WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTED AREAPROTECTED AREA

Tumaini University, Iringa Tumaini University, Iringa University CollegeUniversity CollegeBachelor of Cultural Anthropology Bachelor of Cultural Anthropology

and Tourismand TourismModule oneModule one

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO WILDLIFE MANAGEMENTWILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

ByByMasinda, Crescent MansweatMasinda, Crescent MansweatThe University of DodomaThe University of DodomaDepartment of History and Department of History and

Cultural HeritageCultural Heritage

Wildlife Wildlife •"Wildlife""Wildlife" is a term that refers to is a term that refers to animals that are not normally animals that are not normally domesticated (raised by humans). domesticated (raised by humans).

•They are a living resource that will They are a living resource that will die and be replaced by others of their die and be replaced by others of their kind. Individual animals cannot be kept kind. Individual animals cannot be kept beyond their life span.beyond their life span.

•But if managed carefully, But if managed carefully, populationspopulations of wildlife can be conserved of wildlife can be conserved practically forever.practically forever.

Wildlife ManagementWildlife Management•According to dictionary, wild means living According to dictionary, wild means living in a state of nature-not tamed or in a state of nature-not tamed or domesticated.domesticated.

•Management is the art of controlling or Management is the art of controlling or directing directing

•Wildlife management is the art of making Wildlife management is the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of land produce sustained annual crops of wildlifewildlife

•Application of scientific knowledge and Application of scientific knowledge and technical skills to protect, conserve, technical skills to protect, conserve, limit, enhance, or create wildlife habitatlimit, enhance, or create wildlife habitat

Cont…Cont…•Laws that protect existing Laws that protect existing habitats are also referred as habitats are also referred as wildlife managementwildlife management

•The wildlife professional managers The wildlife professional managers use carefully collected use carefully collected information to manage wildlife information to manage wildlife population to achieve a variety of population to achieve a variety of recreational and aesthetical recreational and aesthetical benefits for people while ensuring benefits for people while ensuring the future survival of wildlifethe future survival of wildlife

Cont…Cont…•Wildlife management is term very Wildlife management is term very often used by the environmentalists often used by the environmentalists all around the globe.all around the globe.

•The best way to define wildlife The best way to define wildlife management would be to say that management would be to say that wildlife management is all about wildlife management is all about finding the balance between the finding the balance between the needs of wildlife and the needs of needs of wildlife and the needs of people by using different scientific people by using different scientific methods.methods.

Cont…Cont…•Wildlife management in these days mostly Wildlife management in these days mostly focused on wildlife conservationfocused on wildlife conservation

•This requires help of many other This requires help of many other scientific disciplines such as scientific disciplines such as chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to get the best possible and geography to get the best possible resultsresults

•Biodiversity loss is huge problem around Biodiversity loss is huge problem around the globe, and as you already know many the globe, and as you already know many plants are at the brink of the plants are at the brink of the extinction. extinction.

•The ultimate goal of wildlife management The ultimate goal of wildlife management is to stop extinction of many endangered is to stop extinction of many endangered species.species.

•But in today's situation this is almost But in today's situation this is almost an impossible task due to many different an impossible task due to many different ecological problems such as climate ecological problems such as climate change and pollutionchange and pollution

•Many animals are in trouble due to Many animals are in trouble due to habitat loss, and some are threatened habitat loss, and some are threatened with the invasive species. with the invasive species.

•Improving animal habitat is the key to Improving animal habitat is the key to success success

•Management of wildlife encompasses Management of wildlife encompasses conservation of endangered, conservation of endangered, threatened and non-threatened threatened and non-threatened species and their natural species and their natural habitats. habitats.

•It also includes implementation of It also includes implementation of certain laws and acts related to certain laws and acts related to wildlife. wildlife.

•In fact, wildlife management tools In fact, wildlife management tools are laws implemented to protect are laws implemented to protect the existing natural habitats.the existing natural habitats.

Types of wildlife Types of wildlife managementmanagement•There are two general types of There are two general types of wildlife managementwildlife management

•Manipulative managementManipulative management–Acts on population, either changing Acts on population, either changing its numbers by direct means or its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by the indirect influencing numbers by the indirect means of altering food supply, means of altering food supply, habitats, density of predators or habitats, density of predators or prevalence of disease. prevalence of disease.

