Winter 2014 book_bmurillo_arch 481

Brian Murilloacrh 481_Stannard_Winter 2014

“Greening” the HomeA Chronicle

of the process towards a Solar Decathlon House

COPYRIGHT:COPYRIGHT:All ideas and materials are property of the intellectual community. Feel All ideas and materials are property of the intellectual community. Feel

free to take and expand on the ideas presented, but be sure to give credit free to take and expand on the ideas presented, but be sure to give credit for anything that is taken.for anything that is taken.

"Take it... it's yours""Take it... it's yours"-Brad Pitt as Achilles in the film Troy-Brad Pitt as Achilles in the film Troy

“Greening” the HomeA Chronicle

of the process towards a Solar Decathlon House

Brian Murillo

My Gratitide

For everyone who has supported and mentored me throughout my education.

For my past and recent professors, especially you Sandy!

For all my loving friends, who entertain me to no end, and keep me from going crazy.

For MOM, Chris, Chiquita, Dad and all the rest of my loving family... thank you. This is the product of everything you have given me.Hopefully this book convinces you that I

actually do things here at school.

Content

Preface vii

Introduction

Solar Decathlon 1

Contests 2

Site 5

The Process Chronicle

Precedent Projects 12

Sketch Journal 21

Design Iterations 37

Without man, architecture is nothing.There would be no use, no place for it.

Man is its formand its functionand its anchorand its birth

... its identity.

Man without identity is lost.Find man and bring architecture to life!

PrefaceIf you’re not sustainable, you’re not cool!

The push towards an “eco-friendly” future is all the rage nowadays. The movement is gaining in momentum as more and more people from different backgrounds are adopting the philosophy.

“We should be the stewards of this planet, so let’s save it!”

“We destroyed the earth, the least we can do is try to reverse the damages.”

“If we don’t save our home, we’re all doomed!”

Alright, so maybe you won’t find people saying those exact words, but the point is that there does seem to be a growing awareness about the decaying state of our planet. And what better call to action than our looming demise? On a more optimistic note, the time has never been better to jump on the (hopefully eco-friendly) bandwagon. The growing field of experts on sustainability is only going to grow, the technology will only improve, and it can only become more available. So it would seem that a little motivation is all that is needed.The architectural design field needs to take the reigns on this movement. It is architecture, as the far-reaching profession, as the “shaper” of environments, as the provider of livelihoods, that can influence millions of lives at a time. The potentials are great, as we can begin to notice, for the field of architecture, and sustainability to really start challenging the wasteful lifestyles of the modern person.

viiPreface

I say challenge because the lifestyles and behavior that we see today have lead to the situation we are in : rising global temperatures, desertification, climate shifts, overpopulation, and probably so many more problems that I haven’t heard of. What we need sustainable architecture to do from now on is to demonstrate and promote that we can all have everything we need without taking away from the environment of our precious Earth. The LEED system in the U.S. and the PassivHaus standards in Germany, among many other programs, begin to do this. I think it can and should be taken further.Can we learn and use more from the natural environment to implement into our architecture; instead of simply installing better mechanical systems, and more photovoltaic panels? I speak to a more holistic, passive design strategy, where a comfortable lifestyle can be reached without the heavy reliance on mechanical systems, and other outside factors. The home shades itself, lights itself, heats itself, cools itself off, insulates itself, ventilates itself, virtually serves as its own climate control system so that the owner can be comfortable. We can all produce our own electricity and hot water by installing solar and photovoltaic panel arrays. What about growing our own produce, vegetables, fruits, maybe even nuts? All of which is irrigated with rain that has been collected, or grey water that is being recycled, and fertilized with compost that has been made right at home.That is the ideal we are striving towards; for the people, the home, and the environment to be closely and beautifully integrated. Although strategies and methods will range dependent upon the climate, the theory stays the same: for the home to create a more self-sustaining, self-reliant environment for its owner; to have the home provide most of the necessities of life. What better method to test this thesis than by using the Solar Decathlon 2015 competition?!

viii Preface

IntroductionU.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon Competition

