WiMAX System Level Overview

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WiMAX System Level Overview


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An Introduction to WiMAX 2

68P09291A02-B August 2008


Accuracy

While reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this document, Motorola, Inc. assumes no liability resulting from anyinaccuracies or omissions in this document, or from use of the information obtained herein. Motorola, Inc. reserves the right to make

changes to any products described herein to improve reliability, function, or design, and reserves the right to revise this document and tomake changes from time to time in content hereof with no obligation to notify any person of revisions or changes. Motorola, Inc. does notassume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product, software, or circuit described herein; neither does it convey licenseunder its patent rights or the rights of others. It is possible that this publication may contain references to, or information about Motorola

products (machines and programs), programming, or services that are not announced in your country. Such references or information mustnot be construed to mean that Motorola intends to announce such Motorola products, programming, or services in your country.

Copyrights

This document, Motorola products, and 3rd Party Software products described in this document may include or describe copyrightedMotorola and other 3rd Party supplied computer programs stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the United States andother countries preserve for Motorola, its licensors, and other 3rd Party supplied software certain exclusive rights for copyrighted material,including the exclusive right to copy, reproduce in any form, distribute and make derivative works of the copyrighted material.Accordingly, any copyrighted material of Motorola, its licensors, or the 3rd Party software supplied material contained in the Motorolaproducts described in this document may not be copied, reproduced, reverse engineered, distributed, merged or modified in any mannerwithout the express written permission of Motorola. Furthermore, the purchase of Motorola products shall not be deemed to grant eitherdirectly or by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications of Motorola or other 3rdParty supplied software, except for the normal non-exclusive, royalty free license to use that arises by operation of law in the sale of aproduct.

A list of 3rd Party supplied software copyrights are contained in the Supplemental information section of this document.

RestrictionsSoftware and documentation are copyrighted materials. Making unauthorized copies is prohibited by law. No part of the software ordocumentation may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computerlanguage, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of Motorola, Inc.

License Agreements

The software described in this document is the property of Motorola, Inc and its licensors. It is furnished by express license agreement onlyand may be used only in accordance with the terms of such an agreement.

High Risk Materials

Components, units, or 3rd Party products used in the product described herein are NOT fault-tolerant and are NOT designed, manufactured,or intended for use as on-line control equipment in the following hazardous environments requiring fail-safe controls: the operation ofNuclear Facilities, Aircraft Navigation or Aircraft Communication Systems, Air Traffic Control, Life Support, or Weapons Systems (HighRisk Activities). Motorola and its supplier(s) specifically disclaim any expressed or implied warranty of fitness for such High RiskActivities.

Trademarks

MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are theproperty of their respective owners.

The CE mark confirms Motorola, Inc. statement of compliance with EU directives applicable to this product. Copies of the Declaration ofCompliance and installation information in accordance with the requirements of EN50385 can be obtained from the local Motorolarepresentative or by contacting the Customer Network Resolution Center (CNRC). The 24hour telephone numbers are listed athttps://mynetworksupport.motorola.com.Select Customer Network Resolution Center contact information. Alternatively if you do not haveaccess to CNRC or the internet, contact the Local Motorola Office.
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An Introduction to WiMAX

Contents

List of Figures..........................................................................................................................13

WiMAX System Level Overview..............................................................................................17

Revision History ......................................................................................................................17

Version information..............................................................................................................17

General information.................................................................................................................18

Purpose ...............................................................................................................................18

Cross references .................................................................................................................18

Contacting Motorola.............................................................................................................19

24 hour support....................................................................................................................19

Questions and comments ....................................................................................................19

Errors...................................................................................................................................19

Security Advice........................................................................................................................20

Warnings, cautions, and notes................................................................................................20

Warnings..............................................................................................................................20

Cautions...............................................................................................................................20

Notes ...................................................................................................................................20

Safety ......................................................................................................................................21

General safety .....................................................................................................................21

Electromagnetic energy .......................................................................................................21

Caring for the environment......................................................................................................22

In EU countries ....................................................................................................................22

In non-EU countries .............................................................................................................22


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CMM labeling and disclosure table .........................................................................................23

Motorola document set............................................................................................................24

Ordering documents and CD-ROMs....................................................................................24

Document banner definitions...............................................................................................24

Data encryption....................................................................................................................24

Third Party computer software and trademarks ......................................................................24

Trademarks..........................................................................................................................24

An Introduction to WiMAX .......................................................................................................25

WiMAX Defined.......................................................................................................................26

Broadband Access...............................................................................................................27

Broadband Wireless Access................................................................................................28

WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access...................................................................................29

Broadband System Comparison..........................................................................................30

WiMAX Supports .................................................................................................................31

WiMAX Deployments...........................................................................................................32

WiMAX Subscribers.............................................................................................................33

Capacity...............................................................................................................................34

WiMAX Standards ...................................................................................................................35

IEEE 802.X Standards.........................................................................................................36

WiMAX and IEEE 802.16.....................................................................................................38

WiMAX Forum .....................................................................................................................39

WiMAX Profiles....................................................................................................................40

WiMAX Standards ...............................................................................................................41

WiMAX Topology.................................................................................................................42

WiMAX Networks ....................................................................................................................43


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WiMAX Access Network......................................................................................................44

Logical Elements of the NSP...............................................................................................45

Logical Elements of the CSN...............................................................................................47

Logical Elements of the ASN...............................................................................................48

ASN Gateway Components.................................................................................................49

CAPC Functions ..................................................................................................................50

Foreign Agent (FA) Functions..............................................................................................51

Access Point (AP) Functions ...............................................................................................52

Logical Elements of the CPE...............................................................................................54

WiMAX Subscriber Station Equipment ................................................................................55

