali

fali apart = (int) come to pieces This booi< is so o/d that it's falling afJart

fali back on = turn to sb/sth for help when other plans have failed /(eep some money in the bani< to {ali bac/{ on in case something goes wrong.

fali behind = (int) fail to keep up with The company cancelled his credit. card when h e fel/ behind with his payments.

fali for = I) (tr) fali in love with sb Gus fel I for Mary at {lrst sight. 2) (tr) be deceived Everybody {e/1 {or her fies.

fali in = (int) collapse l'm afraid the roof wi/1 fali in if an earthquai<e hits the area.

fali in with = (tr) agree with Ali members of the committee fel/ in wi~h their suggestion to build a new hospital.

fali into = (tr) be divided into (categories) This novel {alls into the category o( historical adventure.

fali through = (int) fail to be completed Our plans fe/1 througi1 due iO Iaei< o( money.

Get

get across = (tr) successfully communicate ideas The teacher gtYi: his message across

by using diagrams. get along = (int) continue despite

difficulties She is ge·i:ting a/ong {lne despite ali her problems.

get along with = (tr) be on friendly terms; get on with They ge·;; along with each other despite their di(ferences.

get around to (tr) = find time to do sth I haven't got around to writing that letter yet.

get at = (int) mean I don't i<now what you're getting at by saying such things.

get away with = (tr) escape punishment for a wrongful, illegal act /-le gcYi: away with a {lne o( only no.

get back = (tr) recover possession of She managed to get back the ring she had lost a month before.

get by = (int) manage to live (financially) A1y paycheci< is sma/1, but I can get by on it.

get. down = I) (tr) swallow with difficulty I can't ge·;; this steak down. lt's very tough. 2) (tr) depress This rainy weather gets me down.

get down to = (tr) start doing sth seriously lt's time you got down i:o looi<ing for a better

job.

::>il the bus before it starts. 2) (int) make progress l-le's geâ:ing on we/1 at school.

get on with = (tr) be on good terms with She g-;rks ;m we/1 "v!·2t1 her (riend Lucy.

get out = (int) (of news) become known 1-/ow did ih e news o( his promotion get o~r~?

get over = (tr) recover from 1-/e's trying hard to ge·2 êlver the death o( his wife.

get through = I) (tr) finish (a piece of work) /'ve got iO ge·i: ·;J;rougl• this chapter before I go out. 2) (int) go on living through difficult times 1-/ow did people ge·i ·~:hrougl? World 'v\far Jl?

get through to = (tr) reach by phone Did you ge·2 d1r.ough ·;;o your dentist or wi/1 you cal/ him /ater?

get up = (int) rise from bed What time did you ge·é up today?

Give

give away = I) (tr) reveal Promise not iO

give away my secret 2) (tr) give sth free of charge She gave away most o( her clothes to the poor.

give back = (tr) return Give me back the money or 1'11 sue you.

give in = (int) surrender; yield l-/e {inally gave in and admitted he was wrong.

give off = (tr) emit (smells, heat, fumes etc) The radiators give o f{ lots o( heat

give out = I) (int) come to an end Their supp!ies gave oui: ha/{Way through the c/imb. 2) (tr) distribute They were giving ou·;;

free samples o( the new shampoo at the supermarket.

give up = I) (tr) abandon an attempt/habit He gave ufJ smoi<ing /ast year and hasn't smoked since. 2) (tr) surrender The thieves gave themselves UfJ to the ,bolice.

Go ' go after = (tr) pursue The policeman wen·l

af.:er the thief and caught him. go ahead = (int) be allowed to happen

Although severa/ members were absent, the board meeting went ai1ead as planned.

go away = (int) stop; cease /f you take an aspirin, your headache wi/1 go away.

go back on = (tr) break a promise/ agreement Although h e had promised to help us, he ::.reni bad{ on his word.

go by = (tr) base one's ideas on You shouldn't go by what he says - he always exaggerates.

go down (as) = (tr) be remembered for doing sth noteworthy The president wi/1 go do~m c;s one o( the greatest leaders o f our generation.

·'

go for = I) (tr) attack A big German Sheperd went for my little dog. 2) (tr) apply for (a job) \1\lhy don't you JO /o r this JOb? You may get it.

go into = (tr) discuss I asi<ed her what the problem was, but she wouldn't go i::·c J it unti/ after the meeting.

go off = I) (int) explode (bomb) The bomb 'fl(=fl~ o[f; l<illing 20 peofJie. 2) ring (alarm) When the a/arm wen·2 o;'[ she wol<e up and got out o( bed immediately.

go on = I) (int) continue; carry on Go on,

{inish what you were saying. 2) (int) happen A lot o( peofJie gathered ia

see what was going on.

go out = (int) stop burning Put some coai on the íire be(ore it goes out.

go over = I) (tr) examine details; go

through The police werli: over/"i;l-wougi'c

the evidence many times trying iO come up with something. 2) (tr) repeat Go over the details again ,Diease. I wasn't (ol/owing you.

go round = I) (int) be enough for everyone to

have a share There's enough (ood to go

round. 2) (int) (news/disease) spread; circulate; get

round The news weni: round very quic/<ly. go through = I) (tr) experience She wem

i:lwougfl a pain(ul time when her (ather died. 2) (int) ( of a deal/arrangement) be

completed with success l-las the safe o( your ~~at gone ~lorougl? yet? 3) (tr) discuss in detail They welTi: ·d·wougl•

his suggestians again before making a decision. go up = (int) rise (price) The price o( petrol

went up again yesterday. go with = (tr) match This top really goes wi·i:11

your sl<irt. go without = (tr) endure the lack of sth;

do without Since they had run out o( mi/1<, they had to go whhout.

