Wi-Fi Treatise

7/23/2019 Wi-Fi Treatise

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Wi-Fi

For the radio station, seeWIFI (AM).Wi-Fi(or WiFi) is alocal area wireless computer net-

The Wi-Fi logo used by theWi-Fi Alliance

workingtechnology that allows electronic devices to net-work, mainly using the 2.4 gigahertz (12 cm)UHFand 5gigahertz (6 cm)SHF ISM radio bands.

TheWi-Fi Alliancedefines Wi-Fi as any wireless localarea network (WLAN) product based on the Instituteof Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE)802.11standards".[1] However, the term Wi-Fi is used in gen-eral English as a synonym for "WLAN" since most mod-ern WLANs are based on these standards. Wi-Fi is atrademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. The Wi-Fi Certifiedtrademark can only be used by Wi-Fi products that suc-cessfully complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperabilitycerti-

fication testing.Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g. personal comput-ers, video-game consoles,smartphones, digital cameras,tablet computersand digital audio players. These canconnect to a network resource such as the Internet via awireless network access point. Such an access point (orhotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoorsand a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be assmall as a single room with walls that block radio waves,or as large as many square kilometres achieved by usingmultiple overlapping access points.

Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections, such as

Ethernet, precisely because an intruder does not need aphysical connection. Web pages that useTLSare secure,but unencrypted internet access can easily be detected

Depiction of a device sending information wirelessly to another

device, both connected to the local network, in order to print a

document.

by intruders. Because of this, Wi-Fi has adopted vari-ousencryptiontechnologies. The early encryptionWEPproved easy to break. Higher quality protocols (WPA,WPA2) were added later. An optional feature added in

2007, calledWi-Fi Protected Setup(WPS), had a seri-ous flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the routerspassword.[2] The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its testplan and certification program to ensure all newly certi-fied devices resist attacks.

1 History

Main article:IEEE 802.11 History

In 1971, ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands

with a UHF wireless packet network. ALOHAnet andtheALOHA protocolwere early forerunners toEthernet,and later theIEEE 802.11 protocols, respectively.

A 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal CommunicationsCommission released theISM bandfor unlicensed use.[3]

These frequency bands are the same ones used by equip-ment such as microwave ovens and are subject to inter-ference.

In 1991, NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporationinvented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use incashier systems. The first wireless products were under

the nameWaveLAN.TheAustralian radio-astronomerJohn O'Sullivandevel-oped a key patent used in Wi-Fi as a by-product of a

1
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2 3 IEEE 802.11 STANDARD

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Or-ganisation (CSIRO) research project, a failed experi-ment to detect exploding mini black holes the size of anatomic particle.[4] In 1992 and 1996, CSIRO obtainedpatents[5] for a method later used in Wi-Fi to unsmearthe signal.[6]

Thefirst version of the 802.11 protocol was released in1997, and provided up to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This wasupdated in 1999 with802.11bto permit 11 Mbit/s linkspeeds, and this proved to be popular.

In 1999, theWi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade associationto hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most productsare sold.[7]

Wi-Fi uses a large number of patents held by many differ-ent organizations.[8] In April 2009, 14 technology compa-nies agreed to pay CSIRO $250 million for infringementson CSIRO patents.[9] This led to Australians labeling Wi-

Fi as an Australian invention,[10] though this has been thesubject of some controversy.[11][12] CSIRO won a further$220 million settlement for Wi-Fi patent-infringementsin 2012 with global firms in the United States required topay the CSIRO licensing rights estimated to be worth anadditional $1 billion in royalties.[9][13][14]

1.1 The name 'Wi-Fi'

The term Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early asAugust 1999,[15] was coined by brand-consulting firmInterbrandCorporation. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hiredInterbrand to determine a name that was a little catchierthan 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'".[16][17][18] Phil Be-langer, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance whopresided over the selection of the name Wi-Fi, alsostated that Interbrand inventedWi-Fias aplay on wordswith Hi-Fi, and also created the Wi-Fi logo.

The Wi-Fi Alliance used the nonsenseadvertising slo-ganThe Standard for Wireless Fidelity for a short timeafter the brand name was invented, leading to the mis-conception that Wi-Fi was an abbreviation of WirelessFidelity.[16][19][20] The yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates thecertification of a product for interoperability.[19]

Non-Wi-Fi technologies intended for fixed points, such asMotorola Canopy, are usually described asfixed wireless.Alternative wireless technologies include mobile phonestandards, such as2G,3G,4GorLTE.

The name is often written as WiFiorWifi, but these arenot approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance.

2 Wi-Fi certification

See also:Wi-Fi Alliance

TheIEEEdoes not test equipment for compliance with

their standards. The non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance wasformed in 1999 to fill this void to establish and en-force standards for interoperability andbackward com-patibility, and to promote wireless local-area-networktechnology. As of 2010, the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted ofmore than 375 companies from around the world.[21][22]

The Wi-Fi Alliance enforces the use of the Wi-Fi brandto technologies based on the IEEE 802.11 standardsfrom the IEEE. This includes wireless local area net-work (WLAN) connections, device to device connec-tivity (such as Wi-Fi Peer to Peer aka Wi-Fi Direct),Personal area network(PAN),local area network(LAN)and even some limitedwide area network(WAN) con-nections. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-FiAlliance, whose products pass the certification process,gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo.

Specifically, the certification process requires confor-mance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the WPA

and WPA2security standards, and the EAPauthenti-cation standard. Certification may optionally includetests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction withcellular-phone technology in converged devices, and fea-tures relating to security set-up, multimedia, and power-saving.[23]

Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification.The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily implythat a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices. Ifit is compliant or partly compatible, the Wi-Fi Alliancemay not object to its description as a Wi-Fi device thoughtechnically only certified devices are approved. The Wi-

Fi Alliance may or may not sanction derivative terms,such asSuper Wi-Fi, coined by the USFederal Commu-nications Commission(FCC) to describe proposed net-working in the UHF TV band in the US.

3 IEEE 802.11 standard

Main article:IEEE 802.11

The IEEE 802.11 standard is a set ofmedia access con-trol(MAC) andphysical layer(PHY) specifications forimplementingwireless local area network(WLAN) com-puter communication in the 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHzfrequency bands. They are created and maintained bytheIEEE LAN/MANStandards Committee (IEEE 802).The base version of the standard was released in 1997,and has had subsequent amendments. The standard andamendments provide the basis for wireless network prod-ucts using the Wi-Fi brand. While each amendment isofficially revoked when it is incorporated in the latest ver-sion of the standard, the corporate world tends to market

to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilitiesof their products. As a result, in the market place, eachrevision tends to become its own standard.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11adhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LANhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_layerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_access_controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_access_controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Authentication_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Directhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LANhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LANhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_wirelesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Canopyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperabilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yanghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_sloganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_sloganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fidelityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbrandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation


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4.2 City-wide Wi-Fi 3

TheLinksys WRT54Gcontains a router with an 802.11b/g radio

(common in the early 2000s) and two antennas

4 Uses

A sticker indicating to the public that a location is within range

of a Wi-Fi network. A dot with curved lines radiating from it is

a common symbol for Wi-Fi, representing a point transmitting a

signal.[24]

To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer has to be

equipped with a wireless network interface controller.The combination of computer and interface controlleris called a station. For all stations that share a singleradio frequency communication channel, transmissionson this channel are received by all stations within range.The transmission is not guaranteed to be delivered andis therefore abest-effort deliverymechanism. A carrierwave is used to transmit the data. The data is organisedin packets, referred to as "Ethernet frames".