WiMAX End-to-End Architecture.............................................................................................56

Network Element Functions.................................................................................................57

Network Reference Model ...................................................................................................58

WiMAX Air Interface................................................................................................................59

Radio Network Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) ...........................................................................60

Operating Frequency ...........................................................................................................61

Scalable Channel Bandwidth...............................................................................................62

Channel Direction ................................................................................................................63

Duplexing Methods ..............................................................................................................64

TDD Frame Structure ..........................................................................................................65

Modulation Schemes...........................................................................................................67

WiMAX End-to-End QoS.........................................................................................................68

QoS Levels for the WiMAX Air Interface..............................................................................69

QoS Parameters ..................................................................................................................70

Service Flows ......................................................................................................................71

Availability............................................................................................................................72


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WiMAX and the OSI Reference Model....................................................................................73

Physical Layer .....................................................................................................................74

MAC Layer...........................................................................................................................75

Function of the MAC Layer..................................................................................................76

OSI Layer 3 and Mobility .........................................................................................................77

Mobile WiMAX.....................................................................................................................78

Handovers ...........................................................................................................................80

Handover Criteria.................................................................................................................81

Network Entry..........................................................................................................................82

Connections.........................................................................................................................83

Motorolas wi4 WiMAX Solution ..............................................................................................85

Motorola Access Points .......................................................................................................85

Access Point Components...................................................................................................87

BCU Cabinet........................................................................................................................88

BCU II ..................................................................................................................................90

Diversity Access Point .........................................................................................................93

Smart Antenna Access Point...............................................................................................94

Ground-Based Access Point................................................................................................96

Carrier Access Point Controller...............................................................................................98

CAPC Capacities ...............................................................................................................100

CAPC Specifications..........................................................................................................100

Foreign Agent Router............................................................................................................101

Layer 2 Aggregation Switch ..................................................................................................102

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)..................................................................................103

Indoor Units .......................................................................................................................104


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Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 150 Series ..............................................................................104


Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 600 Series..............................................................................108

Outdoor Unit ......................................................................................................................110

Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEo 400 Series.............................................................................110

PC Card .............................................................................................................................111

Network Management ...........................................................................................................112

Motorola WiMAX Element Management System (EMS) ...................................................112

Motorola Device Management System (DMS) ..................................................................114

Layer 2 Switch EMS ..........................................................................................................116

Layer 3 Router EMS ..........................................................................................................117

Network Management System (NMS) ...............................................................................118

References............................................................................................................................120

List of Figures..........................................................................................................................13

WiMAX System Level Overview..............................................................................................17

Revision History ......................................................................................................................17

Version information..............................................................................................................17

General information.................................................................................................................18

Purpose ...............................................................................................................................18

Cross references .................................................................................................................18

Contacting Motorola.............................................................................................................19

24 hour support....................................................................................................................19

Questions and comments ....................................................................................................19


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Errors ...................................................................................................................................19

Security Advice........................................................................................................................20

Warnings, cautions, and notes ................................................................................................20

Warnings..............................................................................................................................20

Cautions...............................................................................................................................20

Notes ...................................................................................................................................20

Safety ......................................................................................................................................21

General safety .....................................................................................................................21

Electromagnetic energy .......................................................................................................21

Caring for the environment......................................................................................................22

In EU countries ....................................................................................................................22

In non-EU countries .............................................................................................................22

CMM labeling and disclosure table .........................................................................................23

Motorola document set............................................................................................................24

Ordering documents and CD-ROMs....................................................................................24

Document banner definitions ...............................................................................................24

Data encryption....................................................................................................................24

Third Party computer software and trademarks ......................................................................24

Trademarks..........................................................................................................................24

An Introduction to WiMAX .......................................................................................................25

WiMAX Defined .......................................................................................................................26

Broadband Access...............................................................................................................27

Broadband Wireless Access...............................................................................................28

WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access...................................................................................29

Broadband System Comparison..........................................................................................30


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WiMAX Supports .................................................................................................................31

WiMAX Deployments...........................................................................................................32

WiMAX Subscribers.............................................................................................................33

Capacity...............................................................................................................................34

WiMAX Standards ...................................................................................................................35

IEEE 802.X Standards.........................................................................................................36

WiMAX and IEEE 802.16.....................................................................................................38

WiMAX Forum .....................................................................................................................39

WiMAX Profiles....................................................................................................................40

WiMAX Standards ...............................................................................................................41

WiMAX Topology .................................................................................................................42

WiMAX Networks ....................................................................................................................43

WiMAX Access Network .....................................................................................................44

Logical Elements of the NSP...............................................................................................45

Logical Elements of the CSN...............................................................................................47

Logical Elements of the ASN...............................................................................................48

ASN Gateway Components.................................................................................................49

CAPC Functions ..................................................................................................................50

Foreign Agent (FA) Functions..............................................................................................51

Access Point (AP) Functions ...............................................................................................52

Logical Elements of the CPE...............................................................................................54

WiMAX Subscriber Station Equipment ................................................................................55

WiMAX End-to-End Architecture .............................................................................................56

Network Element Functions.................................................................................................57

Network Reference Model ...................................................................................................58

WiMAX Air Interface................................................................................................................59


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Radio Network Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) ..........................................................................60

Operating Frequency ...........................................................................................................61

Scalable Channel Bandwidth...............................................................................................62

Channel Direction ................................................................................................................63

Duplexing Methods ..............................................................................................................64

TDD Frame Structure ..........................................................................................................65

Modulation Schemes ...........................................................................................................67

WiMAX End-to-End QoS........................................................................................................68

QoS Levels for the WiMAX Air Interface..............................................................................69

QoS Parameters ..................................................................................................................70

Service Flows ......................................................................................................................71

