Wind Power Siting Issues - michigan.gov · 1,293 Utah 0.2 Vermont 6.0 Wisconsin 53.0 Wyoming ......
Transcript of Wind Power Siting Issues - michigan.gov · 1,293 Utah 0.2 Vermont 6.0 Wisconsin 53.0 Wyoming ......
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American Wind Energy Association
Wind Power Siting Issues
John R. DunlopSenior Outreach Representative
American Wind Energy Association
Michigan Wind Working Group
2004 October 05
Image courtesy of NEG Micon
American Wind Energy Association
United States Wind Power Capacity (MW)
6,374 MW as of 1/1/04
Alaska1.1
California2042.6
Colorado223.2
Hawaii8.6
Iowa471.2
Kansas113.7
Massachusetts1.0
Michigan2.4
Minnesota562.7
Montana0.1
Nebraska14
New Mexico206.6
New York48.5
North Dakota
66.3Oregon259.4
Pennsylvania129
Tennessee2.0
Texas1,293
Utah0.2
Vermont6.0
Wisconsin53.0
Wyoming284.6
Washington243.8
South Dakota
44.3
Source: AWEA’sU.S. Projects Database
Under 100 MW
Over 100 MW
Illinois50.4
Arkansas0.1
West Virginia66
Ohio3.6
Idaho0.2
Oklahoma176.3
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American Wind Energy Association
Industry Needs Consistent Policy Support
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
0500
1000
1500
2000• Less than 500 MW expected to be installed in 2004 due to expiration of wind energy Production Tax Credit
• Short-term federal policy has derailed industry’s growth every two years.
American Wind Energy Association
U.S. Federal Production Tax Credit• enacted 1992 - 1.5¢/kW.h for 10 years • Expired - for 3rd time - on 2003 Dec. 31 at 1.8¢/kW.h • Congress passed extension through 2005 last
Thursday, September 23– Retroactive to January 1– No changes in provisions– Bush signed the bill yesterday, Oct 05
• Extension through 2006 still in “JOBS” bill– Congress may consider in “Lame Duck” session– May increase technologies, may not include inflation
adjustment– House conferees appointed Sept 29
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American Wind Energy Association
Other announcements in past two weeks:• New York became 17th state with renewable energy
standard – 25% by 2013– Others: Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin
• Minnesota EQB approved 1st of four new transmission lines for wind
• Gamesa to establish U.S. Headquarters in Philadelphia; 400 MW PPA; blade manufacturing in PA
• MidAmerican (Iowa) to complete 100 MW project by end of 2004 (edging MN to become #3 wind-producing state)
American Wind Energy Association
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American Wind Energy Association
American Wind Energy Association
Wind installation top states = States with RES
1. California 2006 MW2. Texas 1305 MW3. Minnesota 551 MW4. Iowa 482 MW
2004 January
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American Wind Energy Association
Turbine Technology Constantly Improving
• Larger turbines• Specialized blade design• Better electronics • Computer design modeling • Manufacturing improvements
American Wind Energy Association
Technology Improvements Lead to Better Reliability
• Drastic improvements since mid-80’s
• Manufacturers report availability data of over 98%
1981 '83 '85 '90 '98
% A
vaila
ble
Year0
20406080
100
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American Wind Energy Association
$0.00
$0.10
$0.20
$0.30
$0.40
1980 1984 1988 1991 1995 2000 2005
38 cents/kWh
Cost Improvement Driving Wind’s Success
2.5-3.5 cents/kWh
Levelized cost at excellent wind sites in U.S. nominal dollars, including U.S. tax incentives
American Wind Energy Association
Wind Is Growing Worldwide
0
500010000
1500020000
25000
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
Rest of WorldEuropeUnited States
Source: AWEA press release, WPM
Installed Capacity as of2004 January
1. Germany: 14,000 MW
2. U.S.: 6400 MW
3. Spain: 5800 MW
4. Denmark: 3100 MW
5. India: 1900 MW
28%/year (5-year average)
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American Wind Energy Association
Wind Project Siting Issues
An overview of siting issues that can affect the success of a wind
power project
American Wind Energy Association
SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT ISSUE: LOCATION
• Wind resource is highly site sensitive• Impact of a turbine or a project is sensitive
to the proximity to people• Ensuring safe and successful project is
sensitive to location
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American Wind Energy Association
Siting Considerations by Area of Influence and Perspective
Area of influenceI – Wide area (selection of state, region or county to
explore)II – Project area (selection of township, sections to
locate project)III – Turbine siting (individual turbine locations)
American Wind Energy Association
Siting Considerations by Area of Influence and Perspective
Perspective– Wind project owner/developer– Community interest– Environmental considerations
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American Wind Energy Association
Siting MatrixPerspective: Wind Project Interest Community Interest Environmental Impact
Area of Influence:
Wide Area X X X
Project Area X X X
Turbine Siting X X X
American Wind Energy Association
I – Wide AreaWind Project Interest– Adequate wind resource– Adequate transmission capacityCommunity Interest– Economic development opportunities– Areas of scenic beauty– Parks– Recreational areas– Military training grounds