4.1 Internet access

Wi-Fi technology may be used to provideInternet accessto devices that are within the range of awireless networkthat is connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or

more interconnectedaccess points(hotspots) can extendfrom an area as small as a few rooms to as large as manysquare kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may re-quire a group of access points with overlapping coverage.For example, public outdoor Wi-Fi technology has beenused successfully inwireless mesh networksin London,

UK. An international example isFON.Wi-Fi provides service in private homes, businesses, aswell as in public spaces at Wi-Fi hotspots set up eitherfree-of-charge or commercially, often using a captiveportalwebpage for access. Organizations andbusinesses,such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often providefree-use hotspots to attract customers. Enthusiasts or au-thorities who wish to provide services or even to promotebusiness in selected areas sometimes provide free Wi-Fiaccess.

Routersthat incorporate adigital subscriber linemodem

or acable modemand a Wi-Fi access point, often set upin homes and other buildings, provide Internet access andinternetworking to all devices connected to them, wire-lessly or via cable.

Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a cellu-lar Internet radiomodem and Wi-Fi access point. Whensubscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearbyWi-Fi stations to access the Internet over 2G, 3G, or 4Gnetworks using thetethering technique. Many smart-phones have a built-in capability of this sort, includ-ing those based on Android, BlackBerry, Bada, iOS(iPhone),Windows PhoneandSymbian, though carriers

often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to en-able it, especiallyfor customers with unlimited data plans.Internet packs provide standalone facilities of this typeas well, without use of a smartphone; examples includethe MiFi-and WiBro-branded devices. Some laptops thathaveacellularmodemcardcanalsoactasmobileInternetWi-Fi access points.

Wi-Fi also connects places that normally don't have net-work access, such as kitchens and garden sheds.

4.2 City-wide Wi-Fi

Further information:Municipal wireless networkIn the early 2000s, many cities around the world an-

nounced plans to construct city-wide Wi-Fi networks.There are many successful examples; in 2004, Mysorebecame Indias first Wi-Fi-enabled city. A companycalled WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, coveringthe complete city and a few nearby villages.[25]

In 2005,St. Cloud, FloridaandSunnyvale, California,became the first cities in the United States to offer city-wide free Wi-Fi(from MetroFi).[26] Minneapolis hasgen-erated $1.2 million in profit annually forits provider.[27]

InMay2010, London, UK, Mayor BorisJohnson pledgedto have London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012.[28] Several bor-oughs including Westminster and Islington[29][30] already
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_wireless_internet_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroFihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cloud,_Floridahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_wireless_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiFihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetheringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetworkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_portalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_portalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FONhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_mesh_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_framehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-effort_deliveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controllerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRT54Ghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksys


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4 5 WI-FI RADIO SPECTRUM

An outdoor Wi-Fi access point

had extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage at that point.

Officials in South Koreas capital are moving to providefree Internet access at more than 10,000 locations aroundthe city, including outdoor public spaces, major streetsand densely populated residential areas. Seoul will grantleases to KT, LG Telecom and SK Telecom. The compa-nies will invest $44 million in the project, which will becompleted in 2015.[31]

4.3 Campus-wide Wi-Fi

Many traditional university campuses in the devel-

oped world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage.Carnegie Mellon Universitybuilt the first campus-widewireless Internet network, called Wireless Andrew, atits Pittsburgh campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi brandingoriginated.[32][33][34] By February 1997 the CMU wifizone was fully operational. Many universities collaboratein providing Wi-Fi access to students and staff throughtheeduroaminternational authentication infrastructure.

4.4 Direct computer-to-computer commu-

nications

Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from onecomputer to another without an access point inter-mediary. This is called ad hoc Wi-Fi transmission.Thiswireless ad hoc networkmode has proven popu-lar withmultiplayer handheld game consoles, such as theNintendo DS,PlayStation Portable,digital cameras, andother consumer electronics devices. Some devices canalso share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becom-ing hotspots or virtual routers.[35]

Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes the specificationWi-Fi Directfor file transfers and media sharing through

a new discovery- and security-methodology.[36]

Wi-FiDirect launched in October 2010.[37]

Another mode of direct communication over Wi-Fi is

Tunneled Direct Link Setup (TDLS), which enables twodevices on the same Wi-Fi network to communicate di-rectly, instead of via the access point.[38]

A keychain-size Wi-Fi detector

5 Wi-Fi radio spectrum

Main article:list of WLAN channels

802.11b and 802.11g use the 2.4 GHz ISM band,operating in the United States under Part 15 Rulesand Regulations. Because of this choice of frequencyband, 802.11b and g equipment may occasionally sufferinterferencefrommicrowave ovens,cordless telephones,andBluetoothdevices.

Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are notconsistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for anadditional two channels beyond the 11 permitted in theUnited States for the 2.4 GHz band (113), while Japanhas three more (114). In the US and other countries,802.11a and 802.11g devices may be operated without

a license, as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules andRegulations.

A Wi-Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHzband. Any two channel numbers that differ by fiveor more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap. The oft-repeated adage that channels 1, 6, and 11 are the only non-overlapping channels is, therefore, not accurate. Chan-nels 1, 6, and 11 are the only group of three non-overlapping channels in North America and the UnitedKingdom. In Europe and Japan using Channels 1, 5, 9,and 13 for802.11gand802.11nisrecommended.

802.11a uses the5 GHz U-NII band, which, for much

of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping channelsrather than the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band, where ad-jacent channels overlap.
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5

5.1 Interference

For more details on this topic, see Electromagneticinterference at 2.4 GHz.

Wi-Fi connections can be disrupted or the internet speedlowered by having other devices in the same area. Many2.4 GHz 802.11b and802.11gaccess-points default tothe same channel on initial startup, contributing to con-gestion on certain channels. Wi-Fi pollution, or an ex-cessive number of access points in the area, especially onthe neighboring channel, can prevent access and interferewith other devices use of other access points, caused byoverlapping channels in the 802.11g/b spectrum, as wellas with decreasedsignal-to-noise ratio(SNR) betweenaccess points. This can become a problem in high-densityareas, such as large apartment complexes or office build-ings with many Wi-Fi access points. It is advised to only

use channel 1-6-11.Additionally, other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: mi-crowave ovens, ISM band devices, security cameras,ZigBeedevices,Bluetoothdevices,video senders, cord-less phones, baby monitors,[39] and (in some coun-tries) Amateur radio all of which can cause signifi-cant additional interference. It is also an issue whenmunicipalities[40] or other large entities (such as univer-sities) seek to provide large area coverage.

6 Service set identifier (SSID)

In addition to running on different channels, multiple Wi-Fi networks can share channels.

Aservice setis the set of all the devices associated witha particular Wi-Fi network. The service set can be local,independent, extended or mesh.

Each service set has an associated identifier, the ServiceSetIdentifier (SSID), which consists of 32 bytes that iden-tifies the particular network. The SSID is configuredwithin the devices that are considered part of the net-work, and it is transmitted in the packets. Receivers ig-

nore wireless packets from other networks with a differ-ent SSID.

