Wind Technology Historical Drive Trains Conversion Devices...

Wind TechnologyHistorical

Drive TrainsConversion Devices

Configurations (HAWT, VAWT)Rotor Design

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

Historical Wind Turbines

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW, 1941~700 hrs

Gedser24 m, 250 kW1957-1967

© Risø National Laboratory

Tvind54 m, 2 MW1978-Present

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Growian100 m, 3 MW,

1981~400 hrs

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Large Turbine Manufacturers• Vestas (DK)• Bonus-Siemans• NEG-Micon (DK)• Enercon (D)• GE Wind (D-US)• Gamesa (ES)• Mitsubishi (JP)

• Nordex (DK)• Ecotecnia (ES)• DeWind (D)• Suzlon (India)• Lagerwey (NL)• RePower (D)• Fuhrländer (D)


Bonus 63 m, 1.3 MW


© Bonus

Nordex N50

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Nordex

Ecotecnia 1.6 MW

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Ecotecnia

General Electric

GE Mod-1, 60 m, 1979, USDOE

GE 1.5 MW, 77 m, 2003

Vestas

V80, 1.8 MW, Kincardine, Ontario

Direct-Drive Wind Turbines• Enercon (D)• Lagerwey (NL)• Jeumont-Industrie (F)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Enercon

Lagerwey Direct-Drive


© Lagerwey

Jeumont-IndustrieDirect Drive• Discoid

French Nuclear Submarines

• 50 Units Built

J48 © Jeumont-Industrie

Direct-Drive Wind TurbinesUnder Development

• WinWin (FL)• Vensys (D)

Permanent Magnet


Vensys © Hugo Denker

© Vensys

Configuration: Axis of Rotation

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

HAWT VAWT

Wind Energy Conversion Devices


• Drag DevicesHAWT (Seldom)VAWT (Often)

First Choice of “Inventors”

• Lift DevicesHAWT (Dominant)VAWT (Rare)

VAWT Configurations


Persian Panemone


VAWTsDrag Device (Paddles)


Savonius or “S” Rotors


VAWTMagnus Effect


VAWTs Darrieus4 Blades




Tehachapi Pass, Calif.



DAF-IndalAtlantic Wind Test Site, PEI


DAF-Indal, Kortright Cente, Ontario


VAWTs DarrieusBi-Blade


VAWTsCantilevered


GiromillsArticulating Straight Blade VAWT


GiromillArticulating Straight Blade VAWT


Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft)



Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft)

• High Hype• Complex• Costly• DOE

Boondoggle

Variable Geometry VAWT (Musgrove)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © PI Specialists

We Know What Works . . .and What Doesn’t

Eole, Cap Chat

© Vortec


HAWT Configurations


Blades


• Blade NumberOne to Many

• Blade MaterialsCloth to High-Tech

• Blade ShapeSimple to “Shark Fin”

• Blade Color

Blade Number


• 1 Blade• 2 Blades• 3 Blades• Multiblade

Farm Windmill

• No BladesNo, Really

One-Blade Turbines


• Lightweight• Only One Blade• Small Gearbox• High RPM• Noisy• Complex Rotor• Odd

One-Blade Turbines


Small One-Blade Turbines


Two Blades


• Lighter than Three• Static Balance• Dynamic Imbalance in Yaw• Teetering Hub• Pitch-Coupled Teetering• Higher RPM than Three• Noisier than Three• Visual Imbalance

Two-Blade Turbines


Two Blade Turbines


Two-Blade Turbines


Three Blades


• Dynamic Balance in Yaw

• Complicates Erection• Visually Balanced• Lower RPM• Bigger Gearbox• Can Use Simple Hub

Blade Material


• ClothSail Wing, Cretan, etc.

• WoodPlanksComposites

• Metal• Fiberglass

GFRPGFRECFRE

Wood Blades


Composite Wood Blades


Multiblade


Metal Blades


• Aluminum• Steel

Fiberglass Blades


Blade Shape


• Taper• Twist• Glauert Formula

Shark Fin Shape

Blade Twist

aul Gipe, wind-works.org

• For Uniform Lift

Blade Taper


Blade Color


• White• Gray• Black

Cascading Blades


• Slot Effect

TurbulenceStrips

• Noise• Performance


Jeumont-Industrie

Ducted Turbines


© Vortec

Coning-Positive


Coning-Negative


© Nordex

RePower, Husum, Germany

OrientationVAWTS Omnidirectional


Orientation of HAWTS


• Tail Pole• Tracks• Fan Tails• Yaw Motors• Passive Yaw

Tail VanesDownwind

Orientation of HAWTSTail Pole & Tracks


Orientation of HAWTSTracks


OrientationFan Tails


OrientationPassive Yaw-Tail Vanes


OrientationPassive-Downwind


Rotor Overspeed Controls


• No Aerodynamic Controls • Furling

VerticalHorizontal

• Tip Brakes• Parachutes• Pitching Blade Tips• Spoilers

Overspeed Controls• Ailerons• Variable Pitch

Pitch to FeatherPitch to Stall

• Passive Variable PitchBearingless RotorCarter, Windtech, Small Turbines


No Aerodynamic Rotor Controls• Mechanical Brakes

Tacke• Flutter

SWP Air• Electro-Dynamic

SWP SkystreamPaul Gipe, wind-works.org

Overspeed ControlsFurling-Vertical


Rotor ControlsFurling-Horizontal


Rotor ControlsAir Brakes


OverspeedControls

Variable Pitch


• Pitch-to-Feather

Tip Brakes (Plates)


Tip Brakes


Overspeed ControlsPitching Blade Tips


Overspeed ControlsAilerons


Overspeed ControlsSpoilers


Overspeed ControlsBearingless Rotor


Airfoils


• Single Surface• Constant Planform• Tip Shape• Tip Speed Ratio• Stall Control

Single Surface

Airfoils


AirfoilsConstant Planform


AirfoilsBlade Tips


Relative Wind & Angle of Attack


Wind Technology Historical Drive Trains Conversion Devices...

Documents

Transcript of Wind Technology Historical Drive Trains Conversion Devices...