Wildlife Trade Policy Wildlife Trade Policy ReviewsReviews

MadagascarMadagascar

IntroductionIntroduction Madagascar ratified the convention in 1975Madagascar ratified the convention in 1975 Rich in biodiversity with high endemism: 90% of Rich in biodiversity with high endemism: 90% of

animals and 80% of plantsanimals and 80% of plants It is the first country where CITES has initiated It is the first country where CITES has initiated

studies on important trade leading to the studies on important trade leading to the elaboration of the action plan in 2003 elaboration of the action plan in 2003

The project is timely for MadagascarThe project is timely for Madagascar The steering committee was composed of The steering committee was composed of

representants from Governmental institutions, representants from Governmental institutions, NGOs, donors NGOs, donors

Data were collected from all the stakeholders in Data were collected from all the stakeholders in Antananarivo and field studies in the eastern and Antananarivo and field studies in the eastern and western parts of M/scar were realized after the western parts of M/scar were realized after the validation workshopvalidation workshop

Before 1975Policy based on local management of wild

species

1975 – 1990 Ratification of

CITES

1990 – 2002Policy based on the

application of Environmental Policy

2002: Moratorium on all species

2003Policy reform

and action plan implementation

The 4 phases of Madagascar’s WTP

Description and diagnosis of policy Description and diagnosis of policy content and policy implementationcontent and policy implementation

In Madagascar, Policies on Wildlife Trade can be In Madagascar, Policies on Wildlife Trade can be divided in 4 phases:divided in 4 phases:

Before 1975:Before 1975: Policies were based on local Policies were based on local management of wild speciesmanagement of wild species

1975 – 19901975 – 1990: Phase marked by the elaboration : Phase marked by the elaboration of the national laws for the implementation of of the national laws for the implementation of CITES, other laws on conservation at the national CITES, other laws on conservation at the national level were also created.level were also created.

1990 – 20021990 – 2002: Period influenced by the : Period influenced by the environmental policy based on the law 90-033 of environmental policy based on the law 90-033 of October 1990. Policies oriented toward October 1990. Policies oriented toward integrated conservation and development.integrated conservation and development.

2002: Moratorium on wildlife trade2002: Moratorium on wildlife trade After 2003After 2003: National policies reformed on wild : National policies reformed on wild

species trade and implementation of the action species trade and implementation of the action plan. Review of CITES Annex.plan. Review of CITES Annex.

For the implementation the following For the implementation the following activities were undertaken:activities were undertaken:

Establishment of different structures for Establishment of different structures for CITES (MA –SA)CITES (MA –SA)

Publication of a guide bookPublication of a guide book Monitoring and control were started by visit Monitoring and control were started by visit

of nurseries and farmsof nurseries and farms Funding for the permanent secretary Funding for the permanent secretary

activities activities Improvement of information sharingImprovement of information sharing

The implementation of the action plan The implementation of the action plan permitted the reorganization and a better permitted the reorganization and a better functioning of CITESfunctioning of CITES

Environmental impactsEnvironmental impacts The environmental impact of one regulation may vary from The environmental impact of one regulation may vary from

one species to another, it can be positive or negative one species to another, it can be positive or negative Examples: Examples: -The listing of -The listing of Mantella croceaMantella crocea in Appendix II has led the in Appendix II has led the

operators to focus on other speciesoperators to focus on other species-The moratoriums on some animals like the chameleon and -The moratoriums on some animals like the chameleon and

PhelsumaPhelsuma led the operators to turn to the exportation of led the operators to turn to the exportation of succulent plantssucculent plants

-The listing of lemurs in Appendix I has promoted their -The listing of lemurs in Appendix I has promoted their conservation and was one criterion for the creation of conservation and was one criterion for the creation of protected areas of their habitats.protected areas of their habitats.