Availability...........................................................................................................................72

WiMAX and the OSI Reference Model....................................................................................73

Physical Layer .....................................................................................................................74

MAC Layer...........................................................................................................................75

Function of the MAC Layer ..................................................................................................76

OSI Layer 3 and Mobility .........................................................................................................77

Mobile WiMAX .....................................................................................................................78

Handovers ...........................................................................................................................80

Handover Criteria.................................................................................................................81

Network Entry..........................................................................................................................82

Connections.........................................................................................................................83

Motorolas wi4 WiMAX Solution ..............................................................................................85

Motorola Access Points .......................................................................................................85

Access Point Components...................................................................................................87


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BCU Cabinet........................................................................................................................88

BCU II ..................................................................................................................................90

Diversity Access Point .........................................................................................................93

Smart Antenna Access Point ...............................................................................................94

Ground-Based Access Point ...............................................................................................96

Carrier Access Point Controller ...............................................................................................98

CAPC Capacities ...............................................................................................................100

CAPC Specifications..........................................................................................................100

Foreign Agent Router ............................................................................................................101

Layer 2 Aggregation Switch ..................................................................................................102

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)..................................................................................103

Indoor Units .......................................................................................................................104




Outdoor Unit ......................................................................................................................110

Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEo 400 Series.............................................................................110

PC Card .............................................................................................................................111

Network Management ...........................................................................................................112

Motorola WiMAX Element Management System (EMS) ...................................................112

Motorola Device Management System (DMS) ..................................................................114

Layer 2 Switch EMS ..........................................................................................................116

Layer 3 Router EMS ..........................................................................................................117

Network Management System (NMS) ...............................................................................118

References ............................................................................................................................120


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L is t o f F i g u r e s

Figure 1 WiMAX .............................................................................................................26

Figure 2 Broadband Access .........................................................................................27

Figure 3 Broadband Wireless Access .........................................................................28

Figure 4 WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access ..........................................................29

Figure 5 Broadband System Comparison ..................................................................30

Figure 6 WiMAX Supports ............................................................................................31

Figure 7 WiMAX Deployments .....................................................................................32

Figure 8 WiMAX Subscribers .......................................................................................33

Figure 9 Network Speeds .............................................................................................34

Figure 10 Standards Organizations.............................................................................35

Figure 11 IEEE 802 .......................................................................................................36

Figure 12 IEEE 802.16 ..................................................................................................37

Figure 14 WiMAX IEEE802.16 .................................................................................38

Figure 15 WiMAX Forum ..............................................................................................39

Figure 16 WiMAX Profiles.............................................................................................40

Figure 17 Standards Development..............................................................................41

Figure 18 WiMAX Topology..........................................................................................42

Figure 19 Parts of a WiMAX Network .........................................................................43

Figure 20 WiMAX Access Network .............................................................................44

Figure 21 NSP ................................................................................................................45

Figure 22 CSN ................................................................................................................47

Figure 23 ASN ................................................................................................................48

Figure 24 ASN Gateway Components ........................................................................49

Figure 25 CAPC .............................................................................................................50

Figure 26 Foreign Agent ...............................................................................................51

Figure 27 AP Functions.................................................................................................52


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Figure 28 ASN Gateway Device Limitations ..............................................................53

Figure 29 CPE ................................................................................................................54

Figure 30 WiMAX CPE..................................................................................................55

Figure 31 WiMAX End-to-End......................................................................................56

Figure 32 Network Element Functions........................................................................57

Figure 33 Network Reference Model ..........................................................................58

Figure 34 Air Interface ...................................................................................................59

Figure 35 NLOS .............................................................................................................60

Figure 36 WiMAX Operating Frequency.....................................................................61

Figure 37 WiMAX Channel Bandwidth .......................................................................62

Figure 38 Channel Direction .........................................................................................63

Figure 39 FDD/TDD.......................................................................................................64

Figure 40 Frame Structure............................................................................................65

Figure 41 Modulation .....................................................................................................66

Figure 42 Modulation Schemes ...................................................................................67

Figure 43 End-to-End QoS ...........................................................................................68

Figure 44 QoS Types ....................................................................................................69

Figure 45 QoS ................................................................................................................70

Figure 46 Service Flows................................................................................................71

Figure 47 Availability .....................................................................................................72

Figure 48 OSI Layer 1 & 2 ............................................................................................73

Figure 49 Layer 1 ...........................................................................................................74

Figure 50 Layer 2 ...........................................................................................................75

Figure 51 MAC Layer....................................................................................................76

Figure 52 Layer 3 ...........................................................................................................77

Figure 53 Mobility...........................................................................................................78

Figure 54 Cell Site Organization ..................................................................................79


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Figure 55 Neighbor Lists ...............................................................................................80

Figure 56 Handover.......................................................................................................81

Figure 57 Network Entry ...............................................................................................82

Figure 58 Connections ..................................................................................................83

Figure 59 Connection Types ........................................................................................84

Figure 60 DAP, GAP, SAAP.........................................................................................85

Figure 61 AP Components ...........................................................................................87

Figure 62 BCU Cabinet .................................................................................................89

Figure 63 BCU II.............................................................................................................91

Figure 64 DAP ................................................................................................................93

Figure 65 SAAP..............................................................................................................94

Figure 66 DAP/SAAP Specifications...........................................................................95

Figure 67 Outdoor GAP ................................................................................................96

Figure 68 GAP Specifications ......................................................................................97

Figure 69 CAPC functions ............................................................................................98

Figure 70 CAPC Chassis ..............................................................................................99

Figure 71 CAPC Capacities........................................................................................100

Figure 72 CAPC Specifications..................................................................................100

Figure 73 FA .................................................................................................................101

