Wicked Problems. Righteous Solutions
Transcript of Wicked Problems. Righteous Solutions
Wicked Problems. Righteous Solutions
A Catalogue of Modern
Software Engineering Paradigms Peter DeGrace
and
Leslie Hulet Stahl
YOURDON PRESS P T R Prentice Hall Building
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER ONE—Software Engineering and Science 5
CHAPTER TWO—A Personal View of the "State of the Art" in Programming 11
Fads, Fashions, and Who We Are 21 Summary 25
CHAPTER THREE—The Waterfall Model 27 Beginning and Ending Points 29 Steps and Variations 32 Detailed Discussion 33
Initiation 33 Options Study (if there is one) 35 Requirements Gathering and Analysis Phase 37 Alternatives Study (if there is one) 42 Preliminary Design Phase 43 Detail Design Phase 46 Coding Phase 49 Module Test Phase 49 System Test (Verification) Phase 49 Installation and Delivery (Validation) Phase 51 Maintenance and Enhancement Phase 51
Closing Thoughts 53 Documentation 53 Reviews 56 A Word About Language 57
Summary 59
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CHAPTER FOUR—Problems with the Waterfall Model 61 Incomplete Requirements 68 It Costs Too Much 70 It Takes Too Long 74 Variations 77 End-User Communications Gap 77 The "What" Separated from the "How" 80 Error Management 80 Wicked Problems 82 Final Thoughts and Summary 93
CHAPTER FIVE—Whirlpools, Incrementals, and Spirals.... 97 Attenuating and Truncating 104 Incrementals 112
CHAPTER SIX—Prototyping 119 How Prototyping is Used 126 When and Where Prototyping is Used 128
Prototyping Partially Replacing the Waterfall Model.... 131 Prototyping Fully Replacing the Waterfall Model 134
The Benefits of Using Prototyping 146 Problems With Prototyping 147 Some Closing Thoughts on the Hardware/Software Analogy 149
Reusability 151 Summary 151
CHAPTER SEVEN—The All-at-Once Model 153 Team Approaches—Sashimi and Scrum 154 The Two-Man Approach—Handcuffing 161 The One-Man Approach—Hacking 165 Summary 176
CHAPTER EIGHT—Other Models 177 Video Models 177
The Hollywood Model 177 The Outside-In Model 180 The Maintenance by Television (MTV) Model 182
The Cleanroom Model 183
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User Computing 189 System Engineering 192 Summary 201
CHAPTER NINE—Professionalism and Science 203 Professionalism 203
Deep but Narrow Knowledge 203 The Curse of the Power User 204 The Khomeini Effect (The True Believer) 206 Technical Decisions Made by Unqualified People 207
Science 214
BIBLIOGRAPHY 219