This competition requires that its contestants, a certain number of admitted colleges, build a house that can respond to a set criteria. From these criteria, it can be imagined that the home is responding to the need for innovative, beautiful, and sensible design. In their own words: “teams will produce a house that: is affordable, attractive, and easy to live in; maintains comfortable and healthy indoor environmental conditions; supplies energy to household appliances for cooking, cleaning, and entertainment; provides adequate hot water; and produces as much or more energy than it consumes.”1

The competition serves a noble cause, one that tries to further the eco-friendly initiative by creating energy efficient and sustainable homes. Since its first competition in 2002, the solutions have become more sophisticated, proving that there are methods to combine the “normal” life with the sustainable one. Hence, the homes are publicly displayed in the hopes that the homes can “educate the public about the benefits, affordability, and availability of clean energy solutions.”2

The Solar Decathlon because of its very nature, allows students to test their knowledge of sustainable design methods. It allows for further exploration and innovation, and for the opportunity to work in an integrated design environment. It would be at the Solar Decathlon that a student could not only apply their education and research, but can also get “one foot in the door” of the design and construction industry. It is without a doubt, of much value for a project that requires the best methods of “green design”.

1Solar Decathlon

ContestsThe Solar Decathlon would not be named so if it did not include its ten contests. The house will be judged based on the ten contest categories, all counting to the overall competition. It basically functions like the olympic decathlon, which is the competition, but is made up of ten different events, all of which earn points toward the greater competition. Most points at the end wins!In the Solar Decathlon, the contests are designed to gauge how well the houses perform and how livable and affordable they are. Each contest is worth a maximum of 100 points, for a competition total of 1,000 points. Before revealing the contests, it would be prudent to explain the different ways points are earned from the contests. Points can be earned through measured contests, or by juried contests. The first type of measured contest is evaluated by completing tasks (task completion) such as cooking, washing dishes, and laundry. The second type of measured contest is evaluated by having the houses perform to a certain measured criteria (monitored performance), like holding a certain range of air temperature within the house. The jury evaluation is the last method a team can earn points, which is a panel of experts, in their respective fields, judging features of the home that cannot be measured (aesthetics, design inspiration).3

2 Contests

1 - Architecture (juried): focuses on architectural elements, holistic design methods, lighting, inspiration, and documentation.4

2 - Market Appeal Contest (juried): considers general livability, marketability, and buildability.5

3 - Engineering Contest (juried): judges the functionality, efficiency, innovation, reliability, and documentation of the systems.6

4 - Communications Contest (juried): jury looks for clear and consistent messages; images that represent the vision, process, and results of each project; and creativity in engaging audiences.7

5 - Affordability Contest (juried): a professional estimator determines the construction cost of each house. Teams earn 100 points for achieving a target construction cost of $250,000 or less. A sliding point scale is then applied to houses with estimated construction costs between $250,001 and $599,999. Houses with estimated costs of $600,000 or more receive zero points.8

6 - Comfort Zone Contest (measured): houses have to maintain temperatures between 71°F (22.2°C) and 76°F (24.4°C); and relative humidity less than 60%.9

7 - Hot Water Contest (measured): deliver 15 gallons (56.8 l) of hot water (110°F/43.3°C) in 10 minutes or less.10

8 - Appliances Contest (measured): judged for sustaining refrigerator and freezer temperatures, washing and drying laundry, and running the dishwasher.11

3Contests

9 - Home Entertainment Contest (measured and juried): gauges whether a house has what it takes to be a home. How well does it accommodate the pleasures of living, such as sharing meals with friends and family, watching movies in a home theater, and checking social media? How well does it accommodate a small home office for a telecommuter?12

10 - Energy Balance Contest (measured): measure the net energy a house produces or consumes over the course of the competition. The goal is to achieve a net energy consumption of zero during contest week.13

4 Contests

5Site

SiteWhen this competition began, way back in 2002, it was held in Washington D.C. Others were quick to realize that the Solar Decathlon was an important event for our schools and our industries alike. Because of this, both Europe and China are now holding their own Solar Decathlon Competitions. For us in the U.S., the next Decathlon will be held at the Orange County Great Park in Irvine, California.