7 Throughput

As the 802.11 specifications evolved to support higherthroughput, the bandwidth requirements also increasedto support them. 802.11n uses double the radio spec-trum/bandwidth (40 MHz) compared to 802.11a or802.11g (20 MHz). This means there can be only one802.11n network on the 2.4 GHz band at a given loca-

tion, without interference to/from other WLAN traffic.802.11n can also be set to limit itself to 20 MHz band-width to prevent interference in dense community.

Many newer consumer devices support the latest802.11ac standard, which uses the 5 GHz band exclu-sively and is capable of multi-station WLAN throughputof at least 1 gigabit per second. According to a study,devices with the 802.11ac specification are expected tobe common by 2015 with an estimated one billion spread

around the world.[41]

8 Hardware

Wi-Fi allows cheaper deployment oflocal area networks(LANs). Also spaces where cables cannot be run, such asoutdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wirelessLANs.

Manufacturers are building wireless network adaptersinto most laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi contin-

ues to drop, making it an economical networking optionincluded in even more devices.

Different competitive brands of access points and clientnetwork-interfaces can inter-operate at a basic level ofservice. Products designated as Wi-Fi Certified by theWi-FiAllianceare backwards compatible. Unlike mobilephones, any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere inthe world.

8.1 Standard devices

An embedded RouterBoard 112 with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and

R52mini PCIWi-Fi card widely used bywirelessInternet ser-

vice providers (WISPs) in theCzech Republic

Awireless access point(WAP) connects a group of wire-less devices to an adjacent wiredLAN. An access pointresembles a network hub, relaying data between con-nected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) singleconnected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub orswitch, allowing wireless devices to communicate withother wired devices.

Wireless adaptersallow devices to connect to a wirelessnetwork. These adapters connect to devices using variousexternal or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI,

USB,ExpressCard, Cardbus andPC Card. As of 2010,most newer laptop computers come equipped with builtin internal adapters.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Cardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressCardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controllerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_(computing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_hubhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Internet_service_providerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMA_connectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirose_U.FLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MikroTik#RouterBOARDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwards_compatiblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipsethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_set_(802.11_network)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_monitorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_senderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISM_bandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11ghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference_at_2.4_GHzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference_at_2.4_GHz


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6 8 HARDWARE

OSBRiDGE 3GN 802.11nAccess Point andUMTS/GSMGate-

way in one device

AnAtherosWi-Fi N draft adaptor with built in Bluetoothon a

Sony Vaio E series laptop

USBwireless adapter

Wireless routersintegrate a Wireless Access Point, Eth-ernet switch, and internal router firmware application thatprovidesIP routing,NAT, andDNSforwarding throughan integratedWAN-interface. A wireless router allowswired and wireless Ethernet LAN devices to connect toa (usually) single WAN device such as a cable modemor aDSL modem. A wireless router allows all three de-vices, mainly the access point and router, to be configuredthrough one central utility. This utility is usually an inte-gratedweb serverthat is accessible to wired and wire-

less LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients.This utility may also be an application that is run on acomputer, as is the case with as Apples AirPort, which

is managed with theAirPort UtilityonMac OS XandiOS.[42]

Wirelessnetwork bridgesconnect a wired network to awireless network. A bridge differs from an access point:an access point connects wireless devices to a wired net-

work at thedata-link layer. Two wireless bridges may beused to connect two wired networks over a wireless link,useful in situations where a wired connection may be un-available, such as between two separate homes.

Wireless range-extenders or wireless repeaterscan extendthe range of an existing wireless network. Strategicallyplaced range-extenders can elongate a signal area or al-low for the signal area to reach around barriers such asthose pertaining in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devicesconnected through repeaters will suffer from an increasedlatency for each hop, as well as from a reduction in themaximum data throughput that is available. In addition,

the effect of additional users using a network employ-ing wireless range-extenders is to consume the availablebandwidth faster than would be the case where but a sin-gle user migrates around a network employing extenders.For this reason, wireless range-extenders work best innetworks supporting very low traffic throughput require-ments, such as for cases where but a single user with aWi-Fi equipped tablet migrates around the combined ex-tended and non-extended portions of the total connectednetwork. Additionally, a wireless deviceconnected to anyof the repeaters in the chain will have a data throughputthat is also limited by the weakest link existing in thechain between where the connection originates and where

the connection ends. Networks employing wireless ex-tenders are also more prone to degradation from interfer-ence from neighboring access points that border portionsof the extended network and that happen to occupy thesame channel as the extended network.

The security standard, Wi-Fi Protected Setup, allows em-bedded devices with limited graphical user interface toconnect to the Internet with ease. Wi-Fi Protected Setuphas 2 configurations: The Push Button configuration andthe PIN configuration. These embedded devices are alsocalled The Internet of Things and are low-power, battery-operated embedded systems. A number of Wi-Fi manu-

facturers design chips and modules for embedded Wi-Fi,such as GainSpan.[43]

8.2 Embedded systems

Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of 2007),embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available that in-corporate a real-time operating system and provide a sim-plemeansof wirelessly enabling any device which hasandcommunicates via a serial port.[44] This allows the designof simple monitoring devices. An example is a portable

ECG device monitoring a patient at home. This Wi-Fi-enabled device can communicate via the Internet.[45]

These Wi-Fi modules are designed byOEMsso that im-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Setuphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model#Layer_2:_data_link_layerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_(networking)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirPort_Utilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirPorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_routerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009


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7

Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module

plementers need only minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to pro-vide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products.

In June 2014 Texas Instruments introduced the first ARMCortex-M4 with an onboard dedicated WiFi MCU, theSimpleLink CC3200. Developers are now able to designEmbedded systems to connect to the Internet of Things(IoT) using a single chip.

9 Range

See also:Long-range Wi-Fi

The Wi-Fi signal range depends on the frequency band,radio power output, antenna gain and antenna type as wellas the modulation technique. Line-of-sight is the thumb-nail guide but reflection and refraction can have a signif-icant impact.

An access point compliant with either 802.11b or802.11g, using the stock antenna might have a range of100 m (330 ft). The same radio with an external semi

parabolic antenna (15db gain) might have a range over20 miles.

Higher gain rating (dBi) indicates further deviation (gen-erally toward the horizontal) from a theoretical, perfectisotropic radiator, and therefore the further the antennacan project a usable signal, as compared to a similar out-put power on a more isotropic antenna.[46] For example,an 8 dBi antenna used with a 100 mW driver will have asimilar horizontal range to a 6 dBi antenna being driven at500 mW. Note that this assumes that radiation in the ver-tical is lost; this may not be the case in some situations,especially in large buildings or within awaveguide. In

the above example, a directional waveguide could causethe low power 6 dBi antenna to project much further in asingle direction than the 8 dBi antenna which is not in a

waveguide, even if they are both being driven at 100 mW.

IEEE 802.11n, however, can more than double therange.[47] Range also varies with frequency band. Wi-Fiin the 2.4 GHz frequency block has slightly better rangethanWi-Fiinthe5GHzfrequencyblockusedby802.11a

(and optionally by 802.11n). On wireless routers withdetachable antennas, it is possible to improve range byfitting upgraded antennas which have higher gain in par-ticular directions. Outdoor ranges can be improved tomany kilometers through the use of high gaindirectionalantennasat the router and remote device(s). In gen-eral, the maximum amount of power that a Wi-Fi devicecan transmit is limited by local regulations, such asFCCPart 15 in the US. Equivalent isotropically radiated power(EIRP) in the European Union is limited to 20dBm(100mW).

