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William G. Huitt Educational Psychology Interactive
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Transcript of William G. Huitt Educational Psychology Interactive
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William G. HuittEducational Psychology Interactive
Operant ConditioningPart III
Last rev: June 2012
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Ivan Pavlov—Russian scientist trained in biology and medicine
Studied digestive system in dogs
Operant Conditioning
The study of the impact of consequences on voluntary behavior.
The addition and/or subtraction of consequences is done according to different schedules• Continuous• Intermittent
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Continuous reinforcement – the target behavior is followed by a consequence each time it occurs.• Excellent for getting new behavior started that
you want to increase.• Behavior stops quickly when reinforcement
stops.
Schedules of Consequences
• The schedule of choice for decreasing behavior.
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Intermittent schedules based on either• Passage of time
OR• Number of correct responses
Schedules of Consequences
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Consequence can be delivered based on• A fixed amount of time or number of
correct responsesOR
• A slightly different amount of time or number of correct responses that vary around a particular number
Schedules of Consequences
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This results in four classes of intermittent schedules.
Fixed Interval• consequence is given or removed when
the first target response is emitted after a set amount of time has passed.
• The time period required is always the same.
• Example: Spelling test every Friday.
Schedules of Consequences
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Schedules of Consequences
Pattern of behavior for fixed interval schedule
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This results in four classes of intermittent schedules.
Variable Interval• Consequence is given or removed when
the first target response is emitted after a set amount of time has passed.
• A time period is then set with the average equaling a specific number.
• Example: Pop quiz.
Schedules of Consequences
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Schedules of Consequences
Pattern of behavior for variable interval schedule
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This results in four classes of intermittent schedules.
Fixed Ratio• Consequence is given or removed when a
specified number of target responses have been emitted.
• A number of required target behaviors stays the same.
• Example: 10 math problems for homework.
Schedules of Consequences
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Schedules of Consequences
Pattern of behavior for fixed interval schedule
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This results in four classes of intermittent schedules.
Variable Ratio• Consequence is given or removed when a
specified number of target responses have been emitted.
• The number of required target behaviors changes around an average.
• Example: students raises hand to be called upon.
Schedules of Consequences
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Schedules of Consequences
Pattern of behavior for fixed interval schedule
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Learn more about applying concepts and principles of behavioral approach to modify behavior.
Operant Conditioning