Los Angeles

Irvine Orange County Great Park in Irvine

Solar Village 2015

6 Site

TransportationWith the house coming from San Luis Obispo and only going to Irvine (roughly 205 miles), the considerations for transporting the house are substantially more flexible. The most compact method, and the one with the strongest case, is transport through trailer-truck. Of course that would mean adhering to the limits of transporting set up by California Department of Transportation.I have been trying to work under the constraints of 14 feet for the height, 12 feet for the width, and 52 feet for the length. These are based on the previous Cal Poly entry for the Solar Decathlon 2005. Ten years can change many things.The height has remained the same15, but as I understand it, the full length of “truck tractor” and “semi-trailer” can go up to 65 feet or 75 feet for a legal double truck and trailer combination.14 In terms of width, the usual limit is at 102 inches (8.5 feet), but exceptions can allow for up to 120 inches (10 feet) with 10 inch allowances, on both sides, for devices (lights, mirrors, door handles, and such).16

These values are more than subject to change, especially since I am not yet familiar with all the terminology and categorization of the project and vehicles.

75' max. overall, VC 35411(a)

65' max. vehicle combination, VC 35401(a)

load

34' max.

may use a sliding fifth wheel to extend to 67'6" max. vehicle combinationwhen traveling 35 mph or less on any highway, except a freeway.

VC 35402(e)

If greater than 2'or

then

load

See diagram "Semi-Trailers"

See diagram "Semi-Trailers"

load

May use a sliding drawbar to extend to 67'6" max. vehicle combinationwhen traveling 35 mph or less on any highway, except a freeway.

VC 35402(e)





CALIFORNIA LEGAL TRUCKSTRUCK TRACTOR & SEMI-TRAILER

MOTOR TRUCK & SEMI-TRAILER

MOTOR TRUCK & TRAILER

Revised 3/9/07.

When the length of the combination of vehicles exceeds 75 feet,the load shall be confined within the exterior dimensions of the vehicles.

VC 35411(b)

Exclude dock bumpersnose standown brackets and 5th wheel slide ramps

AND28'6" max.


VC 35402(e)

75' max. vehicle combinationVC 35401(b)

28'6" max.

75' max. overallVC 35411(a)

Exclude dock bumpersnose standown brackets and 5th wheel slide ramps

OR28'6" max.

65' max. vehicle combinationVC 35401(a)+(b)

28'6" max.

75' max. overallVC 35411(a)


VC 35402(e)

load

load

Revised 3/9/07.

CALIFORNIA LEGAL DOUBLES(TRUCK TRACTOR, SEMI-TRAILER & TRAILER*)

* "Trailer" can consist of semi-trailer & auxiliary dolly

OPTION A

OPTION B

7Site

8 Site

Irvine ClimateFor now, there is no final destination for the Cal Poly 2015 house. It can be assume that it will be returned to the San Luis Obispo Area, but that assumption might be wrong. Because the competition is being held in Irvine, it is required that the house responds to that climate at the least.

In Irvine, the temperatures are slightly hotter than those in San Luis Obispo. Like any good design, the house needs to be “fitted” to its specific situation. The passive systems should be thoroughly examined and intelligently expressed so that nature can do the heavy lifting that active systems typically do. Studying the wind, solar path, humidity, and precipitation will give a great idea as to the influence that the site and climate will have on the design.The amount of precipitation will give insight to how much rainwater can be captured and used for irrigation and grey water systems. Estimates on how much can be captured are based on project size, specifically roof area. The wind charts show that the wind usually travels from the south and southeast directions and travels at about 6 to 7 miles per hour on average throughout the year. We can use this information to orient the building and place windows for ventilation and cooling purposes. With the wind mostly coming from the southern directions, it allows the building to be oriented with the long side running east-west. This is perfect! East-west orientation is best for using the important southern sun.The southern sun provides the best heat and light, if utilized properly. That means shading devices have to consider the best angles and lengths to use the sun’s heat when it needs to, and keep it out when the weather is too hot. Daylight is always welcome, but sometimes heat isn’t. It’s trade-off.