Hold

hold back = I) (tr) control (tears, laughter)

She tried to hold back her tears and not cry in (ront o( her parents. 2) (int) hesitate Don't i1old bacl<; tai<e the opportunity while it's there.

hold in = (tr) restrain 1-/e held his anger in

and didn't shaut at the boy. hold off = (int) keep at a distance The tJolice

held off the crowd until the troops arrived. hold on = (int) wait (esp on the phone) P/ease

í1old on; /VIr Blacl< is on the other fine. hold out = I) (int) last The (ood su,Dplies

won't hold ou·;; until !Vionday so we'/1 :1a'.1e

to (ind some (ood be{ore then. 2) (int) persist The rniners ,'-,ekJ ?U'( for I 8 months be(ore they cal/ed OíT the strii<e.

hold up = I) (tr) delay Sorry we'i-e iate; we wero

i1eld u;'' in tratfic. 2) (tr) use violence in order to rob The robbers ;,eid :J~J ih e ira in and stole €22, 000.

Keep

keep away (from) = (tr) stay away She had iO be :':efY2 CWGj' r·om schoo/ as sf1e had measles.

keep back = (tr) conceai How did she manage to !~ee;o .bac!~ her true {ee/ings?

keep down = I) (tr) cause to remain at a

iower levei The government is irying ia };,eep

1brices dov·Jn.

2) (tr) not eating or drinking without

vomiting \!Vhen I had the {lu, I cou/dn't i:eep anything :!own {ar two days.

keep in = (tr) make sb stay indoors (as

punishment) The teacher !<efY~ us in for misbehaving in class.

keep off = (tr) stay away from; avoid :\eefJ r:Jj0J the benches. The paint is wet.

keep on = (int) continue despite difficulties

Although he {ai/ed his test, he ,':e;'Ji <Jr!

studying and retook it in Nlay. keep out = (tr) exdude sb/sth He !oci<ed the

gate to !,ee;o cnrc unwanted 'tisitors. keep up (with) = (tr) stay at the same

levei as sb/sth Despite being i/1 he !:efJ~ up wiâ1 his wori< and fJassed the exam.

keep up with = (tr) continue to be

informed f-Ie reads a newspaper every day to l:eeiJ UfJ witl1 the news.

let

let down = I) (tr) ( of dothes) lengthen

( opp: take up) I need to le'i: down my sl<irt; it's toa shart. 2) (tr) disappoint f-Ie le·;; me dovm by lying to

me. let in(to) = ailow sb to enter a piace They

!et us into the roam after we showed them our invitation card.

let off = I) (tr) cause a bomb, etc to

explode We le'i: oif some }'ireworf<s for the 4th o( July celebration this weekend. 2) (tr) not to punish The police otficer Ue·c him off without arresting him.

let on = (int) reveai a secret f-Ie le'i: on that she had stolen the money.

let out = I) (tr) release H e was le·i ou:~ o( prison after I O years. 2) (tr) (of dothes) make larger (opp:

take in) I have to have my trousers /e·c ,Ju·é; /''te gained severa/ pounds.

let up = (int) become less strong The boats won't sai/ until the strong winds !e·é u;à.

look

look after = (tr) take care of J\lly mother Joo/-c; éifi;er my son when l'm at worl<.

Appendix I - Phrasal Verbs

look back (on) = (tr) consider the past Jitiy grandfather fil<es to :'o,)}. ;.,cc:.'{ Yí1 his army

days. look down on = (tr) regard as inferior (opp:

look up to) She Joo':s ;]G'im J51 Steve because he isn't rich.

look forward to = (tr) anticipate with

pleasure l'm r:oal/y ioo:':i:cg ;·1~:;":JCJd io

my brother's wedding. look in on sb = (tr) pay a short visit to /'//

lo·~:': h .Jf'l my mother on my way home. look into = (tr) investigate The police are

J:Do"Jdng J;:·2o the case aí the smuggled diamonds.

look on = (int) observe :-:e was just l•_)oi':ió:g .Jfl

whi/e the other two were /Jfaying. look out = (int) be careful '.:Joi: Ji.rd There's

o cor coming. look out for = (tr) be alert in order to see/flnd

sb/sth INhen you~'e cleaning ihe }1at, f)/ease kol: •.x:-õ for my si/ver earring. I lost it somewhere.

look over = (tr) examine carefuily; go

through The judge lool~ed ove> the evidence be(ore ;Jassing judgement.

look through = (tr) look at quickiy Looi: ;;J;'IXJgb these books and see i( vou wani any o( them.

look up = (tr) look for information in an

appropriate book!list LG<Ji': :.JfJ her number in the phone bool<.

look up to = (tr) admire sb I iook ufJ ·~o my dad because he's a very smart man.