To reach requirements for wireless LAN applications,

Wi-Fi has fairly high power consumption compared tosome other standards. Technologies such asBluetooth(designed to support wireless personal area network(PAN) applications) provide a much shorterpropagationrange between 1 and 100m[48] and so in general have alower power consumption. Other low-power technologiessuch asZigBeehave fairly long range, but much lowerdata rate. The high power consumption of Wi-Fi makesbattery life in mobile devices a concern.

Researchers have developed a number of no new wirestechnologies to provide alternatives to Wi-Fi for appli-cations in which Wi-Fis indoor range is not adequate

and where installing new wires (such as CAT-6) is notpossible or cost-effective. For example, theITU-T G.hnstandard for high speedlocal area networksuses exist-ing home wiring (coaxial cables, phone lines andpowerlines). AlthoughG.hndoes not provide some of the ad-vantages of Wi-Fi (such as mobility or outdoor use), itis designed for applications (such asIPTVdistribution)where indoor range is more important than mobility.

Due to the complex nature ofradio propagationat typ-ical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly the effects of signalreflectionoff trees and buildings, algorithms can only ap-proximately predict Wi-Fi signal strength for any given

area in relation to a transmitter.

[49]

This effect does notapply equally tolong-range Wi-Fi, since longer links typ-ically operate from towers that transmit above the sur-rounding foliage.

The practical range of Wi-Fi essentially confines mobileuse to such applications as inventory-taking machines inwarehouses or in retail spaces,barcode-reading devices atcheck-out stands, or receiving/shipping stations. Mobileuse of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited, for instance, touses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspotto another. Other wireless technologies are more suitablefor communicating with moving vehicles.

Distance records
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-range_Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_reflectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_reflectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_coaxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Thttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_6_cablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_isotropically_radiated_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic_radiatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11ghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-range_Wi-Fi


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8 11 NETWORK SECURITY

Distance records (using non-standard devices) include382 km (237 mi) in June 2007, held by Ermanno Piet-rosemoli andEsLaRed of Venezuela, transferringabout 3MB of data between the mountain-tops ofEl guilaandPlatillon.[50][51] TheSwedish Space Agencytransferreddata 420 km (260 mi), using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an

overhead stratospheric balloon.[52]

10 Multiple access points

Increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points pro-vides network redundancy, better range, support for fastroamingand increased overall network-capacity by us-ing more channels or by defining smaller cells. Exceptfor the smallest implementations (such as home or smalloffice networks), Wi-Fi implementations have moved to-ward thin access points, with more of thenetwork in-telligencehoused in a centralized network appliance, rel-egating individual access points to the role of dumbtransceivers. Outdoor applications may usemeshtopolo-gies.

When multiple access points are deployed they are oftenconfigured with the same SSID and security settings toform an 'extended service set.' Wi-Fi client devices willtypically connect to the access point that can provide thestrongest signal within that service set.

11 Network security

Main article:Wireless security

The main issue with wireless network security is its sim-plified access to the network compared to traditionalwired networks such asEthernet. With wired network-ing, one must either gain access to a building (physicallyconnecting into the internal network), or break through anexternalfirewall. To enable Wi-Fi, one merely needs tobe within the range of the Wi-Fi network. Most businessnetworks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting

to disallow external access. Enabling wireless connectiv-ity reduces security if the network uses inadequate or noencryption.[53][54][55]

An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi networkrouter can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against anyother user of the network by forging a response beforethe queried DNS server has a chance to reply.[56]

11.1 Data security risks

The most common wirelessencryption-standard,Wired

Equivalent Privacy(WEP), has beenshownto be easilybreakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Pro-tected Access(WPA and WPA2) encryption, which be-

came available in devices in 2003, aimed to solve thisproblem. Wi-Fi access points typically default to anencryption-free(open) mode. Novice users benefit fromazero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, butthis default does not enable anywireless security, provid-ing open wireless access to a LAN. To turn security on re-

quires the user to configure the device, usually via a soft-ware graphical user interface (GUI). On unencrypted Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and recorddata (including personal information). Suchnetworks canonly be secured by using other means of protection, suchas a VPNor secureHypertext Transfer Protocol overTransport Layer Security(HTTPS).

Wi-Fi Protected Accessencryption (WPA2) is consid-ered secure, provided a strongpassphraseis used. A pro-posed modification to WPA2 is WPA-OTP or WPA3,which stores an on-chip optically generatedonetime padon all connected devices which is periodically updated

via strongencryptionthen hashed with the data to be sentor received. This would be unbreakable using any (evenquantum) computer system as the hashed data is essen-tially random and no pattern can be detected if it is im-plemented properly. Main disadvantage is that it wouldneed multi-GB storage chips so would be expensive forthe consumers.

11.2 Securing methods

A common measure to deter unauthorized users involveshiding the access points name by disabling the SSIDbroadcast. While effective against the casual user, itis ineffective as a security method because the SSIDis broadcast in the clear in response to a client SSIDquery. Another method is to only allow computers withknownMAC addressesto join the network,[57] but deter-mined eavesdroppers may be able to join the network byspoofingan authorized address.

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption was de-signed to protect against casual snooping but it is nolonger considered secure. Tools such as AirSnort

or Aircrack-ng can quickly recover WEP encryptionkeys.[58] Because of WEPs weakness theWi-Fi Allianceapproved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which usesTKIP. WPA was specifically designed to work with olderequipment usually through a firmware upgrade. Thoughmore secure than WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities.

The more secure WPA2 using Advanced EncryptionStandardwas introduced in 2004 and is supported bymost new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible withWPA.[59]

A flaw in a feature added to Wi-Fi in 2007, calledWi-FiProtected Setup, allows WPA and WPA2 security to be

bypassed and effectively broken in many situations. Theonly remedy as of late 2011 is to turn off Wi-Fi ProtectedSetup,[60] which is not always possible.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Setuphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Setuphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPA2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_Key_Integrity_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrack-nghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirSnorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_spoofinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_addresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_set_(802.11_network)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onetime_padhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passphrasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Securehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_security#Counteracting_riskshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluhrer,_Mantin_and_Shamir_attackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_intelligencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_intelligencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Boardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_El_%C3%81guila


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Virtual Private Networksare often used to secure Wi-Fi.

11.3 Piggybacking

Main article:Piggybacking (Internet access)

Further information:Legality of piggybacking

Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet con-nection by bringing ones own computer within the rangeof anothers wireless connection, and using that servicewithout the subscribers explicit permission or knowl-edge.

During the early popular adoption of802.11, providingopen access points for anyone within range to use wasencouraged to cultivatewireless community networks,[61]

particularly since people on average use only a fraction oftheir downstream bandwidth at any given time.

Recreational logging and mapping of other peoples ac-cess points has become known as wardriving. Indeed,many access points are intentionally installed without se-curity turned on so that they can be used as a free service.Providing access to ones Internet connection in this fash-ion may breach the Terms of Service or contract with theISP. These activities do not result in sanctions in most ju-risdictions; however, legislation andcase lawdiffer con-siderably across the world. A proposal to leavegraffitidescribing available services was calledwarchalking.[62]

AFloridacourt case determined that owner laziness wasnot to be a valid excuse.