Irvine ClimateThe Psychrometric chart describes the relationship between heat (temperature) and humidity. By taking and plotting the average monthly values (high temp., low humidity)(low temp., high humidity), we can start to see the appropriate design strategies for the climate. This is a pretty nifty design tool.The chart shows that there is a decent amount of time spent in the comfort zone, but when it is hot, natural ventilation and high mass cooling would help with overheating. When the temperatures are cooler, passive solar heating would counteract the cool-ness in most cases. It is important to know when heating is needed and when it is not. For that reason, this chart is valuable. It shows, generally, when (monthly) and what strategy should be employed for a comfortable interior environment.

Match the color of the text of each month with the pertaining lines in the psychrometric chart.

JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

10 Site

11Site

12 The Precedent Projects

Precedent ProjectsThe precedent projects that follow should help give insight as to where my mind and design are coming from and headed. Some are about the excelllent use of space, others are about form, and others are about similar conceptual ideas and execution. One way or another, they have all inspired the image I have in my head about what this Solar Decathlon house wants to be.

13The Precedent Projects

Lloyd Russell, AIA. “Rimrock Ranch”2008. Pioneertown, California. 1,600 square feet.A simple “secondary” roof covering helps mitigate the desert sun and heat without impeding on the breezes.17 I like the separation of the two elements. One is a home, the other is a cover, but together seem to create a nice composition, and environment. Using a similar concept, I plan for closer integration of the “cover” with the home.


Foster Bernal Arquitectos. “Casa Cuatro”2008. Tunquen, Chile. 1,500 square feet.Again, its simple design is elegant. The passive design methods are something to admire (wind turbine, the pulled secondary wall to help ventilation).18 Secondary elements for the purpose of passive design is a huge inspiration for the Solar Decathlon home.


Lowney Architecture. “SmartSpace SoMA”2008. San Francisco, California. 295 square feet.19

This is a project that exemplifies great use of space, and transforming furniture/cabinets. Pushes the limit of how much space a person really needs.


nARCHITECTS. “adAPT micro-apartment”New York, New York. 250 - 370 square feet.20

Another impressive use of space. The micro-apartments in New York address the limited real estate, and try to promote a new lifestyle; one of efficiency and adaptability.


Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. “First Light House.” 2011 Solar Decathlon Entry. Washington D.C.Going back to the separation of two elements and how they can come together to create a nice experience. The plan would also show a central public area that runs through the house to allow the exterior to flow through.21 The idea of starting to tie the outside with the inside is appealing.


dRMM Architecture. “Sliding House”The project shows the potential of the skin as a mediator. In this project, the skin slides to reveal glazing. This lets in light and heat, or keep both out if and when the owner wants to.22 This skin is more of a case, and slightly more integrated structurally, but as cool as movable parts seem, a well designed house can be dynamic without moving skins.


American University in Cairo. “SLIDES House”2012 Solar Decathlon Europe.A conceptual design for the competition works similar to dRMM’s sliding house. An adjustable skin allows for more control of the amount of nature that the house can let in.23


Griffin Enright Architecture. “[WIDE] Band Nomadic Cafe”Los Angeles, California. 600 square feet.This installation is the inspiration for the iterations that will appear later in the book. It is a fabricated band that creates spaces as it loops along its length. Hopefully this project can act as a diagram to bridge the gap between all the multi-element projects; where the elements become one, and the house becomes the environment and vice-versa.

Sketch JournalThese next few pages are a chronicle of my process. The sketches show the different thoughts and iterations that have ran through my mind throughout the design. They start with basic bubble diagrams, move into more formal plan diagrams, and at points diverge into more completed ideas and thoughts for where this project is headed.The ideas at the very beginning were meant to meet the transportation and packaging requirement, but eventually switched into a few conceptual ideas. A few of those ideas stuck, and have lead to the iterations seen later on. Although the design is far from resolved, I felt it important to try and execute as many ideas as I possibly could. The scale of the project has been kind to me in that respect. It is the hope that some of the ideas from the different designs (I see them more as charettes) will “stick,” and will help me in the development of a home that can accurately portray my thesis.The plan diagrams are looking to find a way to group the spaces that require mechanical services (bathroom, kitchen, laundry, mechanical storage), while seperating the social areas from the private, and while also maintaining a clear connection between social spaces (kitchen, living room, outside deck). Spatial organization will also be influenced by the climate. Spaces that will be used more often should be given the best conditions.