Figure 74 L2 Switch .....................................................................................................102

Figure 75 CPEi 150 .....................................................................................................104

Figure 76 CPEi 150 Specifications ............................................................................105

Figure 77 CPEi 300 .....................................................................................................106


Figure 79 CPEi 600 .....................................................................................................108


Figure 81 CPEo 400 Specifications...........................................................................110


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Figure 82 PC Card Specifications .............................................................................111

Figure 83 WIMAX EMS ...............................................................................................113

Figure 84 Search CPE icon ........................................................................................114

Figure 85 WiMAX DMS...............................................................................................115

Figure 86 Typical L2 Switch EMS..............................................................................116

Figure 87 Typical Router EMS ...................................................................................117

Figure 88 WiMAX NMS ...............................................................................................119


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W iMAX Sy s t em L ev e l Ov e r v i ew

R e v i s i o n H i s t o r y

Version information

The following shows the issue status of this document since it was first released.

Issue Date of issue Remarks

1 Mar 2008 Initial release, update to WMX 2.5

2 Apr 2008 Manual corrections

3 Apr 2008 Manual updated to include Network Montoring

4 August 2008 Manual corrections


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Ge n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n

Purpose

Motorola cellular communications documents are intended to instruct and assist personnel in the operation,

installation and maintenance of the Motorola cellular infrastructure equipment and ancillary devices. It isrecommended that all personnel engaged in such activities be properly trained by Motorola.

Motorola disclaims all liability whatsoever, implied or express, for any risk of damage, loss or reduction in

system performance arising directly or indirectly out of the failure of the customer, or anyone acting on thecustomer's behalf, to abide by the instructions, system parameters, or recommendations made in this

document.

These documents are not intended to replace the system and equipment training offered by Motorola. Theycan be used to supplement and enhance the knowledge gained through such training.

If this document was obtained when attending a Motorola training course, it will not beupdated or amended by Motorola. It is intended for TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY. If it was

supplied under normal operational circumstances, to support a major software release, thencorrections are supplied automatically by Motorola and posted on the Motorola customer

website.

Cross references

References to external publications are shown in italics. Other cross references, emphasized in blue text inelectronic versions, are active links to the references.

This document is divided into numbered chapters that are divided into sections. Sections are not numbered,

but are individually named at the top of each page, and are listed in the table of contents.Text conventions

The following conventions are used in the Motorola cellular infrastructure documents to represent keyboard

input text, screen output text and special key sequences.

InputCharacters typed in at the keyboard are shown like this.

Items of interest within a command appear like this.

Output

Messages, prompt s, f i l e l i st i ngs, di r ectori es, ut i l i t i es, and envi r onment alvar i abl es t hat appear on t he screen are shown l i ke t hi s.

I t ems of i nt er est wi t hi n a screen di spl ay appear l i ke t hi s.

Special key sequences

Special key sequences are represented as follows:

CRTL-cor

CTRL+C

Press the Ctrl and C keys at the same time.

CTRL-SHIFT-c orCTRL+SHIFT+C

Press the Ctrl, Shift, and C keys at the same time.


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ALT-forALT+F Press the Alt and F keys at the same time.

ALT+SHIFT+F11 Press the Alt, Shift, and F11 keys at the same time.

| Press the pipe symbol key.

RETURNorENTER

Press the Return or Enter key.

Contacting Motorola

Motorola appreciates feedback from the users of our documents.

24 hour support

If you have problems regarding the operation of your equipment, please contact the Customer NetworkResolution Center (CNRC) for immediate assistance. The 24-hour telephone numbers are listed at

https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com. Select Customer Network Resolution Center contact information.Alternatively if you do not have access to CNRC or the internet, contact the Local Motorola Office.

Questions and comments

Send questions and comments regarding user documentation to the email address: [email protected].

Errors

To report a documentation error, call the CNRC (Customer Network Resolution Center) and provide the

following information to enable CNRC to open an SR (Service Request):

the document type

the document title, part number, and revision character

the page number(s) with the error

a detailed description of the error and if possible the proposed solution


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Se c u r i t y A d v i ce

Motorola systems and equipment provide security parameters that can be configured by the operator based

on their particular operating environment. Motorola recommends setting and using these parametersfollowing industry recognized security practices. Security aspects to be considered are protecting the

confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and assets. Assets include the ability to

communicate, information about the nature of the communications, and information about the partiesinvolved.

In certain instances Motorola makes specific recommendations regarding security practices, however theimplementation of these recommendations and final responsibility for the security of the system lies with the

operator of the system.

Please contact the Customer Network Resolution Center (CNRC) for assistance. The 24 hour telephone

numbers are listed at https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com/. Select Customer Network Resolution Centercontact information, from the menu located to the left of the Login box. Alternatively if you do not have

access to CNRC or the internet, contact the Local Motorola Office.

W a r n i n g s , c au t i o n s , a n d n o t e s

The following describes how warnings and cautions are used in this document and in all documents of thisMotorola document set.

Warnings

Warnings precede instructions that contain potentially hazardous situations. Warnings are used to alert thereader to possible hazards that could cause loss of life or physical injury. A warning has the following format:

Warning text and consequence for not following the instructions in thewarning.

Cautions

Cautions precede instructions and are used when there is a possibility of damage to systems, software, or

individual items of equipment within a system. However, this damage presents no danger to personnel. A

caution has the following format:

Caution text and consequence for not following the instructions in the caution.

Notes

A note means that there is a possibility of an undesirable situation or provides additional information to helpthe reader understand a topic or concept. A note has the following format:

Note text.


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Sa f e t y

General safety

The following general safety guidelines apply to Motorola equipment:

The power jack and mating plug of the power cable must meet International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC) safety standards.