Piggybacking often occurs unintentionally - a technicallyunfamiliar user might not change the default unsecuredsettings to their access point and operating systems canbe configured to connect automatically to any availablewireless network. A user who happens to start up a lap-top in the vicinity of an access point may find the com-puter has joined the network without any visible indica-tion. Moreover, a user intending to join one network mayinstead end up on another one if the latter has a strongersignal. In combination with automatic discovery of othernetwork resources (seeDHCPandZeroconf) this couldpossibly lead wireless users to send sensitive data to thewrong middle-man when seeking a destination (seeMan-in-the-middle attack). For example, a user could inad-vertently use an unsecure network to log into a website,thereby making the login credentials available to anyonelistening, if the website uses an unsecure protocol such asHTTP.

12 Safety

Further information: Wireless electronic devices and

health

TheWorld Health Organization(WHO) says there is

no risk from low level, long-term exposure to Wi-Finetworks and the United KingdomsHealth ProtectionAgency reports that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year results inthe same amount of radiation from a 20-minute mobilephone call.[63][64] A review of studies involving 725 peo-plewho claimed electromagnetichypersensitivity, "...sug-

gests that 'electromagnetic hypersensitivity' is unrelatedto the presence of EMF, although more research into thisphenomenon is required.[65]

13 See also

Indoor positioning system

Li-Fi

List of WLAN channels

San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy

Super Wi-Fi - IEEE 802.22 proposal to usetelevisionbands

Wi-Fi Alliance

Wi-Fi operating system support

Wireless Broadband Alliance

Wireless network interface controller(WNIC)

14 References

[1] What is Wi-Fi? A Word Definition From the Webope-dia Computer Dictionary

[2] Brute forcing Wi-Fi Protected Setup(PDF). Retrieved2013-06-15.

[3] Authorization of Spread Spectrum Systems Under Parts15 and 90of the FCC Rules and Regulations (TXT).Fed-eral Communications Commission. June 18, 1985. Re-trieved 2007-08-31.

[4] Phil Mercer (August 11, 2012). Wi-fi, dual-flush loosand eight more Australian inventions. BBC News.

[5] EP 0599632

[6] Sygall, David (December 7, 2009).How Australias topscientist earned millions from Wi-Fi. The Sydney Morn-ing Herald.

[7] Wi-Fi Alliance: Organization. Official industry associ-ation Web site. Retrieved August 23, 2011.

[8] IEEE-SA IEEE 802.11 and Amendments Patent Lettersof Assurance

[9] Moses, Asher (June 1, 2010).CSIRO to reap 'lazy bil-lion' from worlds biggest tech companies. The Age (Mel-bourne). Retrieved 8 June 2010.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Agehttp://www.theage.com.au/technology/enterprise/csiro-to-reap-lazy-billion-from-worlds-biggest-tech-companies-20100601-wsu2.htmlhttp://www.theage.com.au/technology/enterprise/csiro-to-reap-lazy-billion-from-worlds-biggest-tech-companies-20100601-wsu2.htmlhttp://standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/patcom/pat802_11.htmlhttp://standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/patcom/pat802_11.htmlhttp://www.wi-fi.org/organization.phphttp://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/how-australias-top-scientist-earned-millions-from-wifi-20091207-kep4.htmlhttp://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/how-australias-top-scientist-earned-millions-from-wifi-20091207-kep4.htmlhttp://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0599632http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20071644http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20071644http://www.marcus-spectrum.com/documents/81413RO.txthttp://www.marcus-spectrum.com/documents/81413RO.txthttp://sviehb.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/viehboeck_wps.pdfhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controllerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Broadband_Alliancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_operating_system_supporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Digital_Inclusion_Strategyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_positioning_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Protection_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Protection_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_configuration_networkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warchalkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffitihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardrivinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_community_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_piggybackinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggybacking_(Internet_access)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Network


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[10] World changing Aussie inventions Australian Geo-graphic

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[12] Australias Biggest Patent Troll Goes After AT&T, Ver-

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[13] Australian scientists cash in on Wi-Fi invention: SMH 1April 2012

[14] CSIRO wins legal battle over Wi-Fi patent: ABC 1 April2012

[15] Statement of Use, s/n 75799629, US Patent and Trade-mark Office Trademark Status and Document Retrieval.August 23, 2005. Retrieved 2014-09-21. first used theCertification Mark ... as early as August 1999

[16] WiFi isn't short for Wireless Fidelity"". boingboing.net.

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[46] http://www.dslreports.com/forum/r15405199-Somebody-explain-dBi

[47] 802.11n Delivers Better Range. Wi-Fi Planet. 2007-05-31.

[48] section 1.2 (scope)

[49] WiFi Mapping Software: Footprint. Alyrica Networks,Inc. Retrieved 2008-04-27.

[50] Ermanno Pietrosemoli has set a new record for thelongest communication Wi-Fi link. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
http://interred.wordpress.com/2007/06/18/ermanno-pietrosemoli-has-set-a-new-record-for-the-longest-communication-wi-fi-link/http://interred.wordpress.com/2007/06/18/ermanno-pietrosemoli-has-set-a-new-record-for-the-longest-communication-wi-fi-link/http://www.alyrica.net/node/20http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3680781http://www.dslreports.com/forum/r15405199-Somebody-explain-dBihttp://www.dslreports.com/forum/r15405199-Somebody-explain-dBihttp://wifiscan.fr/research/article_19742.htmhttp://edageek.com/2008/04/18/embedded-wifi-radio/http://edageek.com/2008/04/18/embedded-wifi-radio/http://www.gainspan.com/technology/technology_overview.phphttp://www.gainspan.com/technology/technology_overview.phphttp://www.apple.com/airportextreme/features/utility.htmlhttp://www.engadget.com/2011/02/08/study-802-11ac-devices-to-hit-the-one-billion-mark-in-2015-get/http://www.engadget.com/2011/02/08/study-802-11ac-devices-to-hit-the-one-billion-mark-in-2015-get/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/municipal-wifi.htmhttps://www.monitorshq.com/6-easy-steps-to-protect-your-baby-monitor-from-hackers/http://www.wi-fi.org/knowledge-center/faq/what-is-wi-fi-certified-tdlshttp://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-gets-personal-groundbreaking-wi-fi-direct-launches-todayhttp://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-gets-personal-groundbreaking-wi-fi-direct-launches-todayhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/101409-wi-fi-direct.html?hpg1=bnhttp://techsansar.com/internetworking/wireless-home-networking-virtual-wifi-hotspot-2946/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19971-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19971-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=-OMoL5Irm08C&pg=PA121http://books.google.com/books?id=-OMoL5Irm08C&pg=PA121https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Hayeshttp://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/wireless_andrew.shtmlhttp://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/wireless_andrew.shtmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_City_Mediahttp://popcitymedia.com/innovationnews/wifi100511.aspxhttp://popcitymedia.com/innovationnews/wifi100511.aspxhttp://blogs.voanews.com/breaking-news/2011/06/15/seoul-moves-to-provide-free-city-wide-wifi-service/http://www.zdnet.com/article/london-gets-a-mile-of-free-wi-fi/http://www.zdnet.com/article/london-gets-a-mile-of-free-wi-fi/http://www.govtech.com/dc/118717http://www.govtech.com/dc/118717http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8692103.stmhttp://www.startribune.com/business/111286134.htmlhttp://www.besttech.com.tr/urun/bq100-gsm-role-kontrol/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060820/asp/opinion/story_6632793.asphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-3000-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-3000-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=6tLAyQLSzG0Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=6tLAyQLSzG0Chttp://www.wi-fi.org/certification_programs.phphttp://www.wi-fi.org/wp/wifi-alliance-certification/http://www.wi-fi.org/organization.phphttp://www.wi-fi.org/organization.phphttp://www.wi-fi.org/files/wp_6_WPA%2520Deployment%2520for%2520Public%2520Access_10-28-04.pdfhttp://www.wi-fi.org/files/wp_6_WPA%2520Deployment%2520for%2520Public%2520Access_10-28-04.pdfhttp://www.netsense.info/downloads/Whitepaper_Wi-Fi_Networks2-6-03.pdfhttp://www.netsense.info/downloads/Whitepaper_Wi-Fi_Networks2-6-03.pdfhttp://www.teleclick.ca/2005/12/what-is-the-true-meaning-of-wi-fi/http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3674591http://boingboing.net/2005/11/08/wifi-isnt-short-for.htmlhttp://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn75799629&docId=IPC20070420145537#docIndex=19&page=3http://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn75799629&docId=IPC20070420145537#docIndex=19&page=3http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-04-01/csiro-receives-multi-million-dollar-payment-for-wifi-technology/3925814http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-04-01/csiro-receives-multi-million-dollar-payment-for-wifi-technology/3925814http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/australian-scientists-cash-in-on-wifi-invention-20120331-1w5gx.htmlhttp://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/australian-scientists-cash-in-on-wifi-invention-20120331-1w5gx.htmlhttp://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505124_162-43340647/australias-biggest-patent-troll-goes-after-at038t-verizon-and-t-mobile/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505124_162-43340647/australias-biggest-patent-troll-goes-after-at038t-verizon-and-t-mobile/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/04/how-the-aussie-government-invented-wifi-and-sued-its-way-to-430-million.arshttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/04/how-the-aussie-government-invented-wifi-and-sued-its-way-to-430-million.arshttp://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/world-changing-aussie-inventions.htmhttp://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/world-changing-aussie-inventions.htm