Cont…Cont…–This is appropriate when a This is appropriate when a population is to be harvested, or population is to be harvested, or when it slides to unacceptably when it slides to unacceptably low density or increases to low density or increases to unacceptably high levelunacceptably high level–Such densities are inevitably the Such densities are inevitably the subjective view of the land subjective view of the land owner, and may be disputed by owner, and may be disputed by animal welfare interestsanimal welfare interests

•Custodial managementCustodial management –Is preventive or protective. The aim Is preventive or protective. The aim is to minimize external influences is to minimize external influences on the population and its habitat. on the population and its habitat.

–It is appropriate in a national park It is appropriate in a national park where one of the stated goals is to where one of the stated goals is to protect ecological processes. protect ecological processes.

–It is also appropriate for It is also appropriate for conservation of a threatened species conservation of a threatened species where the threat is of external where the threat is of external origin rather than being intrinsic origin rather than being intrinsic to the system. to the system.

Forms of wildlife Forms of wildlife Management Management •Wildlife management techniques are Wildlife management techniques are used to increase, maintain, or used to increase, maintain, or reduce wildlife population.reduce wildlife population.Habitat Restoration and managementHabitat Restoration and managementHarvest Harvest Endangered species management Endangered species management Species re-introduction Species re-introduction Law enforcementLaw enforcement

Habitat Restoration Habitat Restoration managementmanagement

•Restoration is broadly defined as the act, Restoration is broadly defined as the act, process, or result of returning a degraded process, or result of returning a degraded or former habitat to a healthy, self-or former habitat to a healthy, self-sustaining condition that resembles as sustaining condition that resembles as closely as possible its pre-disturbed closely as possible its pre-disturbed state.  state. 

•Examples of restoration include Examples of restoration include – removing material from a wetlandremoving material from a wetland– increasing tidal flow to a restricted increasing tidal flow to a restricted wetland, wetland,

– re-establishing natural river flow, re-establishing natural river flow, – enhancing degraded seafloor habitats, enhancing degraded seafloor habitats, – treating runoff to improve water quality, treating runoff to improve water quality,

HarvestHarvest•High species diversity in tropical High species diversity in tropical communities can be maintained in a communities can be maintained in a non-equilibrium state by frequent non-equilibrium state by frequent disturbances, gradual changes in disturbances, gradual changes in climate, or equivalence among species climate, or equivalence among species in competitive ability. in competitive ability.

•If equilibrium is reached, diversity If equilibrium is reached, diversity may be maintained by niche may be maintained by niche diversification or compensatory trends diversification or compensatory trends in recruitment, growth, or mortalityin recruitment, growth, or mortality

Endangered species Endangered species managementmanagement

•The diversity of species has been The diversity of species has been increasing since life first originatedincreasing since life first originated

•The increases has not been stable, but The increases has not been stable, but rather has been characterized by rather has been characterized by periods of speciation followed by periods of speciation followed by period of minimal change and five period of minimal change and five episodes of mass extinctionepisodes of mass extinction

•Extinction has endangered most of the Extinction has endangered most of the wildlife specieswildlife species

Cont..Cont..•Due to the high impacts of Due to the high impacts of extinction that has endangered extinction that has endangered some of the wild species, then the some of the wild species, then the need of managing the endangered need of managing the endangered species arises.species arises.

•This could help to increase the This could help to increase the rate of speciationrate of speciation

•Speciation is the process whereby Speciation is the process whereby one original species evolves into one original species evolves into one or more new speciesone or more new species

Cont…Cont…•Endangered species these are the Endangered species these are the one that have a high risk of one that have a high risk of extinction in the wild in the near extinction in the wild in the near future and may become critically future and may become critically endangered.endangered.

