Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs
description
Transcript of Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs
![Page 1: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
College of Engineering
Discovery with Purpose www.engineering.iastate.edu
June 17, 2011
Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution
Technologies & NeedsJames McCalley ([email protected])
REU Short Course on Wind Energy Science, Engineering and Policy
![Page 2: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Windfarm Electrical System:
2
![Page 3: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Three transmission/distribution related issues:
3
Windfarm
Windfarm
Windfarm
Windfarm
Windfarm
Windfarm
Windfarm
Windfarm
MULTI-FARM COLLECTION
NETWORK
MULTI-FARM COLLECTION
NETWORK
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 1
Level 1, Multi-turbine collection network: Interconnect turbines to transmission sub.Level 2, Multi-farm collection network: Interconnect windfarms to backbone trans.Level 3, Backbone transmission: Transport energy from resources to load centers.
![Page 4: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Multi-turbine collector network• Common voltage levels are 13.8, 25, 34.5 kV• Three-phase, always underground, cable
4
POI or connection to the grid Collector System
Station
Feeders and Laterals (overhead and/or underground)
Individual WTGs
Interconnection Transmission Line
![Page 5: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Multi-turbine collector network
![Page 6: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Multi-turbine collector network
In the midwest, cutting drain tiles is a common problem that windfarm developers must contend with.
![Page 7: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Level 2: Multifarm collection networks
Wind farms site where the wind resources are good, close to existing transmission that has residual capacity. If capacity is insufficient, one of the below happens:•Wind farm is not built;•Special protection schemes are used;•Incremental transmission upgrades are made; •Extensive transmission upgrades are implemented.
7
OK when considering 3.7 GW wind out of 10GW total.Not OK when considering 20 GW wind out of 30GW total.There has not been much intentionality at level 2…. yet.But we need to consider Level 2 Designs, before wind grows much more.
![Page 8: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Level 2: Multifarm collection networks - Examples
8
• Depends on backbone transmission (may very well change….)
![Page 9: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The backbone transmission issue: Where are the people?
…But where are the resources?
9
![Page 10: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
NUCLEAR
Long-term National Planning & Resource Integration
GEOTHERMALSOLAR
WindBIOMASS
CLEAN-FOSSIL
Where, when, & how to interconnect?
10
![Page 11: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Questions on backbone transmission• Is transmission expensive?• Who pays for transmission? Who permits it?• Are there choices for transmission technologies?• Have we ever had a national transmission plan?• Why do many people feel “NIMBY” for transmission?• Why not just put it underground?• Transmission raises cost of energy at sending end and reduces it at receiving end why does sending end generally like it & receiving end often does not?• If a national transmission superhighway lowers average cost of energy for the nation, why not build it?
11
![Page 12: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Transmission TechnologiesHVAC: 69kV, 115kV, 138kV, 161kV and 230kV
EHVAC: 345kV, 500kV, 765kV Long distance must be overhead due to high line charging.
HVDC: 500kV, 600kV, 800kV, Today, all high-capacity HVDC is thyristor-based
Overhead DC lines less expensive than AC lines but higher termination investment cost. 400 miles is approximate breakover distance. Intermediate terminals (on-off ramps) are expensive. Use of IGBT-based voltage-source converters (lite) alleviates this but only at lower capacities.
Long-distance HVDC underground bulk transmission is possible.
Underground Superconducting Pipe
Regional Transmission: HSIL, GIL, HVDC-lite
12
![Page 13: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Transmission Technologies
Fig. 4: Cost comparisons between HVDC and EHVAC for 6000 MW of capacity
13
![Page 14: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Superconducting pipe
14
![Page 15: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Tres Amigas
15
![Page 16: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
American Superconductor
16
![Page 17: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
AEP Conceptual 765--kV overlay for wind integration
17
![Page 18: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
![Page 19: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
20%StrongWest
20%Distributed
20%StrongOffshore
30%
19
![Page 20: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
![Page 21: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
30%20%StrongWest
20%Distributed
20%StrongOffshoreMost
Economical+ RPS
21
![Page 22: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
![Page 23: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Criteria for a national overlay design
• Facilitate low-carbon resource development• Move generation to load centers• Low total costs (investment + production)• Reduce overall national energy costs• Avoid “pockets” of high energy costs• Minimal environmental impact• Resilient to large-scale disruptions• Flexible for adaptation to future infrastructure
23
![Page 24: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Green Power Express
24
Cost: $10 billionVoltage: 765 kVMileage: 3000 milesWho: ITCProposed date: 2020Capacity: 12000 MW
![Page 25: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SPP EHV Overlay - Ultimate
25
![Page 26: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ERCOT - CREZ
26
![Page 27: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
PacifiCorp Gateway Project
27
![Page 28: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
NREL’s Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission
28
![Page 29: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
BackgroundA Brief Introduction of Our Proposed Study Process:1. Determine 40 years’ generation and load portfolio using NETPLAN.
Transmission capacities = inf. 2. Identify source/sink nodes under certain criteria3. Obtain an initial transmission candidate topology (graph theory)
Get a min cost spanning tree connect all nodes; Apply “reliability” constraints like N-1 security and rule of 3
4. Optimization. Determine capacities. Discard those arcs with no investment. Can coordinate with the first step
5. Transmission technology selection.6. Production cost simulation7. Power flow, stability studies, etc.
![Page 30: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Identifying Futures
Key drivers Examples
30
![Page 31: Wind-Related Transmission/Distribution Technologies & Needs](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062816/568156de550346895dc484bb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ReferencesJ. McCalley, W. Jewell, T. Mount and D. Osborn, “Technologies, Tools, and Procedures for Energy Systems Planning at the National Level,” to appear in Power and Energy Magazine.
Slides from Midwest ISO Engineering Presentations in EE 552 (2008 and 2010).McCalley lecture notes from EE 552.
N. Reddy, “Superconductor Electricity Pipelines: A compelling solution to today’s long-haul transmission challenges,” Right of Way, May/June, 2010, pp. 26-33, available at www.irwaonline.org/EWEB/upload/may_web_SuperConductor.pdf.
R. Dunlop, R. Gutman, and P. Marchenko, “Analytical Development of Loadability Characteristics for EHV and UHV Transmission Lines,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No. 2, March/April 1979.
R. Gutman, E. Wilcox, 21st Century Transmission Planning: The Intersection of Engineering, Economics, and Environment,” CIGRE, 2009, Calgary.
J. Fleeman, R. Gutman, M. Heyeck, M. Bahrman, and B. Normark, “EHV AC and HVDC Transmission Working Together to Integrate Renewable Power,” CIGRE Paper 978-2-85873-080-3, 2009.
31