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11

[51] Wireless technology is irreplaceable for providing ac-cess in remote and scarcely populated regions. Retrieved2008-03-10.

[52] Long Distance WiFi Trial(PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-10.

[53] 802.11 X Wireless Network in a Business Environment Pros and Cons.. NetworkBits.net. Retrieved 2008-04-08.

[54] Free Wi-Fi? User beware: Open connections to Internetare full of security dangers, hackers, ID thieves. LarryHiggs Asbury Park Press.

[55] Gittleson, Kim (28 March 2014) Data-stealing Snoopydrone unveiled at Black HatBBC News, Technology, Re-trieved 29 March 2014

[56] Bernstein, Daniel J.(2002). DNS forgery. Retrieved2010-03-24. An attacker with access to your network can

easily forge responses to your computers DNS requests.[57] Mateti, Prabhaker (2005).Hacking Techniques in Wire-

less Networks. Dayton, Ohio: Department of ComputerScience and Engineering Wright State University. Re-trieved 2010-02-28.

[58] Wireless Vulnerabilities & Exploits. wirelessve.org.Retrieved 2008-04-15.

[59] WPA2 Security Now Mandatory for Wi-Fi CERTIFIEDProductsWPA2 Security Now Mandatory for Wi-FiCERTIFIED Products. Wi-Fi Alliance.

[60] http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/723755 US CERT Vul-

nerability Note VU#723755

[61] NoCats goal is to bring you Infinite Bandwidth Every-where for Free. Nocat.net. Retrieved 2011-10-14.

[62] Lets Warchalk(PDF). Matt Jones. Retrieved 2008-10-09.

[63] Q&A: Wi-fi health concerns. BBC News. 2007-05-21.Retrieved 2011-10-14.

[64] Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EMS)", 2011

[65] ""Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Re-view of Provocation Studies ", 2005. Psychosomat-

icmedicine.org. 2005-03-01. Retrieved 2014-05-30.

15 Further reading

The WNDW Authors (1 Mar 2013). Butler, Jane,ed. Wireless Networking in the Developing World(Third Edition)(PDF).ISBN 978-1484039359.

16 External links

Interactive History of Wi-Fi
http://getvoip.com/history-of-wifi/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1484039359https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wireless_Networking_in_the_Developing_World_(WNDW)_Third_Edition.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wireless_Networking_in_the_Developing_World_(WNDW)_Third_Edition.pdfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15784787https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15784787http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs296/en/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6677051.stmhttp://www.blackbeltjones.com/warchalking/warchalking0_9.pdfhttp://nocat.net/http://nocat.net/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Computer_Emergency_Readiness_Teamhttp://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/723755https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttp://www.wi-fi.org/pressroom_overview.php?newsid=16http://www.wi-fi.org/pressroom_overview.php?newsid=16http://www.wirelessve.org/entries/show/WVE-2005-0020http://www.cs.wright.edu/~pmateti/InternetSecurity/Lectures/WirelessHacks/Mateti-WirelessHacks.htm#_Toc77524658http://www.cs.wright.edu/~pmateti/InternetSecurity/Lectures/WirelessHacks/Mateti-WirelessHacks.htm#_Toc77524658http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/forgery.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Bernsteinhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26762198http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26762198https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbury_Park_Presshttp://www.app.com/article/20130701/NJNEWS/307010010/Free-Wi-Fi-User-beware-Open-connections-Internet-full-security-dangershttp://www.app.com/article/20130701/NJNEWS/307010010/Free-Wi-Fi-User-beware-Open-connections-Internet-full-security-dangershttp://networkbits.net/wireless-printing/80211-g-pros-cons-of-a-wireless-network-in-a-business-environment/http://networkbits.net/wireless-printing/80211-g-pros-cons-of-a-wireless-network-in-a-business-environment/http://www.eslared.org.ve/articulos/Long%2520Distance%2520WiFi%2520Trial.pdfhttp://www.apc.org/en/news/strategic/world/wireless-technology-irreplaceable-providing-accesshttp://www.apc.org/en/news/strategic/world/wireless-technology-irreplaceable-providing-access


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12 17 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