Refer to Grounding Guideline for Cellular Radio Installations 68P81150E62.

Power down or unplug the equipment before servicing.

Using non-Motorola parts for repair could damage the equipment or void warranty. Contact Motorola

Warranty and Repair for service and repair instructions.

Portions of Motorola equipment may be damaged from exposure to electrostatic discharge. Use precautions

to prevent damage.

Electromagnetic energy

Relevant standards (USA and EC) applicable when working with RF equipment are::ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio

Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.

Council recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public toelectromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz) (1999/519/EC) and respective national regulations.

Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004on the minimum healthand safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents

(electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive89/391/EEC).


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Ca r i n g f o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t

The following information describes national or regional requirements for the disposal of Motorola supplied

equipment and for the approved disposal of surplus packaging.

Contact the Customer Network Resolution Center (CNRC) for assistance. The 24hour telephone numbers

are listed at https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com.Select Customer Network Resolution Center contactinformation. Alternatively if you do not have access to CNRC or the internet, contact the Local Motorola

Office.

In EU countries

The following information is provided to enable regulatory compliance with the European Union (EU)

directives identified and any amendments made to these directives when using Motorola equipment in EUcountries.

Disposal of Motorola equipment

European Union (EU) Directive 2002/96/EC Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)

Do not dispose of Motorola equipment in landfill sites. In the EU, Motorola in conjunction with a recyclingpartner ensures that equipment is collected and recycled according to the requirements of EU environmental

law.

Disposal of surplus packaging

Do not dispose of surplus packaging in landfill sites. In the EU, it is the individual recipients responsibilityto ensure that packaging materials are collected and recycled according to the requirements of EUenvironmental law.

In non-EU countriesIn non-EU countries, dispose of Motorola Networks equipment and all surplus packaging in accordance withnational and regional regulations.
https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com./https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com./


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CMM l a b e l i n g a n d d i sc lo s u r e t a b l e

The Peoples Republic of China require that our products comply with China Management Methods (CMM)environmental regulations. (China Management Methods refers to the regulation Management Methods forControlling Pollution by Electronic Information Products.) Two items are used to demonstrate compliance; thelabel and the disclosure table.

The label is placed in a customer visible position on the product.

Logo 1 means the product contains no substances in excess of the maximum concentration value for materialsidentified in the China Management Methods regulation.

Logo 2 means that the product may contain substances in excess of the maximum concentration value for

materials identified in the China Management Methods regulation, and has an Environmental

Friendly Use Period (EFUP) in years, fifty years in the example shown.

Logo 1 Logo 2

The Environmental Friendly Use Period (EFUP) is the period (in years) during which the Toxic and

Hazardous Substances (T&HS) contained in the Electronic Information Product (EIP) will not leak or

mutate causing environmental pollution, or bodily injury from the use of the EIP. The EFUP indicated bythe Logo 2 label applies to a product and all its parts. Certain field-replaceable parts, such as battery

modules, can have a different EFUP and are marked separately.

The Disclosure table is intended only to communicate compliance with China requirements. It is not intended

to communicate compliance with EU RoHS or any other environmentalrequirements.


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M o t o r o l a d o cu m e n t s e t

The Motorola document sets provide the information needed to operate, install and maintain the Motorola

equipment.

Ordering documents and CD-ROMsWith internet access available, to view, download, or order documents (original or revised), visit the MotorolaLifecycles Customer web page at https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com/, or contact your Motorola

account representative.

Without internet access available, order hard copy documents or CD-ROMs with your Motorola Local Office

or Representative.

If Motorola changes the content of a document after the original printing date, Motorola publishes a newversion with the same part number but a different revision character.

Document banner definitions

A banner (oversized text on the bottom of the page, for example, PRELIMINARY UNDERDEVELOPMENT) indicates that some information contained in the document is not yet approved forgeneral customer use.

Data encryption

In order to avoid electronic eavesdropping, data passing between certain elements in the network isencrypted. In order to comply with the export and import requirements of particular countries, this

encryption occurs at different levels as individually standardized, or may not be present at all in some partsof the network in which it is normally implemented. The document set, of which this document is a part,covers encryption as if fully implemented. Because the rules differ in individual countries, limitations on the

encryption included in the particular software being delivered, are covered in the Release Notes that

accompany the individual software release.

Th i r d Pa r t y c o m p u t e r s o f t w a r e a n d t r a d e m a r k s

Trademarks

Java Technology and/or J2ME : Java and all other Java-based marks are trademarks or registeredtrademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.

UNIX : UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.


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A n I n t r o d u c t i o n t o W iM A X

In this document, we will begin to look at WiMAX technology. This will include the history,

standards, and technologies used in a standard WiMAX deployment.

The information contained in this document is current to Motorola WiMAX release 2.5.


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26 An introduction to WiMAX

68P09291A02-B August 2008


WiMAX Defined

Figure 1 WiMAX

Today, more and more people are looking for a way to stay connected. Regardless of where they are,

they want access to data, phone service, and a vast range of other services and features. To accomplish

this, a system had to be developed that allowed users to get away from wired systems.

These systems had to be able to support a wide number of users with an incredible capacity. WiMAX is a

system that can move high data rates from the wired to the wireless world. One of its goals is to provide

the last mile of service.

In addition to providing the last mile of service, WiMAX also focuses on providing reliable high-speed

back-haul service.

WiMAX provides the last mile

Wireless Broadband Access


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Broadband Access

Figure 2 Broadband Access

Consumer demand for more and more bandwidth delivered to their homes and offices led to the

development of wireline technologies such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). Todays expectation is that

broadband services be delivered at any time and to any place. This has led to the development of

wireless broadband access technologies like WiMAX.