•According to IUCN endangered According to IUCN endangered species have a 20% probability of species have a 20% probability of extinction within 20years or 5 extinction within 20years or 5 generationsgenerations

•Species are considered to be endangered Species are considered to be endangered due to the following reasons;-due to the following reasons;-–Observable decline in numbers of Observable decline in numbers of individuals individuals –The size of geographical area occupied The size of geographical area occupied by the species, and the number of by the species, and the number of populationpopulation–The total number of individuals alive, The total number of individuals alive, and the number of breeding individualsand the number of breeding individuals

Cont….Cont….–The expected decline in the The expected decline in the numbers of individuals if numbers of individuals if current and projected trends in current and projected trends in populations decline or habitat populations decline or habitat destructions continuesdestructions continues–The probability of the species The probability of the species going to vanished in a certain going to vanished in a certain number of years or generations number of years or generations

ContCont•Due to the above factors leading to Due to the above factors leading to endangered and extinction species the endangered and extinction species the efforts has been established efforts has been established internationally and nationally these internationally and nationally these efforts a vested on the management of efforts a vested on the management of endangered speciesendangered species

•The efforts is on Habitat management, The efforts is on Habitat management, there are several international there are several international agreements concerning habitat agreements concerning habitat managementmanagement

ReintroductionReintroduction•This is the deliberate release of a This is the deliberate release of a species into the wild in zones species into the wild in zones formerly inhabited by said species formerly inhabited by said species but where it has disappeared from but where it has disappeared from for a number of reasons, from for a number of reasons, from captivity or relocated from other or relocated from other areas where the species still areas where the species still survives in. survives in.

•It usually involves species that are It usually involves species that are endangered or or extinct in the wild

Elements of Wildlife Elements of Wildlife ManagementManagement

•Successful management of wildlife Successful management of wildlife totally depends on certain totally depends on certain elements and their coordination. elements and their coordination.

•Public support and awareness is Public support and awareness is necessary to protect wildlife and necessary to protect wildlife and their habitats. their habitats.

•Let's discuss the general Let's discuss the general elements of wildlife management.elements of wildlife management.

Public ParticipationPublic Participation•It is necessary to make local people It is necessary to make local people realize and accept the idea and importance realize and accept the idea and importance of wildlife protection. of wildlife protection.

•Public interaction can help in making local Public interaction can help in making local people responsible and cooperate in people responsible and cooperate in enforcement of wildlife management laws and enforcement of wildlife management laws and regulations. regulations.

•Public discussions should be held in order Public discussions should be held in order to understand people concepts on management to understand people concepts on management programs and other necessary steps. programs and other necessary steps.

•Their feedback should also be taken for Their feedback should also be taken for effective functioning of wildlife effective functioning of wildlife management.management.

Public AwarenessPublic Awareness•People should understand the concept People should understand the concept of conservation of natural resources of conservation of natural resources and protected areas. and protected areas.

•The wildlife managers and other The wildlife managers and other responsible persons should hold public responsible persons should hold public discussions, shows, and talksdiscussions, shows, and talks

•This can stop people from exploitation This can stop people from exploitation of resources, which is the major of resources, which is the major threat to wildlife and their habitatsthreat to wildlife and their habitats..

Cont…Cont…•And, should also take help of And, should also take help of other media like newspapers, other media like newspapers, magazines, radio, television magazines, radio, television and so on, to make people aware and so on, to make people aware about the basic concepts behind about the basic concepts behind wildlife managementwildlife management

EducationEducation•The role of education in public The role of education in public awareness programs is very important. awareness programs is very important.

•There should be environmental subjects There should be environmental subjects based on based on wildlife conservation. .

•The well-educated and trained The well-educated and trained specialists on environmental and specialists on environmental and forest issues should participate in forest issues should participate in public training and interact with public training and interact with people and solve their queries to make people and solve their queries to make them more responsible towards their them more responsible towards their wildlife management duties.wildlife management duties.

•People should get the education about People should get the education about why and how to manage a wildlifewhy and how to manage a wildlife

Nature Interpretation Nature Interpretation CentersCenters

•Nature interpretation centers may include Nature interpretation centers may include setting up of educational camps or setting up of educational camps or exhibition in nearby regions of protected exhibition in nearby regions of protected areas such as zoological gardens, parks areas such as zoological gardens, parks and wildlife sanctuaries. and wildlife sanctuaries.

•It is usually taken up by the concerned It is usually taken up by the concerned forest departments. forest departments.

•It should be made compulsory for all the It should be made compulsory for all the tourists to spare some time in the tourists to spare some time in the interpretation centers before entering interpretation centers before entering parks or sanctuaries. parks or sanctuaries.