17 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

17.1 Text

Wi-FiSource: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi?oldid=677289418Contributors:General Wesc, The Anome, Arvindn, Aldie, Novalis,Fubar Obfusco, William Avery, SimonP, Caltrop, Heron, Roybadami, Chris Q, Frecklefoot, Edward, Patrick, D, Oystein, Michael Hardy,Lexor, DopefishJustin, Nixdorf, Gabbe, Ixfd64, TakuyaMurata, Delirium, Paddu, Gojomo, Gjbloom, Egil, Ahoerstemeier, Mac, Ronz,Stevenj, Jpatokal, Darkwind, Glenn, Kimiko, Wael Ellithy, GRAHAMUK, Ehn, Feedmecereal, Paul Weaver, Guaka, Crissov, Clip-dude, Ed Cormany, Ww, Viajero, Fuzheado, Andrewman327, IceKarma, Tpbradbury, Ryuch, Pacific1982, Itai, SEWilco, Omegatron,Mowgli~enwiki, Ed g2s, Bevo, Joy, Cabalamat, Chrisjj, Twang, Robbot, Hankwang, Chealer, Sander123, Jakohn, Ray Radlein, Chris73, Nil0lab, Peak, Modulatum, Yosri, Rfc1394, Texture, Auric, Jondel, Seajay, Sunray, AlexF, Jon787, Hadal, Wereon, Mushroom, Ca-sito, HaeB, Walloon, Robartin, Cyrius, Radagast, Alan Liefting, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Andy, DavidCary, Laudaka, Drewzhrodague,Wolfkeeper, Lupin, Risk one, Everyking, Fleminra, Muzzle, Ssd, Frencheigh, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Crag, Mboverload, C3k, AlistairM-cMillan, Timbatron, Bobblewik, Edcolins, Golbez, MSTCrow, Chowbok, Gadfium, Xmnemonic, Slowking Man, Beland, Superbor-suk, Bob.v.R, Wehe, Heman, Secfan, Lawnchair, Sam Hocevar, CGorman~enwiki, Lucanos, Bluefoxicy, Maclaine, Jh51681, Ulmanor,Adashiel, Qui1che, Mahendra, Gazpacho, [email protected], Mormegil, Monkeyman, Primary0, EricBright, Discospinster,Rich Farm-brough, Rhobite, Qutezuce, Pie4all88, R6144, ArnoldReinhold, Kzzl, Berkut, Alistair1978, Andrew Maiman, LeoDV, Cswilly, NightGyr, ESkog, STGM, Closeapple, S.K., Evice, Ht1848, Engmark, Project2501a, CanisRufus, Pt, Charm, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Spear-head, Susvolans, Leif, Omhafeieio, Thunderbrand, Gyll, Bobo192, Utopianfiat, Brons, Circeus, Stesmo, Gxti, HiddenInPlainSight, Small-jim, Cmdrjameson, ParticleMan, Homerjay, Shanafme, Bawolff, MARQUIS111, Rjhatl, Helix84, Sam Korn, Krellis, Nsaa, Skategem,ClementSeveillac, Melah Hashamaim, Espoo, KeesCook, M5, Gwalarn, Wendell, Baka toroi, Alansohn, Liao, LordOfer, Walter Grlitz,Jamyskis, Guy Harris, Texaswebscout, Eric Kvaalen, CyberSkull, Nealcardwell, Jtalledo, M7, Seans Potato Business, Mailer diablo, Mrmis-

cellanious~enwiki, Dark Shikari, Wdfarmer, Snowolf, GozzoMan, Vedantm, TheRealFennShysa, Benhutchings, BRW, Peter McGinley,ProhibitOnions, Wtshymanski, Stephan Leeds, Docboat, Tony Sidaway, Izzysanime~enwiki, H2g2bob, Skatebiker, Versageek, Algocu,Tainter, Markaci, Richwales, Phi beta, Kenyon, Tom.k, AlexTiefling, Stephen, Fifieldt, Star Trek Man, Smoke, Woohookitty, Mind-matrix, RHaworth, Brazil4Linux, TigerShark, Mammad2002, The Belgain, Awostrack, Skor, BillC, Armando, Benbest, Lupinelawyer,Pol098, NeoChaosX, JeremyA, Cy21, Eatsaq, Srborlongan, Ejrs, Contele de Grozavesti, BartBenjamin, Mike Moreton, , Dovid,PeregrineAY, Riadlem, Graham87, Johnny Mnemonic, Magister Mathematicae, PinkPig, Elvey, Little-man, Fleisher, FreplySpang, Ra-dioActive~enwiki, Amorrow, NebY, Reisio, Sj, Thetasig, Iflipti, Rjwilmsi, Misternuvistor, Binkowski, AllanHainey, Wormeyman, SMC,Vegaswikian, Jehochman, The wub, TheGWO, Bratch, Aapo Laitinen, Sango123, Gavinatkinson, Aveekbh, ColinHogben, Allen Moore,FlaBot, Ground Zero, Polaralex, Moreati, Ausinha, Crazycomputers, AL SAM, Jw21, SuperDude115, Gurch, Fosnez, Lmatt, Preslethe,Wikcerize, RockOfVictory, Vossman, Skierpage, Iainelder, Drakcap, Colenso, Chobot, Bornhj, DVdm, SpacedOut, Cshay, Burnte, Peterl,Roboto de Ajvol, The Rambling Man, Theymos, Wavelength, Klingoncowboy4, Sceptre, Hairy Dude, Kencaesi, Retodon8, Pip2andahalf,Ericyu, Dmccarty, Hede2000, Bhny, Piet Delport, Markpeak, SpuriousQ, Chaser, Yuhong, Hydrargyrum, Stephenb, Russoc4, Sikon,Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Sixteen Left, Tungsten, Wimt, Bullzeye, Pelago, Thane, Big Brother 1984, Mkzz, Geertivp, NawlinWiki,CAJ, Astral, Robertvan1, Veledan, Hydroxides, Grafen, Arichnad, Tokachu, Retired username, Albedo, Silvery, DAJF, ThrashedPara-noid, Corevette, Larry laptop, Haoie, Tony1, JPMcGrath, Falcon9x5, DeadEyeArrow, Jeh, Mgnbar, Wknight94, Searchme, Hanseich-baum, FF2010, LarryLACa, Sandstein, Liyang, Tanet, MCB, Albert109, 2over0, Zzuuzz, Marketdiamond, Dieseldrinker, Closedmouth,

