Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general
-
Upload
devi-renewable-energies -
Category
Education
-
view
1.301 -
download
9
description
Transcript of Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general
![Page 1: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
![Page 2: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
![Page 3: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
![Page 4: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
cp(lambda)
![Page 5: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
basic scheme of a wind turbine
• wind - rotor - gear box - generator - grid integration
there are different concepts around:
different generators, multiple poles, synchronous or asynchronous
![Page 6: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
aerodynamics
rotor
cp(!)
Wind
power class
FT , T
P,!R
Ug
fg
!g
Tg
drive - train powergenerator
.FT thrustT torqueTg torque of generatorP power!R rotation speed of rotor!g rotation speed of generatorUg grid voltagefg grid frequency
support structureFT
![Page 7: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
Turbine
hub main shaft
nacelle
gearbox
high speed shaft
generator
electrical / control system
![Page 8: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
Turbine
hub main shaft
nacelle
gearbox
high speed shaft
generator
electrical / control system
![Page 9: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
design of wind turbine - resolved design
![Page 10: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
design of wind turbine - resolved design
high speed shaftdisplaced - not in a line with main
shaft - why?
![Page 11: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• gear box
![Page 12: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
compact - gearless design
![Page 13: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
redundant design
![Page 14: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
from Twele
![Page 15: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
aerodynamics
rotor
cp(!)
Wind
power class
FT , T
P,!R
Ug
fg
!g
Tg
drive - train powergenerator
.FT thrustT torqueTg torque of generatorP power!R rotation speed of rotor!g rotation speed of generatorUg grid voltagefg grid frequency
support structureFT
![Page 16: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
extreme events ... foundation
![Page 17: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
installation of a windturbinefoundation concepts
![Page 18: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
installation of a windturbinefoundation
research: load measurements
![Page 19: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
![Page 20: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
5MW WEC - electr. energy for about 10.000 to 20.000 persons
area = 12469 m2
![Page 21: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
installation of a windturbinefoundation
transport - logistics
![Page 22: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
construction
![Page 23: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
![Page 24: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
testung centers for foundation and blades
![Page 25: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
testung centers for foundation and blades
![Page 26: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
![Page 27: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
investigation of the ground
![Page 28: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
floating WECs
![Page 29: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
floating WECs
![Page 30: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
floating WECs
![Page 31: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
floating WECs
![Page 32: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
power generator
aerodynamics
rotor
cp(!)
Wind
power class
FT , T
P,!R
Ug
fg
!g
Tg
drive - train powergenerator
.FT thrustT torqueTg torque of generatorP power!R rotation speed of rotor!g rotation speed of generatorUg grid voltagefg grid frequency
support structureFT
![Page 33: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
generator
• electric generator‣ transforms mechanical motion (power) into electric power P=UI‣ Faraday‘s law of induction
- changing magnetic field- generates voltage (emf)
‣ rotating magnet causes oscillating voltage out put
‣ demonstration
Uind = !d!dt
![Page 34: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
synchronous / asynchronous generator
• synchronous‣ the frequency of the generator out is entirely fixed by the turbine
rotational frequency (wind) through the gearbox. Thus the output voltage frequency is synchronous with the high speed shaft frequency
‣ Wind turbines which use synchronous generators normally use electromagnets in the rotor which are fed by direct current from the electrical grid. Since the grid supplies alternating current, they first have to convert alternating current to direct current before sending it into the coil windings around the electromagnets in the rotor. The rotor electromagnets are connected to the current by using brushes and slip rings on the axle (shaft) of the generator.