Make

be made for = suit exactly Buy this dress -it's simply made jor you.

make off = (int) escape,leave The criminal made Jlf be(ore the /)o/ice arrived.

make out = i) (tr) distinguish I can't ma/{e

owt what the nome on the bel/ is. 2) (int) pretend /(aren made ou·~ like she was the one who bought the gift. 3) (tr) write out; fi li in Please malçe the cheá owt to Norman Brothers Ltd.

make over = (tr) givalpossession of sth to

sb eise Before their une/e died he made

ov.;r his whole estate w them. make up = I) (tr) invent That is not uue; she

made the whole thing ujJ.

2) (tr) put cosmetics on She made hersel( up before she went out. 3) (int) reconcile Thank goodness they'l.te made uío after their quarre/.

make up for = compensate T:1e good summer weather is maldng up jo1· the bad winter.

make up one's mind = decide She con't rnak.e ufJ hei"· Tnind whether to go to Spoin ar ltaly.

J145

I

I i

:I!

) "'I ·:

I I

Appendix I - Phrasal Verbs

Pass

pass away = (int) die /'m sorry to te// you your aunt íJCJSsed away /ast night.

pass off as = (tr) pretend to be sth/sb else successfully She passed herself off as a police officer in arder to get into the building.

pass out = (int) lose consciousness He passed out from the fumes, and it tool< them some time to bring him round.

pass up = (tr) decide not to use an opportunity to do sth This is an offer you won't want to pass up.

Pay

pay back = I) (tr) return money owed I promise 1'11 pay you bad< as soon as I get

paid. 2) (tr) take revenge on sb I promise /'// pay you bacl< one day for what you did to me.

pay down = (tr) pay part of the price for sth and the rest over a period of time We paid €50 down and the balance over a period of 6 months.

pay for = (tr) receive punishment A// criminais should pay for their crimes.

pay off = (tr) pay sb to leave employment They paid off ali their senior management in an attempt to restructure the company.

pay up = (tr) pay (a debt) in full As I hadn't paid my monthly instalments the company requested me to pay up the balance.

Pu li

pull down = (tr) demolish They pulled down the o/d building as it was dangerous.

pull in= (int) (of trains) arrive (opp: pull out) The train from Yorl< is dueto pu// in at 5.30 pm.

pu li oneself together = bring one's feelings under control A/though she was tired, she pulled herself ~ogether and continued

worl<ing. pull through = (int) succeed despite

difficulties /f ali employees worl< harder, the company wi/1 deftnitely pu// through.

pull up = stop A huge white car pulled up outside the hotel.

Put

put across = (tr) communicate successfully; get across/ over The lecturer managed to put his ideas across to the audience.

put aside/by = (tr) save He puts aside $50 a month for his summer holidays.

put away = I) (tr) store Put the toys away in the cupboard. We're expecting guests tonight. 2) (tr) put sb into prison/mental hospital The murderer was put away for I O years.

put down = I) (tr) write down; take down Mai<e sure you ·ta!<e down everything said

at the meeting.

1461

2) (tr) criticise Tony is always íJUUing me down and saying /'m not (ast enough in

sports. 3) (tr) suppress forcibly The police try to ;ou·' down rioting at footba/1 gomes.

put down to = (tr) attribute to She iJuts her recent success down ·;;o hard worl< and

dedication. put forward = (tr) propose /-/e tnn

forward a new plan to help decrease unemployment.

put off = I) (tr) displease I don't lil<e amusement parl<s; the /ong /ines really pu·t

meoff. 2) (tr) postpone The meeting was pu·o o(f

due to the president's illness. put on = I) (tr) dress oneself in f-lut 011 your

coat and come with me. 2) (tr) increase (in weight) 1-/e has íOUt on weight since he stopped worl<ing. 3) (tr) cause to take place (show/ performance) They are putting 011 "My Fair Lady" on Broadway next month.

put out = I) (tr) extinguish (fire etc) The (ire(ighters put out the {ire quicl<ly. 2) (tr) cause inconvenience I hope l'm not puUi11g you out by asi<ing you to do this.

be put out = be annoyed She was put out by his bad behaviour.

put through = (tr) connect by phone Can you pu'!; me through to Mr. jones, please?

put up = I) (tr) erect; build They've pu·ê UfJ a statue in the square. 2) (tr) offer hospitality When you are in town, 1'11 jJut you up in my house. 3) (tr) show in a public place The WWF has put up posters ali around the city.

put up with = (tr) tolerate I won't put up with such rude behaviour any /onger.

Run

run across/into = (tr) meet/find by chance She ran across an o/d {riend while on holiday.

run after = (tr) chase The dog rem after the

cat. run away with = (tr) secretly go away with

sb/sth The thieves rem away with €15,000,000 from the bani<.

run down = I) (tr) knock down (with a vehicle); run over The old man was run down/over by a bus. 2) (tr) speak badly of sb You shou/dn't run down your sister; you've got no reason to criticise her.

run off = (tr) make prints/copies Can you .please mn off I 00 copies for me?

run out of = (tr) no longer have a supply We've run out o{ coffee. Could you buy some when you go out?

run through = I) (tr) use up /t's unbe/ievab/e; he has ru11 througl1 ali his money a/ready.

2) (tr) rehearse, check or revise quickly Let's nm ·t11rough the last scene once more.

run up = (tr) accumulate /-/e rem up a huge debt on his credit card which he couldn't pay

OJT run up against = (tr) encounter (difficulties/

opposition) H e rem up agai11s-~ difficu/ties when he tried to enter the country without a visa.