Cont…Cont…•The interpretation centers The interpretation centers should be handled by qualified should be handled by qualified and trained staff in order to and trained staff in order to explain and motivate the explain and motivate the concepts of wildlife management concepts of wildlife management to the tourists and people of to the tourists and people of the nearby-protected areas.the nearby-protected areas.

•The centers should also local The centers should also local people-basedpeople-based

CoordinationCoordination•Wildlife management is operated at four Wildlife management is operated at four basic levels - local, state, national and basic levels - local, state, national and international.international.

•Government agencies plan the policies of Government agencies plan the policies of protecting, conserving and managing protecting, conserving and managing wildlife. wildlife.

•All the management levels participate in All the management levels participate in passing wildlife management tools and many passing wildlife management tools and many a time, conflicts arise. a time, conflicts arise.

•Thus, proper understanding and Thus, proper understanding and coordination between the inter-coordination between the inter-departmental and inter-level is an departmental and inter-level is an important element for wildlife management.important element for wildlife management.

Approaches to WMApproaches to WM•There are various approaches that There are various approaches that can be used in management of can be used in management of wildlife, it includes the following;wildlife, it includes the following;

–PreservationPreservation–Conservation and,Conservation and,–Management Management

PreservationPreservation•In a simple way this is letting In a simple way this is letting the nature the way it is or the nature the way it is or letting natural system aloneletting natural system alone

•This is most used philosophy in This is most used philosophy in most of the national parksmost of the national parks

•Population interacting in each Population interacting in each area can so change the system area can so change the system that the environment may not that the environment may not remain suitable for their own remain suitable for their own continued existence continued existence

ConservationConservation•Conservation is the effort to Conservation is the effort to maintain and use natural resources maintain and use natural resources wisely. Forms of conservation range wisely. Forms of conservation range from active managing efforts, such as from active managing efforts, such as the manipulation of habitats and the the manipulation of habitats and the introduction of species, to complete introduction of species, to complete ‘let alone’ attitude (preservation).‘let alone’ attitude (preservation).

•In a simple language conservation In a simple language conservation means an attempt to save resource for means an attempt to save resource for the future generations.the future generations.

ManagementManagement•Management is the manipulation of Management is the manipulation of populations or habitats to achieve populations or habitats to achieve desired goals. These goals may desired goals. These goals may include;include;–To increase the size of the To increase the size of the populationpopulation

–To remove an individuals from a To remove an individuals from a population on a continuing basis.population on a continuing basis.

–To stabilize or reduce the size of To stabilize or reduce the size of the population.the population.

Cont..Cont..•NB: NB: Combinations of these goals can be used Combinations of these goals can be used for either a single species or a number of for either a single species or a number of species.species.

•In wildlife resources, management includes;In wildlife resources, management includes;–Restriction of huntingRestriction of hunting–Control of predatorsControl of predators–Reservation of game landsReservation of game lands–Artificial replacement (ie restocking and Artificial replacement (ie restocking and game farming)game farming)

–Environmental control ()control of food, Environmental control ()control of food, special factor of growth, and diseases.special factor of growth, and diseases.

Evolution/History of Evolution/History of WMWM•In early history, game species In early history, game species were considered the property of were considered the property of no one, much like the air, and no one, much like the air, and oceans. oceans.

•However, unlike the air and However, unlike the air and oceans, wildlife could become oceans, wildlife could become the property of anyone who the property of anyone who capture it.capture it.

•This attitude can be traced This attitude can be traced back to Roman empire.back to Roman empire.

•Apparently, the only Apparently, the only relevant provision in relevant provision in early Roman law was the early Roman law was the exclusive right of a exclusive right of a private owner to possess private owner to possess and kill the wildlife on and kill the wildlife on his property.his property.

•As the land became subdivided among As the land became subdivided among feudal lords, attitudes toward feudal lords, attitudes toward wildlife changed. In England, royal wildlife changed. In England, royal forests were designated as places forests were designated as places where the king and others of his where the king and others of his choosing might engaged in the chase.choosing might engaged in the chase.

•Actually, the king had title to game Actually, the king had title to game species on all the land, and one way species on all the land, and one way he had of rewarding his favorite he had of rewarding his favorite nobles was by conferring franchises nobles was by conferring franchises (privilege granted) over game on (privilege granted) over game on their property.their property.