![Page 35: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
synchronous / asynchronous generator
• asynchroneous or cage or indiction generator‣ the frequency of the generator output is controlled by the
excitation from the main supply. Consequently the turbine rotation speed can vary slightly and is not exact synchoneous through the generator with the grid. The normal generator for this is an induction genertaor with magnetic excitation drawn from the grid
‣ the asynch. generator was designed as a motor but works also as generator. Its advantage is that is it very simple
further details see http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/electric.htm
![Page 36: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
reactive power
• due to complex resistance u and I get out of phase leading to reactive power - not useable
• additional impedence (inductivity for capacitance) can neutralize this - this can be achieved by synchronous generators
![Page 37: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
next decade : offshore
technical challenges / steps
wind potential - ground - selection of WEC - foundation - construction - grid connection - operation and maintenance
![Page 38: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
![Page 39: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
cables - grid connection
![Page 40: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
cables - grid connection
platform alpha ventus
![Page 41: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
cables - grid connection
platform alpha ventus
![Page 42: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
new cables GIL (gas isolated conductors)
![Page 43: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Center for Wind Energy Research
new cables GIL (gas isolated conductors)
![Page 44: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
aerodynamics
rotor
cp(!)
Wind
power class
FT , T
P,!R
Ug
fg
!g
Tg
drive - train powergenerator
.FT thrustT torqueTg torque of generatorP power!R rotation speed of rotor!g rotation speed of generatorUg grid voltagefg grid frequency
control system
pitch support structureFT
![Page 45: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• loads:‣ aerodynamic‣ gravitational ‣ - 600 kW machine will rotate some 2 108 times during a 20 year life
![Page 46: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• loads:‣ aerodynamic‣ gravitational‣ inertia - gyroscope, precession,
![Page 47: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• loads:‣ aerodynamic‣ gravitational‣ inertia - gyroscope, precession,
troque !" = !r ! !Fg
d!L
dt= !"
‣ Rotor must be well balanced - support in the center of mass
![Page 48: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• loads:‣ aerodynamic‣ gravitational‣ inertia - gyroscope, precession, centrifugal‣ operating loads - generator, brakes, yaw and pitch control‣ extreme loads - 50 year gust
- 3 or 5 sec gust = factor (1.4) * 50 year 10 min speed value‣ loss of load due to disconnection from grid + 1 year gust
- speed up until break sets in‣ tower shadow
![Page 49: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• classification of wind turbines IEC 61400‣ class I to IV
‣ class A - higher - B lower degree of turblence
• GL - includes load • danish standard DS 472
![Page 50: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• dynamic load and eigenmodes => resonances
• --- back board
![Page 51: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
![Page 52: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• dynamic load and eigenmodes => resonances
![Page 53: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• spectral analysis of signals• rotational frequency• eigen modes at .4 Hz
![Page 54: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• spectral analysis of signals• rotational frequency• eigen modes at .4 Hz
closer to resonance
![Page 55: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• dynamic load and eigenmodes => resonances
![Page 56: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• dynamic load and eigenmodes => ressonances
![Page 57: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
end
![Page 58: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
10th lecture 14th of Jan
• control system purpose‣ to guarantee steady power production‣ to prevent damage in high wind speed‣ to keep mechanical loads minimal‣ to stay below max power given by the design of the
generator
• basic aspects‣ control of power production‣ emergency -
- high wind speed periods- interruption of grid connection (no load by generator)- emergency brake
![Page 59: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• simple control systems
![Page 60: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
![Page 61: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
t [sec]
u [m
/s]
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
35
79
t [sec]
P [k
W]
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
100
400
t [sec]
u [m
/s]
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
1020
t [sec]P
[kW
]0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
1300
1700
t [sec]
u [m
/s]
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
612
18
t [sec]
P [k
W]
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
600
1400
●● ● ● ●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
● ● ● ● ●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●● ●
●● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●● ● ● ●
un [m/s]
PP r
●
●
LIDAR, IECLIDAR, Dynamic
![Page 62: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
control system
• regular (non emergency control)‣ control quantities
- angle of attack- rotation speed (tip speed ratio)
‣ pitch control, passive pitch‣ stall control, active stall‣ rotor orientation‣ tip speed ratio
- Black borad details and tranparencies
![Page 63: Wind energy I. Lesson 5. Wind turbines general](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020110/55507be6b4c9052d158b52f9/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Windenergy 2010/11
• control cases‣ fixed speed - fixed pitch‣ fixed speed - variable pitch‣ variable pitch - fixed pitch‣ variable speed - variable pitch
- explained by P(u); cp(lambda), cp(u) doagrams- - details on blackboard