The international trade of a species with quota does not The international trade of a species with quota does not have directly negative environmental impacts on CITES have directly negative environmental impacts on CITES species because other threats are more important such as, species because other threats are more important such as, bush fires, habitat destructionbush fires, habitat destruction and local trade and local trade

Social impactsSocial impacts Positive impact on direct actors in wild Positive impact on direct actors in wild

species trade can be observed species trade can be observed A- the operators are more and more A- the operators are more and more

professionalsprofessionals B- at the local community level collectors B- at the local community level collectors

of plants and animals became specialists of plants and animals became specialists but they complained that the but they complained that the

implementation of more rigorous implementation of more rigorous measures (1994, 2003) have reduced their measures (1994, 2003) have reduced their income and they have to find other income and they have to find other activities.activities.

Economical impactsEconomical impacts Wild species trade brings foreign Wild species trade brings foreign

currencies to the statecurrencies to the state The tax paid by the operators allowed to The tax paid by the operators allowed to

pay the salary of forestry agentspay the salary of forestry agents The more rigorous reorganization of The more rigorous reorganization of

CITES management pushed certain CITES management pushed certain actors to invest their money in other actors to invest their money in other businessbusiness

The benefits for operators and harvesters The benefits for operators and harvesters are far from equitableare far from equitable

Collect of wild species for trade has not Collect of wild species for trade has not yet any visible economical impact on the yet any visible economical impact on the “Communes” and Regions.“Communes” and Regions.

Policy analysis and findingsPolicy analysis and findings

Pertinence and coherencePertinence and coherence Some policies were pertinent to solve Some policies were pertinent to solve

punctual problems but they are often punctual problems but they are often incomplete and do not take into incomplete and do not take into consideration the impact on some domains consideration the impact on some domains (social, economical)(social, economical)

Some recent decisions are not coherent Some recent decisions are not coherent with the national law on wild species CITES with the national law on wild species CITES and non-CITESand non-CITES

Policy analysis and findingsPolicy analysis and findings

EfficiencyEfficiency The ratification of the convention The ratification of the convention

promoted the valorization of wild speciespromoted the valorization of wild species The limited moratorium in 2002 helped to The limited moratorium in 2002 helped to

stop the abusive exploitation of wild stop the abusive exploitation of wild speciesspecies

The action plan of 2003 allowed the The action plan of 2003 allowed the reorganization and reform of CITES in reorganization and reform of CITES in Madagascar, it promoted then scientific Madagascar, it promoted then scientific researches on commercialized wild speciesresearches on commercialized wild species

Policy recommendations for Policy recommendations for MadagascarMadagascar

Wild species trade should be promoted, as a key tool for Wild species trade should be promoted, as a key tool for development and poverty reduction. It will be successful if development and poverty reduction. It will be successful if deciders and donors are convinced on that.deciders and donors are convinced on that.

In order to facilitate procedures on wild flora and fauna In order to facilitate procedures on wild flora and fauna trade and for more transparency a unique office should be trade and for more transparency a unique office should be created.created.

CITES should have access to the “Fonds Forestier CITES should have access to the “Fonds Forestier National”.National”.

The length of moratorium on malagasy species should be The length of moratorium on malagasy species should be limited.limited.

Researches should respond to the needs of the trades; Researches should respond to the needs of the trades; quotas should reflect field realities.quotas should reflect field realities.

A supporting institution to CITES in Madagascar should be A supporting institution to CITES in Madagascar should be createdcreated

Local commerce on wild species should be controlled and Local commerce on wild species should be controlled and be monitored at the regional level.be monitored at the regional level.

Control system should be reinforced.Control system should be reinforced.

Usefulness of draft Usefulness of draft frameworkframework

The framework was helpful giving a The framework was helpful giving a clear methodology, leading to an clear methodology, leading to an efficient evaluation of the policies.efficient evaluation of the policies.

The questions were pertinent and The questions were pertinent and helped for an in depth diagnosis of helped for an in depth diagnosis of the policies.the policies.

Too short time for analysisToo short time for analysis

SUGGESSTIONSSUGGESSTIONS

The framework would be more The framework would be more efficient if it were written in the efficient if it were written in the working language of the applicant working language of the applicant country.country.

For better organisation of the project: For better organisation of the project: It would be more practical to put It would be more practical to put under one line of budget the under one line of budget the Coordinator and the expertsCoordinator and the experts