•Thus, land for nobility and royal forests Thus, land for nobility and royal forests constituted most of the wildlife habitat, constituted most of the wildlife habitat, and the general public hat little or no and the general public hat little or no access to either fish or wildlife.access to either fish or wildlife.

•The domination of hunting rights for The domination of hunting rights for wildlife by a few became such an acute wildlife by a few became such an acute problem, that in 1215 the Magna Carta which problem, that in 1215 the Magna Carta which resulted from a rebellion against resulted from a rebellion against dictatorial power of the King including dictatorial power of the King including wildlife issues.wildlife issues.

•Magna Carta – a charter establishing the Magna Carta – a charter establishing the right of English free citizens and regarded right of English free citizens and regarded as the basis of civil and political libertyas the basis of civil and political liberty

Cont….Cont….•In Great Britain, royal power over In Great Britain, royal power over wildlife gradually gave way to wildlife gradually gave way to parliament, which, however still parliament, which, however still maintained.maintained.

•Statutes prohibited unqualified Statutes prohibited unqualified people from taking wildlife.people from taking wildlife.

•Parliament parceled out wildlife Parliament parceled out wildlife land rights and determined what land rights and determined what rights people had with respect to rights people had with respect to wildlife.wildlife.

Cont…Cont…•The thrust of game laws that initially The thrust of game laws that initially prevailed in the United states was the prevailed in the United states was the parliament owned resources on the land . parliament owned resources on the land .

•Permission to use the resource could Permission to use the resource could obtained from the parliament or from its obtained from the parliament or from its designee. designee.

•The colonies--- later the states- The colonies--- later the states- assumed the transfer of parliamentary assumed the transfer of parliamentary power for the resources and thus owned power for the resources and thus owned the game within their boundaries.the game within their boundaries.

Cont..Cont..•Since then, there was a nation Since then, there was a nation efforts established by the efforts established by the government to sustain the wildlife government to sustain the wildlife in the countryin the country

•At independence, Tanzania showed At independence, Tanzania showed her commitment to wildlife her commitment to wildlife conservation when the then conservation when the then President of Tanganyika released a President of Tanganyika released a statement, the famous statement, the famous “Arusha “Arusha Manifesto” as quoted hereunder:Manifesto” as quoted hereunder:

•““The survival of our wildlife is a The survival of our wildlife is a matter of grave concern to all of matter of grave concern to all of us in Africa. These wild creatures us in Africa. These wild creatures amid the wild places their inhabit amid the wild places their inhabit are not only important as a source are not only important as a source of wonder and inspiration but are of wonder and inspiration but are an integral part of our natural an integral part of our natural resources and of our future resources and of our future livelihood and well beinglivelihood and well being””

VALUES FOR WILDLIFEVALUES FOR WILDLIFE

•Use values andUse values and•Non-use valuesNon-use values

USE VALUESUSE VALUES•Are associated with benefits that Are associated with benefits that come as a result of direct contact come as a result of direct contact with the natural resource in some waywith the natural resource in some way

•This might be from direct consumption This might be from direct consumption – e.g. extracting timber from forests– e.g. extracting timber from forests

•Direct consumptive values are also Direct consumptive values are also known as primary values or marketed known as primary values or marketed goods and services (things that can goods and services (things that can be directly paid for)be directly paid for)

•Secondary values are correspondingly Secondary values are correspondingly non-marketed goods and services non-marketed goods and services values and non-consumptive (the values and non-consumptive (the resource itself does not have to be resource itself does not have to be consumed or affected in any way in consumed or affected in any way in order for the value to derive from itorder for the value to derive from it

•Direct-use values: goods and Direct-use values: goods and services directly consumed by services directly consumed by usersusers– Products (e.g., edible, Products (e.g., edible, ornamental, medicinal, inputs ornamental, medicinal, inputs into production process)into production process)- Recreation- Recreation- Waste assimilation- Waste assimilation- Research- Research- Education- Education

USE VALUES (CNTD)USE VALUES (CNTD)•In addition to these values In addition to these values environmental economists have environmental economists have introduced an option value introduced an option value (others authors regard this as (others authors regard this as non-use value)non-use value)

•Which is defined as the value Which is defined as the value placed on wildlife assets by placed on wildlife assets by those people who want to those people who want to secure the use of the good or secure the use of the good or service in the futureservice in the future

NON-USE VALUESNON-USE VALUES•Correspond to those benefits which do not Correspond to those benefits which do not imply contact between the consumers and imply contact between the consumers and the good. the good.