21Sketch Journal

22 Sketch Journal

23Sketch Journal

24 Sketch Journal

25Sketch Journal

26 Sketch Journal

27Sketch Journal

28 Sketch Journal

29Sketch Journal

30 Sketch Journal

31Sketch Journal

32 Sketch Journal

33Sketch Journal

34 Sketch Journal

35Sketch Journal

36 Sketch Journal

37Design Iterations

Design IterationsA look through at the different concepts and their execution. It might become apparent how some of the ideas manifested from the sketches, or maybe not, the mind is a wonderfully complex thing. There is a chronological order to how the sketches were presented. The design iterations will be presented similarly so that relationships may be formed if wished.Now that actual homes are being represented, I can begin to define that parameters that were set by the Solar Decathlon Rules.

Each participant is given a lot size of 78 feet (east-west) by 60 feet (north-south) or 4,680 square feet.

Within each lot, the houses must occupy at least 600 square foot finished floor area, and at most 1,000 square feet.

Height limits are set at 18 feet.

Lots were recently chosen, which will definitely affect design decisions like the public approach and entrance, building orientation, spatial planning to counter undesirable heat exposure, and topographical variations.

Cal Poly was able to choose lot 107.

38 Design Iterations

39Design Iterations

Formal ReviewIn this first review, four alternatives were presented in order to try and find a direction for the project.

Scheme 1 Dubbed “Green Lane,” takes a page from the First Light House designed by Victoria University of Wellington. There is a central corridor that splits the plan in two, while suggesting the beginnings of an exterior/interior relationship.


LivingRoom

Kitchen

WC

Mech.

Bedroom

“Green

Lane”

Living

Room Kitchen

N

AA

41Design Iterations


Formal ReviewScheme 2“Stepping Stones” is a continuation on the idea of the outside environment coming into the house. The spaces are separated a bit more, but connected along a path. The spaces, then are meant to be metaphorical stepping stones in that they are within nature and not the other way around. They are steps along the natural path.

43Design Iterations

N

Mech.WC

Bedroom

Bed-

room

Kitchen

Walkway

Walkway

Living Room

A A


Formal ReviewScheme 3The “Skin” starts to take from various precedent projects. The idea is that the skin performs various functions. It can be shading, as a canopy, while also being a green roof where produce can potentially be planted and water harvested. The skin may the move down to the ground level to provide more landscape and maybe even seating. There would also be a section for photovoltaic panels and solar panels to be mounted. The next step is taking the house and the skin, and making them one.

45Design Iterations

N

Mech. WC

Bedroom

KitchenLiving Room


Formal ReviewScheme 4This iteration was named the “Loft” because it employs the use of... well, a loft. It is an exploration of using the full height limit, and in making the roof usable as well. The design is simple, with public and social spaces taking up the bottom area, and the private space, the bedroom, is the loft space, which opens to the roof.

47Design Iterations

First Floor Plan

Second Floor Plan

A

A

A

A

N

Living Room

Living Room

Mech.WC

Open

Open

Roof

Loft

Loft

Kitchen

Kitchen

Section ShowThe mock section show poster demonstrates a house that tried to evolve from the “Stepping Stone” scheme shown at the formal review.

The mock section describes the layered nature of this iteration. The hallway opens up to the outside, acting as an intermediary space between the exterior and interior.The roof strategies show some other aspects of passive and active design strategies.


49Design Iterations

BedroomHallwayExterior

Roof GardenPV Panels

Section ShowThe Section for this iteration shows a shading strategy that is supposed to merge into the roof, or protrude out from the roof depending on how it is seen. The shading fixture would flow down to the ground to create a bench. This particular moment of the fixture shades the house from the southwest light.


