Wind Energy Pathways - Australian Institute of Energy€¦ · · 2017-02-28specifications...
Transcript of Wind Energy Pathways - Australian Institute of Energy€¦ · · 2017-02-28specifications...
David Millar
Technical Director, Renewable Energy
AECOM
September 24, 2013
Australian Institute of Energy
Canberra Branch
Wind Energy 2013 Technology and Market Update
AECOM Overview
Presentation Title Page 2 September 25, 2013
Member of the Clean Energy Council
Geographies:
• Africa
• Americas
• Asia
• Australia New Zealand
• Europe
• Middle East
• 45,000 employees around the world
• A Fortune 500 company
• Serves clients in more than 140 countries
AECOM provides a blend of global reach, local knowledge, innovation and technical excellence in delivering solutions that create, enhance and sustain the world's built, natural, and social environments.
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9/26/2013 The Future of Energy Page 3
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My experience
AECOM Australia Pty Ltd
January 2011 – Present
Technical Director – Renewable Energy
• Owner’s Engineer , Development Phase – Collector Wind Farm, NSW (150 MW) [Ratch Australia Corporation]
• Owner’s Engineer, Construction phase – Bald Hills Wind Farm, VIC (104 MW) [Bald Hills Wind Farm P/L]
• Owner’s/Contractor’s Engineer, Construction phase – Gullen Range Wind Farm, NSW (160 MW) [Goldwind Australia]
• Technical Consultant for Due Diligence review on two operating wind farms (140 MW) in South Australia.
• Owner’s Engineer for 20 MW Morton’s Lane Wind Farm, VIC [Goldwind Australia].
GL Garrad Hassan
2001 – January 2011
• Owner’s Engineer for a 160 MW wind farm in Thailand
• Owner’s Engineer (wind turbines and wind farm electrical) for 70 MW Hallett Hill Wind Farm (2007 – 2009) - [SKM].
• Bank’s Engineer for 110 MW Waterloo Wind Farm, South Australia (2009 – 2010) [Roaring 40’s & Banks group].
• Owner’s Engineer (wind turbines and wind farm electrical) for 94 MW Hallett Wind Farm (2004 – 2006) [SKM].
• Bank’s Engineer for 61 MW Yeong Yang Wind Farm, South Korea (2008 – 2009) [BNP Paribas].
• Bank’s Engineer for 205 MW Collgar Wind Farm, Western Australia (2008 – current) [Investec & Banks group].
• Bank’s Engineer for 160 MW Lake Bonney Stage 2 Wind Farm, South Australia (2006 – current) [Infigen & Banks group].
• Bank’s Engineer for 80 MW Lake Bonney Stage 1 Wind Farm, South Australia (2003 – 2006) [Infigen & Banks group].
• Owner’s Engineer for the 70 MW Mt. Millar Wind Farm (2005 – current). [Tarong Energy].
Presentation Overview
Global Wind Energy Market
- Wind capacity growth
- Active markets
- Market drivers
- Globalisation of the industry
Wind Turbine Technology Development
- Main components of a turbine
- Key technology developments in recent years
- Potential future developments
Global wind energy market and wind turbine technology – present and future
Global Wind Capacity Growth
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
• Wind energy industry began to grow significantly in the early 90s
• Annual installed capacity globally has increased 20-30% per annum consistently
• Global cumulative wind energy capacity in 2012 was recorded at almost 300 GW – making wind energy a key energy generation source
Global Active Markets
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
• Wind generation is active today in over 79 countries, with 24 countries having more than 1,000 MW installed (Australia ~ 2500 MW to end 2012).
• Europe, North America and Asia are the largest markets.
• Yearly installed capacity in Europe has increased consistently since 2005, whereas capacity in Asia has increased significantly between 2009 and 2012.
Global Active Markets
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
Global Cumulative Offshore Installed Capacity 2011-2012
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
Forecasted Global Trends in Installed Wind Energy
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
• Global installed wind energy capacity is forecasted to continue grow at approximately 20%/annum (almost doubling in size in the 5 years)
• Asia is forecast to be the largest market in the near future
Key Market Drivers Globally
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
• National and state renewable energy targets, clean energy initiatives, carbon pricing, feed in tariffs, production tax credits (US)
• Energy security – wind energy provides security in energy supply for countries that would otherwise rely on importing and transporting fuels
• Decreasing prices for turbines ($/MWh) and BoP means that wind energy is competitive with new conventional generation in some countries
Globalisation of the Industry
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
International corporations now manufacturing turbines
General Electric (US)
Siemens (Germany)
Mitsubishi (Japan)
Alstom (France)
AREVA (France)
Many Chinese turbine manufacturers in Top 10
Goldwind, Sinovel, Guodian United Power, Ming Yang
3 large Spanish companies involved:
Gamesa, Acciona, Ecotecnia
Manufacturers’ HQs in:
Denmark, Spain, Germany, US, Japan, India
Subsidiaries now in most major markets including:
Brazil, USA, UK, Canada, China, India
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
Wind Turbine Components
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
Source: http://www.ecw.org/windpower/web/cat2a.html
Source: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/inside_a_wind_turbine.html
Wind Turbine Technology Trends
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
• Turbine size and capacity has increased significantly in last 20 years
• Typical wind turbine capacity factors and energy yield are increasing consistently
• With power electronics, turbines have improved power quality, anti-islanding protection and fault ride through – resulting in improved grid connectivity
• Increased focus on wind speed measurement and predictions
• Significant developments for On-shore and off-shore turbines
Wind Turbine Technology (Current and future)
Generators
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
Historically • Fixed speed generator technologies - directly connected (no power electronics) squirrel
cage induction generator. All power fluctuations transferred to the grid. • Two speed generator technologies - low speed generator (smaller unit for low wind
speeds) and a high speed generator (e.g. 4pole and 6pole generators) Current • Variable slip generator technologies - Controllable resistance provides control of slip for
larger generators, allowing absorption of fluctuations. • Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) - power can feed directly from the generator to
the grid, or via IGBT converters, IGBT converters are rated for around 30% of the power (cheaper than full conversion)
• Variable speed / full conversion technologies - Full converted power electronics allows for speed control and improved grid connectivity (anti-islanding protection and fault ride through); however it does introduce harmonics. Full rated IGBT converters are expensive.