•People do not need to use the good in any People do not need to use the good in any way, either directly or indirectly, in way, either directly or indirectly, in order to derive value from itorder to derive value from it

•Such values are generally known as Such values are generally known as existence valuesexistence values

•Existence values are values that derive Existence values are values that derive simply from the knowledge that a simply from the knowledge that a particular good existsparticular good exists

•Existence values can themselves be further Existence values can themselves be further divided into intrinsic and bequest valuesdivided into intrinsic and bequest values

INTRINSIC VALUESINTRINSIC VALUES•Relate to the utility derived Relate to the utility derived from simple knowledge of the from simple knowledge of the existence of a landscape or a existence of a landscape or a particular habitat, such as the particular habitat, such as the satisfaction of knowing a forest satisfaction of knowing a forest is preserved ‘for itself’ and not is preserved ‘for itself’ and not a function of any human usea function of any human use

BEQUEST VALUESBEQUEST VALUES•Involve altruism towards others as Involve altruism towards others as part of the value, such as the part of the value, such as the satisfaction of preserving forests satisfaction of preserving forests for enjoyment of other people both for enjoyment of other people both now and in the futurenow and in the future

•The TEV of an environment asset is The TEV of an environment asset is obtained by summing up the three obtained by summing up the three value components: use value, value components: use value, option value and existence valueoption value and existence value

•Apart from what people derive from Apart from what people derive from consumptive and non-consumptive useconsumptive and non-consumptive use

•The protection of certain areas The protection of certain areas ensures a variety of benefits from ensures a variety of benefits from their potential use in the future-their potential use in the future-either for visiting or from either for visiting or from products that may be developed from products that may be developed from the areas genetic or other the areas genetic or other resources.resources.

•Indirect-use values: indirect Indirect-use values: indirect benefits arising from ecological benefits arising from ecological systemssystems-Biological support – links to -Biological support – links to other species and habitatsother species and habitats-Physical protection-Physical protection-Climate regulation-Climate regulation-Global life support – functions -Global life support – functions that aid in supporting life on that aid in supporting life on EarthEarth

Limiting factor to WMLimiting factor to WM•The composition of wildlife The composition of wildlife communities is often affected by communities is often affected by competition and predation.competition and predation.

•Predators often dramatically reduce Predators often dramatically reduce the numbers of their prey species the numbers of their prey species and may eliminate some species from and may eliminate some species from certain habitatscertain habitats

•Predators often indirectly increase Predators often indirectly increase biological diversity in a community biological diversity in a community by keeping the densities of some by keeping the densities of some prey species so low that competition prey species so low that competition for resources does not occur for resources does not occur

Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity•This is the number of species individuals This is the number of species individuals of a particular species that the of a particular species that the resources of an environment can supportresources of an environment can support

•A population’s numbers are often well A population’s numbers are often well below the carrying capacity when the below the carrying capacity when the species is held in check by predators species is held in check by predators

•If the predators are removed by hunting If the predators are removed by hunting or poisoning, the prey population may or poisoning, the prey population may increase to a point at which it reaches increase to a point at which it reaches the carrying capacity.the carrying capacity.

•Or may even increase beyond the Or may even increase beyond the carrying capacity to a point at carrying capacity to a point at which crucial resources are which crucial resources are overtaxed and the population crashedovertaxed and the population crashed

•Community composition is also Community composition is also affected by mutualistic relationship affected by mutualistic relationship (a type of symbiosis), in which two (a type of symbiosis), in which two species benefit each other. species benefit each other.

•Mutualistic species reach higher Mutualistic species reach higher densities when they occur together densities when they occur together than when only species is presentthan when only species is present

•Common examples of such mutualisms Common examples of such mutualisms are;-are;-–Plants with fleshy fruits and fruits-Plants with fleshy fruits and fruits-eating birds that disperse their seedseating birds that disperse their seeds–Flower-pollinating insects and Flower-pollinating insects and flowering plantsflowering plants–Plants provide home for ants which Plants provide home for ants which supply them with nutrients.supply them with nutrients.