Se e

see about = (tr) deal with; see to 1'11 see about the food i{ you get the tab/e ready.

see off = (tr) accompany a traveller to his/her plane, train, etc. When she left for Berlin her parents saw her off at the

station. see out = (tr) accompany sb to the

door/exit of a house/building Don't bother to see me out, I can (ind my own

way. see over = (tr) inspect a place; look around

Can I see over the ffat before I make my decision?

see through = (tr) not be deceived He was such a poor /iar that they zaw ·(11rough him at once.

see through to = (tr) finish an unpleasant project or event I didn't like my piano class after a couple o( weel<s, but I decided to see it ·~hrough ·~o the end.

see to = (tr) deal with I usually c/ear the table, while my sister sees to washing the

dishes.

Set

set about = (tr) begin to do He se·;; about (ixing the doar while she cleaned the house.

set aside = (tr) save for a special purpose She se·~s aside $20 a week to buy a car.

set back = I) move the hands of a clock/ watch to show an earlier time We usually set the c/oci<s baclc one hour at the beginning of

autumn. 2) (tr) hinder The ftre has set ou r plans back

set in = (in~ ( of weather) start and seem likely to continue The rain seems to have set in.

set off/out = (int) start a journey We'/1 se·~ off/out for the airport at 7 am.

set on = (tr) (cause to) attack /-/e threatened to set the dogs on us if we didn't /eave.

set out = (tr) describe in better detail Your points are good, but you need to set out your suggestions better.

set to = (int) begin working hard Get the duster and set to; there's lots o( work to do before our visitors arrive.

set up = (tr) start a business She left her job to se·;; up her own business.

Stand

stand by = I) (tr) support sb, esp in difficulties /'// sumd iJy you, whatever hapfJens.

2) (int) be ready for action The army wos sumcling by in case war broke out.

stand for = I) (tr) represent Do you i<now what ;~SPCA sWr1ds [or? 2) (tr) tolerate; put up with We won'i s~and for his rude behaviour anylonger.

stand in for = (tr) replace sb temporarily Since John is i/1 /'// sü:md in him Wnight at worl<.

stand out = (int) be noticeable She really stc:mds O!.i"C wearing that pink suit.

stand up = I) (int) rise to one's feet S"icmcl up and come over here. 2) (tr) fail to meet We were supjJosed to meet at I I :00 but he s~ood me !!fJ.

stand up for = (tr) support You ought to strmd up for your friends when jJeople criticise them.

stand up to = (tr) resist The building has been reinforced to stc:md ~~!J ·~o

earthquakes.

Take

take away = (tr) remove /VIay I w!re awa:r the dirty dishes now?

take back = (tr) apologise He ~ooi~ bad his remarks about her cooking because she was obviously upset.

take down = (tr) write down Can you ·~a!'e

down notes during the meeting? take for = (tr) identify wrongly Sorry, I

·~ao/{ you for your brother. I always mix you

up. take in = I) (tr) give accommodation Seaside

vil/agers often ta/{e in tourists as paying

guests. 2) (tr) make clothes narrower (opp: let out) Now that /'ve /ost weight I shou/d ·~al<e my clothes in. 3) (tr) fully understand Oid you ·~CJI{e in

what I said or should I repeat it? 4) (int) trick My sister is rather noive; she's

a/ways getting ·~al<en in by other J)eople's lies.

take off = I) (int) become very successful Hybrid cars have not been popular, but now they're real/y starting to ·~al<e off. 2) (tr) remove clothes (opp: put on) Tal<e of{ this dirty dress and /'// wash it for

you. 3) (int) (of planes) leave the ground (opp: come down) We saw the plane ta/(e of{ and disappear into the clouds. 4) (tr) (of time) take time as a vacation

H e i:ool< three days off worl< to go and see his parents.

take on = 1) (tr) undertake worklresponsibility 1-/e ioo,'r .)i' an eJ:Va cfass as the previous teacher had quit. 2) (tr) employ They decided W ;::~::e .Ji<

two e;ctra assistants during the soles !Jeriod. take out = I) (tr) remove The dentist iooi;

x;·i my bad woth. 2) (tr) clean (mark, dirt) Use this spmy to

·:;.:\= ou~ the stain. take over = I) (tr) gain contrai of sth She'/1 :a:':e

J\foi' ihe compony vvhen her father retires. 2) (tr) to start being responsible for sth

that sb else was doing ar working before you Tony wi/1 ·~al:e over the fomily business when his fother retires.

take to = I) (tr) begin a habit I don'i l<now why she's ·2alten ·co biting her noils. 2) (tr) like She has really when ·co her nephew and olways buys him expensive iHesents.

take up = I) (tr) begin a hobby, sport, job When he retired, he 'oo/{ ujJ saifing as o hobby. 2) (tr) fill (time, space) This safo ia/{es up most of the living roam.

Turn

turn around = (int) go back in the direction you came from 'v\fe forgot our ticl<ets so we had ia .,urn cwo1.md and go bock to the

h ouse. turn away = (tr) refuse admittance They

tried to enter the ploce but they were :iurned awajr at the doar.

turn down = I) (tr) refuse an offer H e

1)roposed to her but she üJrned him down. 2) (tr) reduce loudness (opp: turn up) Could you ·wm down the rodio a little? I can't heor him on the phone.

turn in = I) (int) go to bed /t's lote and l'm tired. f'd better ·~:um in.

