Wireless Security
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Principles of Computer Security: CompTIA Security+ ® and Beyond, Second Edition © 2010 Wireless Security Chapter 12
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Wireless Security. Chapter 12. Objectives. Describe the different wireless systems in use today. Detail WAP and its security implications. Identify 802.11’s security issues and possible solutions. Key Terms. 2.4 GHz band 5 GHz band Beacon frames Bluejacking Bluesnarfing Bluebugging - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Wireless Security
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
© 2010
Wireless Security
Chapter 12
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
© 2010
Objectives• Describe the different wireless systems in use
today.• Detail WAP and its security implications.• Identify 802.11’s security issues and possible
solutions.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
© 2010
Key Terms• 2.4 GHz band• 5 GHz band• Beacon frames• Bluejacking• Bluesnarfing• Bluebugging• Confidentiality• Direct-sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS)• IEEE 802.1X• IEEE 802.11• Initialization vector (IV)
• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
• RC4 stream cipher• Service set identifier (SSID)• WAP gap• Wired Equivalent Privacy
(WEP)• Wireless Application Protocol
(WAP)• Wireless Transport Layer
Security (WTLS)
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
© 2010
Introduction to Wireless Introduction to Wireless NetworkingNetworking
• Wireless networking is the transmission of packetized data by means of a physical topology that does not use direct physical links.
• IEEE 802.11 is a family of protocols that have been standardized by the IEEE for wireless local area networks (LANs).
• Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) was one of the pioneers of mobile data applications.
• Bluetooth is a short-range wireless protocol typically used on small devices such as mobile phones.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
© 2010
Summary Table of the 802.11 Summary Table of the 802.11 FamilyFamily
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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Wireless Transmission Extending Beyond the Facility’s Walls
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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Mobile PhonesMobile Phones
• Traditional wireless devices such as cellular phones and pagers are being replaced by wireless e-mail devices and PDAs.
• Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) attempted to satisfy the needs for more data on mobile devices.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
© 2010
WAPWAP• Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a lightweight
protocol designed for mobile devices.• Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) is a
lightweight security protocol designed for WAP.• WTLS uses a modified version of the Transport Layer
Security (TLS) protocol, formerly known as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to ensure confidentiality.
• WTLS implements integrity through the use of message authentication codes (MACs).
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
© 2010
WAP VulnerabilitiesWAP Vulnerabilities• The TLS protocol that WTLS is based on is designed
around Internet-based computers. • Mobile phone clients with low memory or CPU capabilities
cannot support encryption, and choosing null or weak encryption greatly reduces confidentiality.
• WAP is a point-to-multipoint protocol, but it can face disruptions or attacks because it aggregates at well-known points: the cellular antenna towers.
• WAP gap involves confidentiality of information where the two different networks meet, the WAP gateway.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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The WAP Gap Shows an Unencrypted Space Between Two Enciphered Connections
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Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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3G Mobile Networks3G Mobile Networks• Mobile wireless networks have been or are being
upgraded to 3G, greatly enhancing speed and lowering latency.
• Increased power and memory of handheld devices also reduces the need for lighter-weight encryption protocols.
• The cryptographic standard proposed for 3G is known as KASUMI.
• KASUMI is a modified version of the MISTY1 algorithm uses 64-bit blocks and 128-bit keys.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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BluetoothBluetooth• Bluetooth is a short-range (approx. 32 feet), low-power
wireless protocol transmitting in the 2.4 GHz band.• Bluetooth transmits data in Personal Area Networks
(PANs) through mobile phones, laptops, printers, and audio devices.
• Version 1.2 allows speeds up to 721 Kbps and improves resistance to interference over version 1.1.
• Bluetooth 2.0 introduced enhanced data rate (EDR), which allows the transmission of up to 3.0 Mbps.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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Bluetooth Headsets
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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Bluetooth VulnerabilitiesBluetooth Vulnerabilities• Bluejacking – Term used for the sending of unauthorized
messages to another Bluetooth device.• Bluesnarfing – Execution is similar to bluejacking, however
with bluesnarfing the attacker copies off the victim’s information, which can include e-mails, contact lists, calendar, etc.