• Gearless generator technologies – Enercon, Goldwind, Siemens
Future • With power electronics decreasing in cost and more emphasis on
grid suitability, fully converted generators are thought to be preferred in the coming years
• Use of synchronous generators with full conversion is increasing – (lighter weight, more efficient, no reactive power required)
• Direct drive vs. geared machines – debate continues….
Wind Turbine Technology (Current and future)
Towers
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
Current Rolled steel tubular towers still common. Height trade off between high wind speeds and more expense. Nacelle mounted on tower with yaw drive teeth and gears. Towers brought to site on trucks Future New materials and tower shapes leading to restricted base diameters that are just as strong as stiff steel towers currently used. Pouring concrete towers on site – help minimise transport issues. Slender concrete steel tower – also helps with transportation
Wind Turbine Technology (Current and future)
Blades
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
Siemens 75m blade (6MW SWT-6-154, rotor diameter 154m)
Current Mostly fibre glass, epoxy composites. Bending loads taken by internal spar. Aerofoil shape varies from root to tip to maximise aerodynamic effect. Rotational speed limited by aerodynamic noise. Carbon fibre-reinforced load-bearing spars can reduce weight and increase stiffness. Future Using carbon fibres in 60 metre turbine blades is estimated to reduce total blade mass by 38% and decrease cost by 14% compared to 100% fibreglass. Aluminium and wood epoxy materials – reduce weight of blades by 40%
Wind turbines - Future
Global Wind
Energy Market
Wind Turbine
Technology
Onshore
• Significant technology advances driving down cost of energy
• Market dominated by turbines of 1.5 – 4 MW rating
• Rotor diameters up to 160 m diameter, nacelle height 120 m soon to be in serial production
Offshore
• Further growth in size of offshore turbines probable
• Manufacturers are now considering turbines in the range of 7.5 - 14 MW
• Vestas speculates that 20 years from now, giant floating 20 MW wind turbines with rotors 250 metres in diameter could be a common sight across the world’s deep ocean waters.
Thank You
Technologies Description Examples Comments
Fixed speed
Directly connected (no power
electronics) squirrel cage
induction generator
Classic Danish turbine
Vestas V82 (1.65 MW)
Mitsubishi MWT-1000 (1MW)
All power fluctuations transferred to the grid
Units need to be small (as the size increased and units
became more efficient… less turbine resistance and
therefore less slip to absorb fluctuations)
Two speed
Contains a low speed generator
(smaller unit for low wind
speeds) and a high speed
generator (e.g. 4pole and 6pole
generators)
Vestas V82 (0.9MW/1.65MW)
Siemens 82 (0.4MW/2.3MW)
Suzlon S.66 (0.25MW/1.25MW)
With a low speed generator – audible noise is reduced
Squirrel cage rotor is economical, robust and generally
considered reliable
Variable slip
Wound rotor
Controllable resistance (through
power electronics)
Vestas V80 Optislip (1.8 MW)
Suzlon S.88 Flexi-slip (2.1 MW)
Controllable resistance provides control of slip for larger
generators, allowing absorption of fluctuations.
Transient torques and stresses are reduced.
Variable
speed -Full
conversion
Power electronics (all power
goes through the converters).
Induction or synchronous
generators can be use.
Siemens SWT (2.3MW)
Siemens SWT (3.6MW)
Synchronous, permanent
magnet generators:
GE (2.5MW)
Vestas GridStreamer (2MW)
Vestas V112 (3MW)
Higher cost (full rated IGBT converters).
Induction generators are preferred to directly connected
models due to slip allowance, however if power is fully
converted – synchronous generators can be used
(generally more efficient, no reactive power control
needed).
Use of power electronics does introduce harmonics.
Full converted power electronics allows for anti-islanding
protection and fault ride through.
Gearless
wind
turbines
Large diameter synchronous,
full converted generator.
Enercon
Goldwind
Siemens
DFIG units
Doubly fed wound rotor
induction (or asynchronous)
generator – power can feed
directly from the generator to
the grid, or via IGBT converters
Vestas V80 (2MW)
Vestas V90 (3 MW)
Vestas V120 (4.5MW)
Gamesa G90 (2MW)
GE 1.5s (1.5MW)
REpower MD70 (1.5MW)
IGBT converters are rated for around 30% of the power
(cheaper than full conversion)
Widely used today
Project Operating Companies
Location Commenced Operation
Capacity (MW)
Capital Wind Farm Suzlon S88 2.1MW turbines
Hub height: 80m
Rotor diameter: 88m
Infigen Energy Bungendore, NSW 2009 140
Crookwell Wind Farm Vestas V44-600kW
Hub height:45m
Rotor diameter: 44m
Eraring Energy 10 km south of Crookwell, NSW
1998 5
Cullerin Range Wind Farm
REpower
8×MM82 2 MW 7×MM92 2 MW
Origin Energy 12 km east of Gunning, NSW
2009 30
Gunning Wind Farm Acciona AW 1500
Hub height: 76m
Acciona Energy 15 km north-east of Gunning, NSW
2011 46
Woodlawn Wind Farm Suzlon S88 2.1MW Infigen Energy Bungendore, NSW 2011 48
Total Capacity of Operating Projects 269
Operating Wind Farms in ACR