2) (tr) give to the police They ·;;urned the fugitive in to the police.

turn into = (tr) change from one situation to another When our bogs were stolen, our ho/idoy ·~umed im:o a disaster.

turn off = (tr) switch off (opp: turn on)

"f um off the oven before you leave. turn out = I) (tr) produce Ou r {octory ·wms

out I 00 cars a day. 2) (int) prove to be 1-/e ·~:urned out to be the one who had sto/en the money.

turn over = (int) turn to a new page;

change the TV channel Now children, 'i:um over to the next poge.

turn to = I) (tr) go to sb for help/advice When l'm i11 trouble, I always ·tum ·~o my fomily. 2) (tr) begin (a way of life or doing sth) Vl/hy did he ~um .,o drinl<ing in the {lrst ploce?

Appendix I - Phrasal Verbs

turn up = 1) (int) arrive or appear (unexpectedly) He {lnally wrned up at the meeting an hour late. 2) (int) (of an opportunity) arise When o better job tumeclup she seized the chance and opplied for it.

Wear

wear away = (tr) (of wood/stone) reduce gradually We couldn't make out the nomes on the doar becouse the letters hod been completely wom away.

wear down = (tr) reduce opposition gradually A few weel<s in solitary confinement wi/1 wear down the prisaner's resistonce.

wear off = (int) stop gradually Your nervousness will wear off when the exams are over.

wear out = I) (tr) exhaust l've worl<ed so hord todoy, l'm wom out. 2) (int) use until no longer serviceable We'/1 h ave to reploce this plug- it is completely wom out.

Work

work off = I) (tr) gradually overcome the

effects of sth by doing sth different He worl<s of{ his stress by exercising regularly. 2) (tr) (a debt) repay a debt by working

without pay She worl<ed without pay to •Nork off what she owed the company.

work on = (tr) have an effect on We have to checi< this new drug to see how it wor/cs on animais.

work out = I) (tr) find a solution to a

problem by reasoning or calculation /'m sure we can wor/( ou~ our problems i(we talk about them. 2) (int) develop successfully I hope things wi/1 wor/( out we/1 for you in your new job.

work up = to make yourself hungry by doing exercise or hard work l've been walking ali day so f've wori<ed up a reolly good

appetite.

'

1147

Appendix li - Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions

A bet on (v) content with (adj) doubtful about (adj)

abide by (v) beware of (v) contrary to (adj) dream about (v)

absent from (a di) (put- the) blame on sb (n) contrast with (v) dream of (v) (= imagine)

abstain from (v) blame sb for sth (v) contribute to (v) dressed in (adj) blame sth on sb (v) convert to/into (v)

accompanied by (adj) boast aboutlof (v) cope with (v) E according to (prep) bored with/of (adj) correspond to/with (v) account for (v) borrow sth from sb (v) count against (v)

eager for (adj)

accuse sb of (v) brilliant at (adj) count on sb (phr v) economise on (v)

accustomed to (adj) bump into (v) cover in/with (v) efficient at (adj)

acquainted with (adj) busy with ( adj) covered in/with (adj) (put) effort into sth (n)

addicted to (adj) emphasis on (n)

adequate for (adj) crash into (v) engaged to sb/in sth (adj)

adjacent to (adj) c (h ave) a craving for sth ( n) engagement to sb (n)

advantage of (n) (but: there's an call atlon (phr v) crazy about (adj) enthusiastic about (adj)

advantage in- (have) an campaign againstlfor (v) crowded with (adj) envious of (adj) cruel to (adj)

advantage over sb) capable of ( adj) cruelty towards/to ( n) equal to (adj)

advice on/against (n) care about (v) escape from/to (v)

afraid of (adj) care for sb (v) (= like) cure for (n) example of (n)

agree to/on sth (v) (take) care of (n) curious about (adj) excellent at (adj)

agree with sb (v) care for sth (v) (= like to do sth) D exception to (n) (make an

ahead of (prep) careful aboutlof/with (adj) exception of sth/sb =

aim at (v) careless aboutlwith (adj) damage to ( n) treat sth/sb as a special case

allergic to (adj) cause of (n) date back to (v) - take exception to sth =

amazed at!by (adj) certain of (adj) date from (v) object to sth)

amount to (v) change into (v) deal with (v) exchange sth for sth else (v)

amused atlwith (adj) characteristic of ( n/adj) dear to (adj) excited about (adj)

angry at what sb does (adj) charge for (v) decide on/against (v) exdaim at (v)

angry with sb about sth (adj) charge sb with (v) decrease in (n) excuse for (n)

angry with sb for doing sth (adj) check for (v) dedicate to (v) excuse sb for (v)

annoyed with sb about sth (adj) choice between/of (n) deficient in (adj) exempt from (adj)

(in) answer to (n) dever at (adj) (but: lt was very definition of (n) expel from (v)

anxious about sth (adj) dever of you to buy it.) delay in (n) experienced in/at (adj)

(be) anxious for sth to happen (adj) dose to ( ad j) delight in (v) experiment on/with (v)

apologise to sb for sth (v) coax sb into (v) delighted with (adj) expert atlin (sth/doing sth) (n)