WiMAX uses technology that continues to advance and evolve. With advancements in technology,

WiMAX is able to move broadband data into the wireless world.

WiMAX has evolved from w ireline broadband access networks

DSLNetw

ork

DSLNetw

ork

WiMAXNe

twork

WiMAXNe

twork


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Broadband Wireless Access

Figure 3 Broadband Wireless Access

WiMAX is a broadband wireless access network. This standards-based state-of-the-art system is

capable of providing high capacity, high speed and high quality connections over a large coverage area.

Wide area

coverage

Wide area

coverage

Motorola Access Point

High speedHigh speed

High qualityHigh quality

High capacityHigh capacity


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WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access

Figure 4 WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access

WiMAX is classified as a Broadband Wireless Access network. These high-performing networks must

provide a channel bandwidth greater than 1 MHz with a data rate greater than 1.5 mega-bits per second.

High-performing data network

Provides instantaneous bandwidth greater than 1 MHz

Data rates greater than 1.5 Mbps

DAP RF head


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Broadband System Comparison

Figure 5 Broadband System Comparison

Different systems offer different levels of mobility and data bandwidth. WiMAX offers the best of both.

WiMAX has a throughput that is much higher than Wi-Fi, cable, DSL and current cellular 2G and 3G

networks, while providing mobility similar to cellular systems.

Bandwidth

(Speed)

MobileNomadicFixed

WiMAX

2G/3G2G/3G

CableCable

DSL

Wi-FiWi-Fi

Fiber


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WiMAX Supports

Figure 6 WiMAX Suppor ts

In order for WiMAX to meet the needs of subscribers all over the world, engineering teams had to

develop a system that is flexible enough to meet multiple conditions and operate flawlessly in each of

them.

One of the most challenging parts of any broadband wireless network is its ability to handle harsh radio

environments. WiMAX was developed to work in a number of radio environments, characterized into

three main categories, urban, suburban, and rural.

Flexibility is another important condition that has to be taken into account. This system has the ability to

easily operate with different sized radio channels.

Another key benefit of WiMAX systems is the ability to operate in licensed and unlicensed radio bands.

And the system has to supports different types of users. These users are characterized into fixed,

nomadic, and mobile users.

Multiple Radio Environments

Urban

SuburbanRural

Multiple subscriber usage models

Fixed

Nomadic

Portable Mobility

Simple Mobility

Full Mobility

Licensed

and

unlicensed

Multiple Frequency bands

Multiple Channel BandwidthsMultiple Channel Bandwidths


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WiMAX Deployments

Figure 7 WiMAX Deployments

WiMAX is a very versatile system that can be deployed to support many different business needs.

WiMAX systems are designed to add mobility to existing wireline networks, complement existing systems

or to operate as a new stand-alone network.

Complements

existing networksAdds mobility

for Wireline networks

DSLDSL

CableCable

WiMAX

Wi-Fi Hot spots

Cellular Network

WiMAX

Wi-Fi Hot spots

Cellular Network

WiMAXWiMAX

New networks

Greenfield

NO OTHER

NETWORKS

WiMAX

New networks

Greenfield

New networks

Greenfield

NO OTHER

NETWORKS


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WiMAX Subscribers

Figure 8 WiMAX Subscribers

In addition to a flexible infrastructure, WiMAX is designed to support different types of subscribers.

Fixed subscribers are units that are located in a specific location. These devices include subscribers

that are located in your home.

Nomadic subscribers are able to move to different locations and reestablish a connection with the

network.

Portable and Mobile subscribers are able to freely roam throughout the coverage area without loosing

connectivity to the network.

Fixed

Nomadic

Simple

Mobility

User powers up and connects to network.

To move the subscriber has to reconnect

at new AP

Speed up to 60 kmph HO interrupts less than

1 sec

A subscriber that is connected to the

network from one physical location

Portable Same as Nomadic, adds expectation ofbest-effort handover

Full

Mobility

Speed up to 120 kmph seamless HO less

than 50 ms latency

Fixed

Nomadic

Simple

Mobility

User powers up and connects to network.

To move the subscriber has to reconnect

at new AP

Speed up to 60 kmph HO interrupts less than

1 sec

A subscriber that is connected to the

network from one physical location

Portable Same as Nomadic, adds expectation ofbest-effort handover

Full

Mobility

Speed up to 120 kmph seamless HO less

than 50 ms latency


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Capacity

Figure 9 Network Speeds

Theoretical systems list the WiMAX data rate as high as 75 megabits-per second. However, there are

many different factors that have to be taken into account in order to determine the actual data rate.

Based on these factors, experts have listed lower data rates in actual RF environments. For example,

with a channel size of 20 megahertz, WiMAX can support a sector data rate of about 11 megabits on the

downlink and 1.36 megabits on the uplink.

Capacity per sector

Downlink = 10.92 Mbps

Uplink = 1.36 Mbps


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WiMAX Standards

Figure 10 Standards Organizations

To take advantage of some of the leading-edge technologies, experts from around the world have been

working together as part of IEEE to provide the most advanced solutions in the field today. Standards

organizations allow easily access to standardized technical information. WiMAX is based on the IEEE

802.16 standard. Following this open standard allows companies to easily support interoperability with

other manufacturers, and quickly deploy new technologies.

Provides technical innovation and access toinformation

Develops Open Standard

Supports Interoperability

Advances technology


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IEEE 802.X Standards

Figure 11 IEEE 802

IEEE is organized into working groups that are responsible for different groups of network standards.

The IEEE 802 committee focuses on the lowest 2 layers of protocol stacks, the Data Link and Physical

layers. This working group focused on building a set of protocols with a common upper interface while

supporting multiple access protocols.

Many people today are familiar with IEEE standards. For example, IEEE802.3 or Ethernet defines the

physical and media access protocols for wired local area networks.