• Bluebugging – A far more serious attack than either bluejacking or bluesnarfing. In bluebugging, the attacker uses Bluetooth to establish a serial connection to the device.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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Wireless File Sharing
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Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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802.11802.11• Group of IEEE standards also called Wi-Fi• The table below shows an overview of each
protocol
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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802.11 Modulation802.11 Modulation• Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a
modulation type that spreads the traffic sent over the entire bandwidth.
• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) multiplexes, or separates, the data to be transmitted into smaller chunks and then transmits the chunks on several subchannels.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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802.11 Individual Standards802.11 Individual Standards• 802.11a is the wireless networking standard that supports traffic
on the 5 GHz band, allowing speeds up to 54 Mbps.• 802.11b protocol provides for multiple-rate Ethernet over 2.4 GHz
spread-spectrum wireless. It provides transfer rates of 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, and 11 Mbps and uses DSSS.
• Features of 802.11b and 802.11a were joined to create 802.11g, 802.11g allows the faster speeds of the 5 GHz specification on the 2.4 GHz band.
• 802.11n is on the horizon, with many manufacturers shipping devices based upon the draft specification. 802.11n offers speeds up to 248 Mbps.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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802.11 Protocol802.11 Protocol• Authentication is handled in its most basic form by the 802.11 AP,
forcing the clients to perform a handshake when attempting to “associate” to the AP.
• Service set identifier (SSID). The SSID setting should limit access only to the authorized users of the wireless network.
• Beacon Frame is an 802.11 management frame for the network and contains several different fields, such as the timestamp and beacon interval, but most importantly the SSID.
• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) uses the RC4 stream cipher to encrypt the data as it is transmitted through the air.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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A Common Wireless Router
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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Attacking 802.11Attacking 802.11• Wireless is a popular target for several reasons:
– Access gained from wireless– Lack of default security– Wide proliferation of devices– Anonymity – Low cost
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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Attacking 802.11Attacking 802.11• War-driving is driving around with a wireless locater program recording
the number of networks found and their locations.• NetStumbler is a reception-based program that listens to the beacon
frames output by other wireless devices.• The network sniffer when combined with a wireless network card it can
support, is a powerful attack tool.• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) an encryption protocol that 802.11 uses
to attempt to ensure confidentiality of wireless communications.• Site survey an important step in securing a wireless network to avoid
sending critical data beyond company walls.• A rogue access point is an unauthorized wireless access point within an
organization.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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Attacking 802.11 Attacking 802.11 ((continuedcontinued))• Service set identifier (SSID) - unique 32-character identifier is
attached to the header of the packet• The purpose of beacon frames is to announce the wireless
network’s presence and capabilities so that WLAN cards can attempt to associate to it.
• MAC address restriction provides limited authentication capability.• WEP encrypts the data traveling across the network with an RC4
stream cipher, attempting to ensure confidentiality.
• WEP should not be trusted alone to provide confidentiality.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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NetStumbler on a Windows PC
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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Windows Displaying Access Points
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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New Security ProtocolsNew Security Protocols• Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2 uses 802.1X to
provide authentication and uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as the encryption protocol.
• Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) overcomes the WEP key weakness, as a key is used on only one packet.
• 802.1X protocol supports a wide variety of authentication methods and also fits well into existing authentication systems such as RADIUS and LDAP.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
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Implementing 802.XImplementing 802.X• Three common methods are used to implement 802.1X: EAP-TLS, EAPTTLS,
and EAP-MD5.• EAP-TLS relies on TLS, an attempt to standardize the SSL structure to pass
credentials.• EAP–Tunneled TLS Protocol (EAPTTLS) – based on EAP-TLS, but allows the
use of legacy authentication protocols such as Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), MS-CHAP, or MS-CHAP-V2.
• EAP-MD5 - does improve the authentication of the client to the AP, but does little else to improve the security of your AP.
• The use of encryption should always be employed, typically with WPA or WPA2. Turing off SSID broadcasting can help avoid some scanning. Additionally, regular site surveys will help avoid rogue access points.
Principles of Computer Security:CompTIA Security+® and Beyond, Second Edition
© 2010
Chapter Summary• Describe the different wireless systems in use
today.• Detail WAP and its security implications.• Identify 802.11’s security issues and possible
solutions.