(make an) appeal to sb for sth (n) coincide with (v) demand for (n) (= person good at)

appeal to/against (v) collaborate with (v) demand from (v) expert atlin/on (sth/doing sth)

apply in writing (v) collide with (v) depart from (v) (adj) (= done with skill or

apply to sb for sth (v) comment on (v) departure from (n) involving great knowledge)

approve of (v) communicate with (v) depend on/upon (v) expert with sth (n) (= good at

argue with sb about sth (v) compare with (v) (how people dependent on (adj) using sth)

arrange for sb to do sth (v) and things are alike and how deputise for (v) expert on (n) (= person

arrest sb for sth (v) they are different) descended from ( adj) knowledgeable about a

arrive at (a small place) (v) compare to (v) (show the describe as (v) subject)

arrive in (a town) (v) likeness between sb/sth and describe sb/sth to sb else (v)

ashamed of (a di) sb/sth else) description of ( n) F

ask about!for (v) (but: ask sb a comparison between (n) die of/from (v) face up to (phr v) question) compete against!for/with (v) die in an accident (v) fail in an attempt (v)

assure (sb) of (v) complain of (v) (= suffer from) differ from (v) fail to do sth (v) astonished at!by (adj) complain to sb about sth (v) (= be (have) difference between/of (n) failure in (an exam) (n) attached to ( adj) annoyed at) different from (adj) 'tailure to (do sth) (n) attack on (n) compliment sb on (v) difficulty in/with (n) faithfu I to ( adj) attack sb for sth (v) comply with (v) disadvantage o f ( n) (but there 's a fali in (n) attend to (v) conceal sth from sb (v) disadvantage in doing sth) familiar to sb (adj) (= known available to (adj) concentrate on (v) disagree with (v) to sb) (un)aware of (adj) (have) confidence in sb ( n) disappointed with/about!by (adj) familiar with (adj) (= have

confident in (adj) disapprove of (v) knowledge o~

B confine to (v) discharge sb from (v) famous for ( adj) confused aboutlby (adj) discouraged from (adj) fed up with (adj)

bad at ( adj) (but: H e was very confusion over (n) discussion about!on (n) fill sth with sth else (v) bad to me.) congratulate sb on sth (v) disgusted by/at (adj) finish with (v)

ban sb from sth (v) dismiss from (v) base on (v)

connection between (n) (but in dispose of (v)

fire at (v)

basis for ( n) connection with)

disqualified from (adj) flee from (v)

beg for (v) conscious of (adj)

dissatisfied with (adj) fond of ( adj)

begin by/with (v) connect to/with (v)

distinguish between (v) forget about (v)

believe in (v) consider sb for sth (v)

divide between/among (v) forgive sb for (v)

belong to (v) consist of (v)

divide into/by (v) fortunate in (adj)

benefit from (v) contact between (n) (but: in

do sth about (v) free from/of/for (adj)

contact with) friendly with/to (adj)

1481

frightened of (adj) full of (adj) furious with sb about/at sth (adj)

G

generosity to/towards (n) genius at (n) glance at (v) glare at (v) good at (adj) (but: He was very

good to me.) grateful to sb for sth (adj) grudge against (n) guess at (v) guilty of (adj) (but: he felt guilty

about his crime)

H

happen to (v) happy about/with/for (adj) harmful to (adj) hear about (v) (= be told) hear from (v) (= receive a letter) hear of (v) (= learn that sth or

sb exists) heir to (n) hinder from (v) hint to sb about sth (v) (but: hint

at sth) hope for (v) hope to do sth (v) (no) hope of (n) hopeless at (adj)

idea of (n) identical to (adj) ignorant of/about (adj) ill with (adj) impact on (n) important to sb (adj) impressed by/with (adj) (make an) impression on sb (n) improvement in/on (n) incapable of (adj) include in (v) increase in (n) independent of/from (adj) indifferent to (adj) indulge in (v) inferior to (adj) information about/on (n) (be) informed about (adj) inject sth into sb/sth (v) inoculate against (v) insist on (v) instead of (prep) insure against (v) intelligent at (adj) intent on (adj) (have no) intention of (n) interest in ( n) interested in (adj) interfere with/in (v) interpretation of (n) invasion of (n) invest in (v) invitation to (n)

Appendix li - Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions

invite sb to (v) involve in (v) irritated by (adj)

jealous of (adj) join in (v) joke about (v)

K

knock at/on (v) know about/of (v) keen on sth (adj) keen to do sth ( adj) kind to (adj) key to (n) knowledge of (n)

L

lack in (v) lack of (n) laugh at (v) lead to (v) lean on/against (v) learn about/by (v) leave for (v) (= head for) lend sth to sb (v) listen to (v) live on (v) long for (v) look at (v) look for (v) (= search for)

M

married to (adj) marvel at (v) mean to (adj) mention to (v) mistake sb for (v) mix with (v)

N

name after (v) necessary for (adj) need for (n) neglect of (n) nervous about ( adj) new to (adj) nice to (adj) nominate sb (for/as sth) (v) (take) (no) notice of (n) notorious for doing sth (adj)

o obedient to ( adj) object to (v) objection to (n) obliged to sb for sth (adj) obsessed with ( adj) obvious to ( adj) occur to (v) offense against ( n) operate on (v) opinion of/on (n) opposite of/to (n) optimistic abounth (adj)

p

packed with ( adj) part with (v) patient with ( adj) pay by (check) (v) pay for (v) (but: pay a bill) pay in (cash) (v) peculiar to (adj) persist in (v) (but: insist on) (take a) photograph of (n) picture of (n) pity for (n) take pity on sb (exp) pleasant to (adj) pleased with (adj) (take) pleasure in (n) (have the) pleasure of (n) point at/to (v) (im)polite to (adj) popular with (adj) praise sb for (v) pray for sth/sb (v) prefer sth to sth else (v) (have a) preference for (n) prepare for (v) present sb with (v) prevent sb/sth from (v) (take) pride in (n) pride oneself on sth/on doing (v) profit from (v) prohibit sb from doing sth (v) prone to (adj) protect against/from (v) protection from (n) protest about/at (v) proud of (adj) provide sb with (v) provide sth for sb (v) punish sb for (v) puzzled about/by (adj)