IEEE802.11 is the standard for wireless local area networks. IEEE 802.11 networks provide local areanetwork connectivity over a few meters. A trade group was formed to test and promote the use of the

IEEE 802.11 standard and uses the marketing term Wi-Fi.

IEEE 802.15 defines personal area networks designed to operate over a few meters. Bluetooth is one

type of personal area network.

IEEE 802.16 is the access standard for wireless Metropolitan area networks or MANs. To promote this

standard an industry group was formed and promotes certified products under the name of WiMAX.

The last access standard listed is very similar to WiMAX. It is the IEEE 802.20 standard or Long Term

Evolution (LTE). This standard is focused on providing a broadband wireless access network in

frequency bands below 3.5 gigahertz and vehicle speed up to 250 kilometers an hour. This standard isalso being worked on by the 3rd

Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to ensure an evolution from 3rd

generation cellular phone networks.

Ethernet

Wi-Fi

Bluetooth

WiMAX

LTE

802.1

0Security

802.3

Medium

Access

802.3

Physical

802.11

Medium

Access

802.11

Physical

802.16

Medium

Access

802.16

Physical

802.2 Logical Link Control802.2 Logical Link Control

802.1 Bridging802.1 Bridging

802.20

Medium

Access

802.20

Physical

802.15

Medium

Access

802.15

Physical

802Overview

802.1

Management

Physical

Layer

Data

Link

Layer

Internet Protocols

Ethernet

Wi-Fi

Bluetooth

WiMAX

LTE

802.1

0Security

802.3

Medium

Access

802.3

Physical

802.11

Medium

Access

802.11

Physical

802.16

Medium

Access

802.16

Physical



802.20

Medium

Access

802.20

Physical

802.15

Medium

Access

802.15

Physical

802Overview

802.1

Management

Physical

Layer

Data

Link

Layer

Internet Protocols

802.1

0Security

802.3

Medium

Access

802.3

Physical

802.3

Medium

Access

802.3

Physical

802.11

Medium

Access

802.11

Physical

802.11

Medium

Access

802.11

Physical

802.16

Medium

Access

802.16

Physical

802.16

Medium

Access

802.16

Physical



802.20

Medium

Access

802.20

Physical

802.20

Medium

Access

802.20

Physical

802.15

Medium

Access

802.15

Physical

802.15

Medium

Access

802.15

Physical

802Overview

802.1

Management

Physical

Layer

Data

Link

Layer

Internet Protocols


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IEEE 802.16 History

Figure 12 IEEE 802.16

802.16 is continually being updated and improved. First introduced in 2001 as IEEE 802.16, the

standard dealt initially with fixed equipment and line of sight operations only. In 2004 the IEEE802.16d

standard was introduced, replacing the previous versions. This standard is typically referred to as fixed

WiMAX. In 2005 the working group began working on IEEE 802.16e, updating IEEE 802.16d and adding

mobility. There are additional revisions to the standard in committee today. When a new revision is

released, the standard is appended with a new suffix.

Standard Description

802.16 Original Standard provided basic high speed data links between 11 and 60 GHz

802.16a Addressed spectral issues and enabled use below 11 GHz

802.16b Increased spectrum for operation between 5 and 6 GHz

802.16c Provided system profiles between 10 and 66 GHz

802.16d 802.16-2004 Major revision, replaced all earlier versions of the standard.Introduced 256 FFT, profiles for compliance testing, alignment with HiperMAN,Fixed operations only.

802.16e 802.16-2005 Added Nomadic and mobile subscribers, introduced OFDMA and

advanced antenna techniques802.16f Focuses on Management Information Base

802.16g Standardizes management plane procedures and services

802.16h Improves coexistence mechanisms for license-exempt operations

802.16j Introduces multi-hop relay specifications

802.16k Standard for bridging

802.16m Standard for an advanced air interface with data rates of 100 Mbps for mobileusers and 1.Gbps for fixed users

802.16Medium

Acces s

802.16Physical

802.3

MediumAcces s

802.3Physical

802.11

MediumAcces s

802.11Physical

802.2 Logical Link Control

802.1 Bridging

802.20

MediumAcces s

802.20Physical

802.15

MediumAccess

802.15Physical

Internet Protocols

802.16Medium

Acces s

802.16Physical

802.16Medium

Acces s

802.16Physical

802.3

MediumAcces s

802.3Physical

802.11

MediumAcces s

802.11Physical

802.2 Logical Link Control

802.1 Bridging

802.20

MediumAcces s

802.20Physical

802.15

MediumAccess

802.15Physical

Internet Protocols

WiMAXSy

stemProfiles

Extension

for2-11GH

z

N

onLO

S

P

oint-to-M

ulti-Pointapplications

R

eplaces

802.16,16a,and16c

Mobility

802.16

(2002) (2003)

802.16-2004

(2004)

802.16-2005

(2005)(2001)

802.16c 802.16a 802.16e802.16d

Originalfixe

dairInterface

Line-of-sightonly

802.16Medium

Acces s

802.16Physical

WiMAXSy

stemProfiles

Extension

for2-11GH

z

N

onLO

S

P

oint-to-M

ulti-Pointapplications

R

eplaces

802.16,16a,and16c

Mobility

802.16

(2002) (2003)

802.16-2004

(2004)

802.16-2005

(2005)(2001)

802.16c 802.16a 802.16e802.16d

Originalfixe

dairInterface

Line-of-sightonly

802.16Medium

Acces s

802.16Physical

Mobility

802.16

(2002) (2003)

802.16-2004

(2004)

802.16-2005

(2005)(2001)

802.16c 802.16a 802.16e802.16d

Originalfixe

dairInterface

Line-of-sightonly

802.16Medium

Acces s

802.16Physical


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WiMAX and IEEE 802.16

Figure 13 WiMAX IEEE802.16

It is easy to confuse IEEE 802.16e with WiMAX. People often use the two interchangeably; however, it is

important to be able to distinguish between the two. IEEE 802.16 is the standard that WiMAX is based

on; it is far more extensive with many additional capabilities that are not used by WiMAX. WiMAX

defines the end-to-end solution. This includes the organization of networks, network interfaces, networkfunctionality, and call flow processes.