BedroomLiving/Dining Room

51Design Iterations

Blind ReviewThe skin, or sleeve, of the house is meant to be a static, but also dynamic covering for the house. It is dynamic in how it’s supposed to responds to its climate, creating small spaces that provide appropriate shading, or spaces for seating, gardening, and the various other needs to sustain a contemporary lifestyle. This version of the house was named “sleeve-scape.” Like the skin, it was a cover for the house that could theoretically create spaces along the house for different purposes. This idea, I would say, has great potential to accomplish what the house needs to be. This iteration falls short, but has left kernels of great potential to be explored.


53Design Iterations

North Elevation

Mech. WC

Bedroom

Living Kitchen

N


East Elevation

West Elevation

55Design Iterations

Qualifying ReviewThis most recent study begins to use a secondary skin that is meant to “belt” around the house. Essential ly, the skin wraps around the house, going where it is needed to react to the cl imate, hence its uti l ity. So the investigation continues! This latest iteration is yet another attempt at combining an all-purpose skin to a plan, landscape, and form. Remember that the end goal is to design a home that can essential ly provide its owners with most of the necessit ies to sustain l i fe. All of the projects thus far, are minor steps towards the end goal.

Bedroom

BathroomBathroomBathroom KitchenKitchen

A

A

Living Room

Mech.Mech.


Section A

Kitchen

Green Roof

Roof angled for photovoltaic panels

Bi-fold windowBi-fold windowBi-fold windowBi-fold windowBi-fold windowBi-fold windowBi-fold window

Seating/Seating/Seating/Seating/Covered Covered

Area

57Design Iterations

Window Window ShadingShading

Glazed Door

Green Roof

Green Green WallWall

Angled roof Angled roof (panels, l ighting, (panels, l ighting,

water)Mechanical Mechanical

Room Doors

Pulled-out Pulled-out Shading Shading

structuresstructures

Sources1 "The Solar Decathlon Competition." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

2 "About Solar Decathlon." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

3 "Solar Decathlon Contests." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

4 "Architecture Contest." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

5 "Market Appeal Contest." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

6 "Engineering Contest." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

7 "Communications Contest." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

8 "Affordability Contest." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

9 "Comfort Zone Contest." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

10 "Hot Water Contest." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

11 "Appliances Contest." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

12 "Home Entertainment Contest." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

13 "Energy Balance Contest." US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. US Depatment of Energy. 19 March 2014. Web. 23 March 2014.

14 "Vehicle Lengths." California Department of Transportation. CalTrans. 10 October 2013. Web. 23 March 2014.

15 "Height and Low Clearances." California Department of Transportation. CalTrans. 10 October 2013. Web. 23 March 2014.

16 "Vehicle Widths." California Department of Transportation. CalTrans. 10 October 2013. Web. 23 March 2014.

17 Berg, Nate. "Operation Desert Shed." Dwell. Web. July/August 2009. 26 Feb. 2014.

18 Ohtake, Miyoko. "Tunquen Treasure." Dwell. Web. June 2011. 26 Feb. 2014

19 Meinhold, Bridgette. “San Francisco’s SmartSpace SoMa is the First Prefab Micro Housing Project in the US.” Inhabitat. Web. 3 July 2013. 24 March 2014.

20 Taylor, Donna. “Winning micro-housing design on display in NYC.” Gizmag. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. 24 March 2013.

21 Henry, Christopher. “The Meridian First Light House, Solar Decathlon / Team Victoria University of Wellington.” Arch Daily. Web. 27 May 2011.

22 “Bizarre House That Slides!” Home Designing. Web. 19 April 2009. 26 Feb. 2014.

23 Zimmer, Lori. “Egypt’s Solar SLIDES House Has a Transforming Perforated Facade.” Inhabitat. Web. 28 July 2011. 26 Feb. 2014.

24 “[WIDE] Band Nomadic Cafe.” Griffin Enright Architects. Web. 24 March 2014.