Q

quarrel about sth/with sb (v/n) qualify as/in (v) qualified for (adj) quick at (adj) quotation from (n)

R

rave about (v) react to (v) reaction to (n) ready for (adj) reason for (n) reason with (v) rebel against (v) receive from (v) (keep) a record of (n) recover from (v) reduction in ( n) refer to (v) (in/with) reference to ( n) refrain from (v) regard as (v) regardless of (prep) related to (adj) relationship between (n) (but: a

relationship with sb)

relevant to (adj) rely on (v) remind sb of/about (v) remove from (v) replace sth with sth else (v) reply to (n/v) report on (n/v) reputation for/of (n) research on/into (n) respect for (n) respected for ( adj) respond to (v) responsibility for (n) responsible for (adj) result from/in (v) (= be the

consequence of) result in (v) (= cause) result of (n) resulting from (adj) rhyme with (v) rich in (adj) (get) rid of (phr) rise in (n) (make) roem for (n) rude to (adj)

s safe from (a di) same as (adj) satisfied with/by (adj) save sb from (v) save sth for sb (v) scared of (adj) search for (v/n) (be) in search of (n} sensible of sth (adj) (= aware of

sth) sensitive to (adj) sentence sb to (v) separate from (v) serious about (adj) settle for/on (v) share in/of sth (n} shelter from (v) shocked at/by (adj) shoot at (v) short of/on (adj) shout at (v) shy of (adj) sick of (adj silly to do sth (adj) (but it was

silly of him) similar to (adj) skillful/skilled at (adj) slow in/about doing sth/to sth

(adj) smell of (n/v) smile at (v) solution to (n) sorry about (adj) (= feel sorry

for sb) (but: l'm sorry for doing sth)

speak to/with sb about (v) specialise in (v) specialist in (n) spend money on sth (v) spend time in/doing sth (v) split into/in (v) spy on (v)

Appendix li - Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions

stare at (v) strain on (n) study for (v) subject to (adj/v) submit to (v) (but submit sth

for publication) subscribe to (v) succeed in (v) suffer from (v) sufficient for sth/sb (adj) suitable for (adj) superior to (adj) sure of/about (adj) surprised at!by (adj) surrender to (v) surrounded by (adj) suspect sb of (v) suspicious of (adj) sympathetic to/towards (adj)

sympathise with (v)

T

take sth to sb/sth (v) talent for sth (n) talk to sb about sth (v) (have) taste in (n) taste of (v) terrible at (adj) terrified of (adj) thank sb for (v) thankful for (adj) think aboutlof (v) threat to sb/sth/of sth (n) threaten sb with sth (v) throw at (v) (in order to hit) throw to (v) (in order to catch) tire of (v)

Appendix li - Prepositional Phrases

Against

against the law

At

at an advantage at the age of at the airport at an auction at the beginning of (when sth

started) (but in the beginning = originaliy)

at one's best at breakfastllunch etc at the bottom of at the bus stop at church at coliege at the corner/on the corner at ali costs at the crossroads at dawn at one's desk at the door at ease at the end (= when sth is

finished) (but in the end = finaliy; at ali events)

at your expense at fault at first at first hand at first sight ata glance at hand at heart at home atlin a hotel at ... miles per hour at large at last at the latest at least at the very least at length at liberty

1501

ata loss at the match at midnight at the moment at most at night at noon at once at peace/war ata place at present ata profit at the prospect at random at any rate at one's request at the same time at school at sea at short notice at (high/fuli) speed atlin the station at sunset at the table at the time at times at the top of (but on top of) at work at 230 Milis St at the weekend

Before

before long

By

by accident by ali accounts by appointment" by the arm/hand by auction by birth by bus/train/plane/helicopter/taxi/

ship/boatlsea/air/car etc (but on a/the bus/plane/train/ ship/boat- in a taxi/car/ helicopter/plane)

tired of (adj) (= fed up with) translate from ... into (v) tread on (v) trip over (v) trouble with (n) typical o f ( adj)

u unaware of (adj) understanding of (n) uneasy about (adj) upset aboutlover sth (adj) (make) use of (n) used to (adj) useful for/to (adj)

v valid for (length of time) (adj)

by chance by check by correspondente by day/night by degrees by the dozen by eye by far by force by hand by heart by invitation by land/sea/air by law by marriage by means of by mistake by nature by now by oneself by order of by phone by mail by profession by request by (the/one's) side by surprise by the time by the way by oneself by one's watch

For

for ages for breakfastllunch/dinner for certain for a change for ever for fear ( of) for fun (= for amusement) for good for granted for hire for keeps for instance for luck

valid in (places) (adj) value sth at (v) vote againstlfor (v) vouch for (v)

w wait for (v) warn sb againstlaboutlof (v) waste (time/money) on (v) weak in/at (adj) wink at (v) wonder about (v) work aslin/at sth (v) worry about (v) worthy of (adj) write about (v) write to sb (v) wrong about (adj)

for life for love for nothing for once for the rest of for safe keeping for one 's sake for the sake of for sale (=to be sold) for short for the time being for a vacation for a walk for a while