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American Wind Energy Association
I – Wide AreaEnvironmental Considerations– Nature preserves– Wildlife habitat– Native prairies– Avian behavior and migration
American Wind Energy Association
Siting MatrixPerspective: Wind Project Interest Community Interest Environmental Impact
Area of Influence:
Wide Area X X X
Project Area X X X
Turbine Siting X X X
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American Wind Energy Association
II – Project AreaWind Project Interest– Local terrain– Existing and projected uses of the landCommunity Interest– Airports– Airplane safety– Aerial farming operations– Enhanced tourism– Paleontological and archaelogical sites– Cultural sites
American Wind Energy Association
II – Project AreaEnvironmental Consideration– Wetlands– Nesting areas– Sensitive species
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American Wind Energy Association
Siting MatrixPerspective: Wind Project Interest Community Interest Environmental Impact
Area of Influence:
Wide Area X X X
Project Area X X X
Turbine Siting X X X
American Wind Energy Association
III – Turbine SitingWind Project Interest– Turbine spacing for optimum electricity production– Minimize overall project footprintCommunity Interest – Frequently most important area for local
siting authorities– Safety (catastrophic failure; ice shedding)– Acceptance (visibility, sound levels, solar flicker,
electromagnetic interference)– Compatibility with land use– Neighboring commercial interests
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American Wind Energy Association
III – Turbine SitingEnvironmental Consideration– Surface water runoff– Ground water quality– Avian behavior
American Wind Energy Association
Siting MatrixPerspective: Wind Project Interest Community Interest Environ. Impact
Area of Influence:
Wide Area X X X
Project Area X X X
Turbine Siting X X X
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American Wind Energy Association
Community Interests: Wide AreaEconomic Development– Local business activity– Local jobs– Local taxes
American Wind Energy Association
Community Interests: Project AreaAirports– Proximity to airports (federal jurisdiction)Airplane Safety– Visibility (nighttime lighting)– Minimize visibility from the groundAerial farming operations– Host and neighboring land owners
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American Wind Energy Association
Community Interests: Project AreaTourism– Traffic issues– Setback requirementsPaleontological, archaeological, cultural sites– Sites may be significant– Egress may be required– Federal, state regulations may prevail
American Wind Energy Association
Community Interests: Turbine SitingGeometry– Spacing for optimum performance rotor diameter– Setback from specified “receptor” overall height (“fall
zone”)Definitions– D, Diameter: Diameter of rotor disk– H, Hub Height: Height of center of rotation– T, Total Height: Height from ground to tip of vertically
extended blade (H + ½ D)
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American Wind Energy Association
Community Interests: Turbine SitingSafety– Catastrophic failure: T + margin (1.25 T?)– Ice Shedding: 2 T (based on geometry)Acceptance– Visibility: neutral color, uniform appearance, spacing
between turbines– Sound: “aero-acoustic” sound; 50 dB(A) at “receptor”– Solar flicker (sunshine interrupted by blades): unique and
transitory phenomenon; proximity and screening– Electromagnetic interference (may cause “shadows” in weak
TV signals)• Enhance signal strength; provide alternative receiver
American Wind Energy Association
Community Interests: Turbine SitingCompatible land use– Minimize land taken out of production– Site turbines and roads to be compatibleNeighboring commercial interests– Neighbor may wish to develop wind resource– Turbines may cause “wind shadow” for 10 D downwind– Minimum setbacks of 3-5 rotor diameters (depending on
terrain)
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American Wind Energy Association
Non-location-dependent permitting issuesHuman safety– Control unauthorized egress– Fire controlCommunity safety– Fire protection (roadways, authorized egress)– Highway safety (transportation of large, slow loads)Community acceptance– Transportation planning (noise, dust)– Construction (noise, dust)
American Wind Energy Association
Non-location-dependent permitting issuesEnvironmental consideration– Type of safety lighting may impact birds (flashing better)Commercial value– Avoid damage to roads– Avoid interference with traffic– Site cleanup– Local goods and services– Weed controlDecommissioning– Remove above-ground and surface materials
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American Wind Energy Association
Wind Project Siting IssuesGoal
Projects that are commercial successes and successful for
the communities that host them
American Wind Energy Association
AWEA Expectations for Future Growth
• ~1,700 MW added in 2003 (~6,400 MW total) • Project 20,000 MW total installed capacity by
2010• 6% of U.S. electricity supply by 2020
= 100,000 MW of wind power installed by 2020
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American Wind Energy Association
www.AWEA.org
American Wind Energy Association122 C St, NW, Suite 380Washington, DC 20001202.383.2500
John R. Dunlop, Senior Outreach Representative, Minneapolis612.377.3270 [email protected]