PreAP Application of Genetics 2015. Gene Therapy therapy-work-video.htm
Will I need therapy after this class? Lecture 14 - Genetics.
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Transcript of Will I need therapy after this class? Lecture 14 - Genetics.
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Will I need therapy after this class?
Lecture 14 - Genetics
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/magazine/99Spring/Images/mendel!.gif.gif&imgrefurl=http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/magazine/99Spring/OAPSpring99text/OAPSPRG9906.html&h=172&w=198&prev=/images%3Fq%3DMendel%26start%3D40%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN
Mendel Founder of modern genetics called
classical genetics or Mendelian genetics
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/courses/EEB320/Lecture03/pics/medgard.jpeg&imgrefurl=http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/courses/EEB320/Lecture03/Lecture03.html&h=284&w=384&prev=/images%3Fq%3DMendel%2527%2Bgarden%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN
Mendel’s garden in Austria
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Mendel (Genetics) vs (?) Darwin (Evolution)
Worked in mid 1800s
Saw work of the other as contradictory to their own work
Mendel’s work now explains Darwin’s work
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Mendel studied inheritance of garden pea anatomy and described meiosis without
knowing anything about meiosis
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........such as shape, color and texture of
pea seeds.
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.amphilsoc.org/library/images/genetics/morgan2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/genetics.htm&h=329&w=300&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmorgan%2Bgenetics%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8
Morgan advanced Mendel’s ideas using fruit flies.
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Next………………………………
Some genetics terms and concepts
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Gene = that section of DNA responsible for trait (seed color, eye color, skin color, etc.)
Chromatin
Gene
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GenesGenes make protein products
Alleles are alternate forms of gene for same trait
Hemoglobin normal gene = H
Hemoglobin sickle cell gene = h (allele)
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GenotypeGenotype is combination of genes responsible for
traits or products.
Three possibilities for genes H and h:
HH and hh and Hh
HH and hh = Homozygous Genotypes
Homo = same zygous = union;
Hh = Heterozygous Genotype
Hetero = other zygous = union
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H
h
Normal zygote
zygote with sickel cell
Normal zygote
Heterozygous genotype
spermEgg
Hh
h h
hh
H
H
HH Homozygous genotypes
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Phenotype
Physical, chemical, physiological, behavioral appearance of organism
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Review - Gene, Genotype & Phenotype
GENOTYPES = HH or
Hh
GENEOTYPE = hh
PHENOTYPE = normal
hemoglobin
PHENOTYPE = abnormal hemoglobin
Phenotype = normal red blood cell
Phenotype = sickled red blood cell
H = normal hemoglobin GENE
h = abnormal hemoglobin GENE
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Types of genetic interactions following amphimixis:
Dominance / recessiveness
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Pleiotropy
Atavism
Multiple Alleles at the same loci
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Dominant / Recessive Alleles
Dominant allele - homozygous or heterozygous genotype = same phenotype
Recessive allele – phenotype only shows up in homozygous genotype
Alleles Genotypes Phenotypes
T (tall plant) TT Tall Plant
t (short plant) Tt Tall Plant
tt Short Plant
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G = allele for green seed pods is dominant g = allele for yellow pods is recessive
gg GG or Gg
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PP or Pp
Polydactyly due to dominant gene (P); normal is due to recessive allele (p)
PP or Pp genotype
pp is normal
syndactyly
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Genotypes ff FF or Ff
Phenotypes attached Free
Attached and Free earlobes
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Several types of interactions:
Dominance / recessiveness
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Pleiotropy
Atavism
Multiple Alleles at the same loci
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Incomplete Dominance
neither allele is completely expressed when the other allele is present.
Genes Genotypes Phenotypes
R (red flower) RR Red
W (white flower) WW White
RW Pink
WW RW RR
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Several types of interactions:
Dominance / recessiveness
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Pleiotropy
Atavism
Multiple Alleles at the same loci
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Codominance
equal expression of two alleles that occur at the same loci on homologous chromosomes
Genes Genotypes Phenotypes
IA IAIA Blood type A IB IBIB Blood type B i ii Blood type O
IAIB Blood type AB IAi Blood type A IBi Blood type B
IA and IB are codominant to each other, but dominant to i
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Type A blood is IAIA or IAi
Type B blood is IBIB or IBi
Type AB blood is IAIB
Type O blood is ii
Type “A” protein in membrane
Type “B” protein in membrane
Type “A” and type “B” proteins
in membrane
Neiter Type “A” or type “B” proteins in membrane
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Several types of interactions:
Dominance / recessiveness
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Pleiotropy
Atavism
Multiple Alleles at the same loci
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Pleiotropy = single gene has have multiple effects
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Bad hemoglobin protein = bad cells
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Bad cells = bad physiology
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Bad physiology = organ failures and “bad” life
Key word is ……BAD
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Several types of interactions:
Dominance / recessiveness
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Pleiotropy
Atavism
Multiple Alleles at the same loci
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AtavismTraits similar to ancestral
evolutionary traits.
Examples include:
human tail, mammary line, human gill slits
May be due to:
ancient genes
mutations resulting in traits that resemble ancient traits
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Normal allele is N
atavistic allele is W and rare
NN = normal
NW = normal
WW = atavism
Human gene pool
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
W
W
W
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Human Tail is an example of Atavism or a form similar to an ancestral form
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Mammary line - atavistic trait resulting in
multiple mammary glands in humans; as is found in other
more primitive mammals
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There have been some documented cases of humans born with gill slits in neck without gills – very controversial little agreement on origin.
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Several types of interactions:
Dominance / recessiveness
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Lethal Alleles
Pleiotropy
Multiple Alleles at the same loci
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S Si Sp Sw
S – solid black
Si – Black with some white
Sp – white with some black
Sw = all white
Alleles
Genotypes
and
Phenotype
Order of dominance
Black and white coat color in dogs.
Multiple Alleles at the same loci.
3 or more alleles at same loci within a population.
least
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S S
or
S Si
or
S Sp
or
S Sw
phenotype
genotypes
S – solid black
Si – Black with some white
Sp – white with some black
Sw = all white
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Si Si
or
Si Sp
or
Si Sw
S – solid black
Si – Black with some white
Sp – white with some black
Sw = all white
Phenotype = Black with some white
genotypes
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Sp Sp
or
Sp Sw
S – solid black
Si – Black with some white
Sp – white with some black
Sw = all white
genotypes
Phenotype = White with some black
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Sw Sw
S – solid black
Si – Black with some white
Sp – white with some black
Sw = all white