From

from now on from scratch

In

in action in addition to (+ -ing form) in advance ( of) in agreement (with/on/ about) in aid of

I in ali (= ali in ali) in an attempt in answer to in an armchair in bed in the beginning (= originaliy) in blossom in a book in brief in business in any case in cash in the centre of in charge ( of) in cities in code in colour in comfort in common in comparison with in conclusion (to)

in (good/bad) condition in confidence in control ( of) in the corner in the country in danger in the dark in debt in demand in detail (be) in difficulty in the direction of in doubt in a ... dress in due course in the end (= finally) in exchange for in existence in fact in fashion in favour of inflames in the flesh in focus in one's free time in full swing in the future in general in good time in half in hand in haste in good/bad health in hiding in honour of in hopes of in the hospital in a hotel in a hurry in inklpencil/pen in sb's interest in isolation in length/width etc in ali sb's life in the limelight in a line in the long run in love (with) in luxury in the meantime in a mess in the middle of in a mirror in moderation in a moment in a good/bad mood in the mood in the morning in mourning in name only (= not in reality) in need of in the news in a newspaper in the name of (= on behalf of) in the nick of time in the north/south in a nutshell in the open in one's opinion in orbit

in other words in pain in pairs in the park in particular in the past in person in pieces in place of in politics in pounds in practice/theory in principie in prison in private/public in ali probability in progress in question in reality in return in the right!wrong in a row/rows in ruins in safety in season in secret in self-defence in the shape of in short in sight ( of) in the sky in silence in some respects in stock in style in the streets in succession in the suburbs in the sun/shade in good/bad taste in tears in theory in time in no time in touch in town in tune (with) in turn in two/half in uniform in use in vain in view of in a loud/low voice in a way (= in a manner) in the way in writing in a word in the world

On

on account of on a ... afternoon/ evening on the agenda on the air on approval on arrival on average on bail on balance

Appendix 11 - Prepositional Phrases

on the beach on behalf of on one's birthday on board on the border on the bottom on business on call on a campsite (at a campsite) on the coast on condition on the contrary on credit on a cruise/excursion/ trip/tour on (a ... ) day on demand on a diet on duty on earth on edge on an expedition on a farm (but: in a field) on fire on the (4th) floor ( of) on the floor on foot on the ground on the one hand on holiday on horseback on impulse on the Internet on an island (but in the

mountains) on a journey on one's knees on leave on the left on loan on the market (= available to

the public) on one's mind on that morriing on the move on New Year's Day on the news on this/that occasion on order on the outskirts on one's own on page ... on parade on the pavement on the phone on a platform on principie on purpose on the radio/TV on the right on sale (= sold at reduced price)

(but for sale = to be sold) on schedule on the screen on second thought on the side on sight on the sofa on this street!on the street(s) on strike on good/bad terms

on time on top of on the trai! of on a trip on the way (to) (= as I was

going) on the whole

Out of

out of breath out of character out of condition out of control out of danger out of date out of debt out of fashion out of focus out of hand out of luck out of order out of the ordinary out of place out of practice out of print out of the question out of reach out of season out of sight out of step out of stock out of tune out of turn out of use out ofwork

Off

off the ai r off colour off duty off limits off the map off the point off the record off the road off school/work off the top of your head

To

to some extent (come) to an end

' Under

under arrest under one's breath under control under the control of under discussion under extinction under the impression under orders under pressure under repair under the weather

Without

without fail

irregular Verbs

I b~

I bear

1 beat

[ become I begin I bite I blow break bring build burst buy

can catch choose come cost cut

deal dig do draw drink drive

eat

fali feed feel fight find

. fly · forbid

forget

freeze I fo,g; ..

• get give go

: grow

, have hear h ide hit hold hurt

: keep know

lead leave

152J

was,were bore beat became began bit blew broke brought built burst bought

could caught chose carne cost cut

dealt dug did drew drank drove

ate

fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze

got gave went grew

had heard hid hit held hurt

kept knew

led left

been born(e) beaten beco me begun bitten blown broken brought built burst bought

(been able to) caught chosen come cost cut

dealt dug done drawn drunk driven

eaten

fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen

got given gone grown

had heard hidden hit held hurt

kept known

led left

_'l .... I

I I

I I i

I I I I

I

I I I i I

I I I

[Glr2 fuàu_ ·-::~·-:·, '.:::::'!.;"···· .

lend let light los e

make mean meet

pay put

read r ide ring ris e run

say se e se li send set sew shake shine shoot show shut sing sit sleep speak spend stand steal stick sting swear sweep swim

take teach tear te li think throw

understand

wake wear win write

lent let lit/lighted lost

made meant met

paid put

read rode rang rose ran

said saw sold sent set sewed shook shone/shined shot showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood stole stuck stung swore swept swam

' took taught tore told thought threw

understood

woke wore won wrote

lent let lit/lighted lost ·

made meant met

paid put

read ridden rung risen run

said seen sold sent set sewn shaken shone/shined shot shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood stolen stuck stung sworn swept swum

taken taught torn told thought thrown

understood

woken worn won written