ImagesCover: Danilo Demarco. “Cloud, Rain Icon.” Icon. IconfInder. 23 March 2014. < https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/171465/cloud_rain_icon > “Wind Icon.” Icon. Engineering and Technical Consultants. 19 March 2014. 23 March 2014. < http://blog.etc-web.com/ > “Tree Icon.” Icon. trees4life. 23 March 2014. < http://www.trees4life.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Tree-icon.png >

Copyright/Title page: "The Great Park" Photo. Laguna Dirt. 4 April 2011. < http://lagunadirt.com/2011/04/great-park.html >

Pg. 5: "Los Angeles." Screen Capture. Google Maps. 9 March 2014. “Orange County Great Park.” Screen Capture. Google Maps. 9 March 2014.

Pg. 7: “California Legal trucks.” Photo. California Department of Transportation. 23 March 2014. < http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/engineering/trucks/diagrams/ca- legal.pdf >

Pg. 7: “California Legal Doubles.” Photo. California Department of Transportation. 23 March 2014. < http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/engineering/trucks/diagrams/ca- legal-doubles.pdf >

pg. 9: “Irvine, California Monthly-All Weather Averages.” Screen Capture. Weatherbase. 26 Feb. 2014. < http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall. php3?s=780940&units= > “Average Weather For Santa Ana, California, USA.” Screen Capture. Weatherspark. 26 Feb. 2014. < http://weatherspark.com/averages/31647/Santa-Ana-California-United- States >

Pg. 13: Harrison, David. “Austin Residence Exterior Front.” Photo. Dwell. 24 March 2014. Harrison, David. “Austin Residence Exterior Side Patio.” Photo. Dwell. 26 Feb. 2014. < http://www.dwell.com/green/article/operation-desert-shed >

Pg. 14: Palma, Cristóbal. “Extended Casa Cuatro Exterior.” Photo. Dwell. 24 March 2014. Palma, Cristóbal. “Tunquen Treasure Casa Cuatro Solar Panels Illustration.” Photo. Dwell. 24 March 2014. < http://www.dwell.com/green/article/tunquen-treasure?ref=nf >

Pg.15: “SmartSpace SoMA Exterior.” Photo. Inhabitat. 24 March 2014. “SmartSpace SoMA Interior.” Photo. Inhabitat. 24 March 2014. “SmartSpace SoMA Models.” Photo. Inhabitat. 24 March 2014. < http://inhabitat.com/smartspace-soma-is-the-first-prefab-micro- housing-project-in-the-us/ >

Pg. 16: “My Micro NY Interior.” Photo. Gizmag. 26 feb. 2014. “My Micro NY Plans.” Photo. Gizmag. 26 feb. 2014. < http://www.gizmag.com/winning-micro-housing-design-nyc/25989/ >

Pg. 17: “First Light Exploded Diagram.” Photo. Arch Daily. 24 March 2014. < http://www.archdaily.com/138914/the-meridian-first-light-house-solar- decathlon-team-victoria-university-of-wellington/> Coen, Amanda. “First Light House.” Photo. Inhabitat. 24 March 2014. < http://inhabitat.com/first-light-team-new-zealands-solar-decathlon- house-puts-an-innovative-twist-on-the-basics/2/ >

Pg. 18: “Sliding House Architecture.” Photo. Home Designing. 26 Feb. 2014. “Sliding House NIght.” Photo. Home Designing. 26 Feb. 2014. < http://www.home-designing.com/2009/04/bizarre-house-that-slides >

Pg. 19: “SLIDES House Front.” Photo. Inhabitat. 26 Feb. 2014. “SLIDES House Closed.” Photo. Inhabitat. 26 Feb. 2014. “SLIDES House Open.” Photo. Inhabitat. 26 Feb. 2014. < http://inhabitat.com/slides-perforated-skin-slides-in-and-out-to-control- solar-gain/ >

Pg. 20: “Wide Band Wireframe.” Photo. Griffin Enright Architects. 24 March 2014. “Wide Band Front.” Photo. Griffin Enright Architects. 24 March 2014. “Wide Band.” Photo. Griffin Enright Architects. 24 March 2014. < http://www.griffinenrightarchitects.com/projects/wide-band-nomadic- cafe/# >

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