Based on IEEE 802.16

End-to-end solution

Specific configurations (PROFILES)

Connections to other networks

Access

Network

To other Access Networks

ToServiceProviderNetw

orks

Air

Int

erface

IEEE 802.16Defines the Air interface

PHY (layer 1)MAC (layer 2)


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WiMAX Forum

Figure 14 WiMAX Forum

Since the IEEE 802.16 standard is designed to support many possible scenarios, it would be very difficult

for vendors and service providers to determine exactly what to include and focus on for interoperability.

This is one of the main reasons the WiMAX Forum was organized. This group uses the IEEE 802.16

standard as the basis to group features and functionality together in order to ensure interoperability.

Together these groups of featuresare called profiles.

In addition to developing profiles, the WiMAX Forum has developed guidelines that organize network

functionality. The WiMAX Forum provides a method to ensure products are compatible and interoperable

regardless of the manufacturer or other network providers.

Wants to make WiMAX the platform of choice

Industry-led organization

Promotes global WiMAX

deployments

Organized end-to-end functionality

Certifies compatibility and

interoperability


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WiMAX Profiles

Figure 15 WiMAX Profiles

WiMAX Forum profiles ensure that networks and devices from multiple manufacturers and carriers are

compatible with each other. Profiles contain many operational parameters including the channel

bandwidth, operating frequencies or spectrum, type of duplexing, modulation schemes, and several other

parameters including mobility.

The WiMAX Forum hasdeveloped approved

profiles to ensure the

interoperability of products

from different manufacturers.

Channel

Bandwidth

Operating

Spectrum

Type of

Duplexing

Modulation

Mobility

Parameters

Initial Mobile Profiles focus on 2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz operations


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WiMAX Standards

Figure 16 Standards Development

IEEE is responsible for developing standards such as the 802.16 Wireless MAN standard. The 802.16

standard may be found at http://www.ieee802.org/16/.

The WiMAX Forum (http://www.wimaxforum.org).is responsible for grouping features of the 802.16

standard together into profiles. The Forum has organized profiles to support fixed and mobile

deployments. Another charter of the WiMAX Forum organization is to promote the deployment of WiMAX

globally.

As a key member of both the IEEE committee and WiMAX Forum, and with our expertise in wirelessnetworks, Motorola (http://www.motorola.com) has developed the wi4 WiMAX product portfolio.

IEEE 802.16dIEEE 802.16e

Fixed WiMAX

Mobile WiMAX

wi4 WiMAX

INPU

Tand

FEED

BACK

INPUTa

nd

FEED

BACK
http://www.ieee802.org/16/http://www.wimaxforum.org/http://www.motorola.com/http://www.motorola.com/http://www.wimaxforum.org/http://www.ieee802.org/16/


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WiMAX Topology

Figure 17 WiMAX Topology

There are two types of systems defined as part of the IEEE 802.16 standard Point-To-Point and Point-

To-Multipoint. Point-To-Point or fixed systems are designed to provide a broadband connection

between two fixed locations. One typical use of a Point-To-Point system would be as part of a back haul

network.

Point-To-Multipoint systems are designed to support multiple subscribers with a single network access

point. These systems typically provide service to end customers and are referred to as the last-mile

service. Point-To-Multipoint networks can support many different types of subscribers, ranging from

fixed, to nomadic and mobile subscribers.

Point-To-Multipoint

* MESH networks are also defined as part of the IEEE 802.16 standard. (not shown)

PMP

Point-To-Point

PTP

One use for this type of network is backhaul .

Point-To-Point

PTP

One use for this type of network is backhaul .

This is the last-mile service.

It supports both fixed nomadic, and mobile services.


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WiMAX Networks

Figure 18 Parts of a WiMAX Network

WiMAX is an access network technology. WiMAX is multiple networks connected to provide services to

customers.

The Network Service Provider network (NSP) provides all the services and features offered by the

carrier. This network is not defined by WiMAX.

The Network Access Provider network (NAP) is the interface between the customer equipment and

the services and features offered by the carrier. The NAP provides network access and mobility and IP

connectivity.

The Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) provides customer interface.

WiMAX defines the parts of a network b y their funct ions.

Voice / Data

Network

Access

Network

Customer

Premises

Equipment

NAP = Network Access Provider

NSP = Network Service Provider

SS = Subscriber Station(also referred to as a MS mobile

subscriber)


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WiMAX Access Network

Figure 19 WiMAX Access Network

Similar to other access networks in existence today, WiMAX provides a connection from thecustomers equipment to the services or features being provided. Access networks have one mainfunction. That is to connect the users to the network that support the features and services. There aremany wireline and wireless access networks in use today providing this connectivity but few offer theflexibility and capabilities that WiMAX provides.

The WiMAX network is organized into two smaller networks.

The Connectivity Service Network is responsible for subscribers IP connectivity.

TheAccess Service Network provides network access and mobility.

Customer

Premises

Equipment

Customer

Premises

Equipment

ASN

CSN

Networks of WiMAX

NSP


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Logical Elements of the NSP

Figure 20 NSP

The Network Service Provider network provides all of the services and features being offered by the

carrier. These may include:

Voice over IP

Strea

WiMAX System Level Overview

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