Juanscott, Jwissick, E Wing, KGasso, Abune, Kixy, Gulliveig, Juliano, Petri Krohn, Ajarmitage, JoanneB, Vicarious, Alain r, Janizary,Seadood90, Peter, VodkaJazz, Nelson50, Rearden9, JLaTondre, ArielGold, Garion96, Bluezy, Katieh5584, Crimsondestroyer, Dystopi-anray, Eggnock, Eptin, Kingboyk, Asterion, Kynn, Saikiri, Dposse, Luk,Elbperle, RupertMillard, AtomCrusher,SmackBot,Blackroo1967,Colinstu, AGruntsJaggon, Shorty114, KnowledgeOfSelf, McGeddon, Bigbluefish, Grye, Pokipsy76, Fitch, Pieleric, Em978, KelleyCook,Fractal3, Septegram, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Eclectek, Dark jedi requiem, Kmarinas86, Phil-welch, Valley2city, KD5TVI, Bluebot, Xte-fan, Briandjohnson, Jprg1966, Snori, Tree Biting Conspiracy, PrimeHunter, Coffin, Roscelese, Parrotheadmjb, Jerome Charles Potts,Octahedron80, Nbarth, Simonn~enwiki, DHN-bot~enwiki, Charles Nguyen, Antonrojo, Jnavas, Andyiou52345, Regara MkII, CharlesMoss, Dilettante99, Janvo, Chendy, Kotra, Wingspantt, BuddhaDharma, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, MyNameIsVlad, Frap, Onorem,Tim Pierce, Dannylim, JonHarder, Microfrost, Addshore, Chcknwnm, Fonzende, UU, Jmlk17, Fiskbullar, Epachamo, Cryout, Dread-star, HarisM, Djcapelis, DylanW, Matt Whyndham, Romanski, FilippoSidoti, Sbenton, Daniel.Cardenas, Tfl, Andrei Stroe, Ged UK,Charivari, The undertow, Salty!, Valfontis, Brillow, Srikeit, MikeFenney, Soap, Kuru, John, Twocs, Markdr, Freewol, Crazyviolinist,Gobonobo, Swellesley, Superway25, JohnCub, Soumyasch, Minna Sora no Shita, Nux, Wskish, Melody Concerto, 16@r, Noah Salz-man, Phreakuency, Topazg, Feureau, Rogerbrent, Meco, Waggers, JoGusto, TastyPoutine, Cbruno, Anonymous anonymous, IReceived-DeathThreats, AEMoreira042281, Peyre, Kvng, Hu12, Seqsea, Parsmutaf, Sailor iain, Iridescent, JMK, John Mash, GNUtoo, CzarB,Joseph Solis in Australia, JoeBot, Wjejskenewr, Scholia, Rewt, Beno1000, Teddybearspicnic, Bobamnertiopsis, Courcelles, Linkspam-remover, Cheeesemonger, Radiant chains, Sky Captain, Tawkerbot2, Dlohcierekim, Inkybutton, Slippyd, INkubusse, Mmdoogie, Kar-loman2, Anthony22, CmdrObot, Porterjoh, Raysonho, Mshahbaig, Earthlyreason, Zarex, JohnCD, Teixant, Jesse Viviano, Simm~enwiki,Kev19, Requestion, Shandris, Halfbreath, HenkeB, TheTito, Erencexor, Tim1988, Dan Fuhry, Rmallins, Funnyfarmofdoom, Phatom87,Dogman15, S.ferguson, Timeshift9, Mblumber, Tsenapathy, Tntnnbltn, Mjmarcus, Reywas92, Paulshanks, Cambrant, Amars, Djg2006,Jaryth000, JFreeman, Flowerpotman, Llort, Ttiotsw, A Softer Answer, Happinessiseasy, Photocopier, Kimvr, Davhorn, Caliga10, Tawker-bot4, DumbBOT, Tobiaslw, FastLizard4, Kozuch, JayW, Gokusandwich, Editor at Large, Daven200520, Leendert, Sckirklan, Omicron-persei8, Figueroaedgar, Landroo, Smailis~enwiki, Gimmetrow, PamD, Click23, JamesAM, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, BelAir Networks WirelessMesh, Mirko.fidisk.fi, SonicBlue, Jaxsonjo, Andyjsmith, Robert Cassidy, WilliamH, John254, Kathovo, Electron9, Phooto, Doyley, David-mack, Jauricchio, MichaelMaggs, TheLiberalTruth, SusanLesch, Sean2074, Dawnseeker2000, Natalie Erin, Bxmpls, Ben1220, Dzubint, Ialready forgot, Wep, Impulse9, Trlkly, Rees11, AntiVandalBot, Widefox, Guy Macon, Seaphoto, QuiteUnusual, Madd the sane, Quintote,PoTi, XSSX, SPANGER BANGER, Hagrinas, Dylan Lake, Holo16, Gdo01, Anttilk, Blair Bonnett, Storkk, The Utterly Annoying Pedant,MikeLynch, Res2216firestar, JAnDbot, XyBot, Deflective, Ndyguy, Harryzilber, Barek, MER-C, Lino Mastrodomenico, T h e M a v er i c k, Jason Stormchild, Wifieverywhere2007, C.Crane, PhilKnight, Billywhack, Stangaa, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Magioladitis, Zeldafanjtl,[email protected], Freedomlinux, Namenad, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Clivestaples, Davidjk, Jdlankin, JNW, Xb2u7Zjzc32, James-BWatson, SHCarter, Andywmm9, Sarahj2107, Think outside the box, Abstract Idiot, SineWave, Rami R, Galifardeu, Rich257, Rootx-ploit, Holierthanthou, Gutzmer, Guycarmeli, Otivaeey, Dilane, MobileMistress, T callahan, EvilPenguin, Nposs, Seancoady, Logictheo,

Jll544, Styrofoam1994, Justinko, Cailil, Cpl Syx, Gomm, Godfather xie, Hillcrest, DerHexer, Khalid Mahmood, Eskalin, Xtifr, Patstuart,An Sealgair, MartinBot, Sjjupadhyay~enwiki, CobraBK, Jim.henderson, Speck-Made, Kostisl, Lcabanel, CommonsDelinker, Mtonkin,AlexiusHoratius, Zack Holly Venturi, Pekaje, Raxian, Sonam.bhutia, PrestonH, Lilac Soul, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Trusil-ver, Thiago R Ramos, Svetovid, Alexander UA, Zorakoid, Msm20032003, Bartman007, Silverxxx, Javawizard, Public Menace, Jesant13,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi?oldid=677289418


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17.2 Images 13

12dstring, Mike.lifeguard, Cocoaguy, Hera1aphrodite, Ian.thomson, Tdadamemd, Scurless, Rod57, Monochnotos, Ncmvocalist, McSly,Ryan Postlethwaite, Jukeboxlord, Awpsys,Bilbobee, Aeonsafe, RenniePet, OPless, Cowplopmorris, Wrrr, MennoMan,KylieTastic, Comet-styles, Alyssa hoffel, Jc4p, Jamesontai, Jp78450, Inter16, Bonadea, Useight, WLRoss, SoCalSuperEagle, Fbarton, CardinalDan, Jbow-denhm, Funandtrvl, Zeroshell, Grandor, Lights, RoseTech, ABF, Carterdriggs, Wog7777, Jeff G., Metaclassing, Chitrapa, Philip Trueman,DarthRaider, Oshwah, Shunt010, Celtus, Luis007cruz, Karmela, GroveGuy, Ardroliat, Miranda, Ssri1983, NPrice, The Bryce, WicherMinnaard, Rednectar.chris, Oxfordwang, Anna Lincoln, Sandeepreddyus, Dendodge, Corvus cornix, LeaveSleaves, Wikiisawesome, Sat-urn star, Mazarin07, Tri400, Billinghurst, Andy Dingley, Rcassidy, Rkopplin, Dirkbb, Haseo9999, Moyda, Altermike, Gorank4, Enviroboy,

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parmar58, Eepeex, JeremyFisher89, Pinocchio3000, DavidLeighEllis, Sroth15, Babitaarora, Haminoon, Lesser Cartographies, Ginsuloft,Thecomputernerd83, RichardPipek, Liz, Degreepro0, Bob2435643, FrB.TG, Jamesstewartisawesome, Pikachu2013, Babecowdoe, 7Sidz,Wyn.junior, TzachiNoy, Lagoset, Monkbot, Haroldok, Filedelinkerbot, Ben89129, SantiLak, BethNaught, Maetas Erk, Finesir, Nfaloo,Apulsstudent, Bobgao, Jonathan C. Armstrong, TechnoTalk, Emleviton24, Amortias, Cranberry Products, AgorianCrow, AysoDude, Pie-man3210, Abhishek Ashtekar, Veluska yasukawa, Shyperi, Anish057, Gello222, TranquilHope, ChamithN, Crystallizedcarbon, Rosspher-zog, Sawake101, Adyaman, Rachellllweber, Redorb123, Tymon.r, Aaronfranke, Jmacena, StewdioMACK, Sheikhnawab, Asdfghjklan-nie, Wearetruthseekers, HenryBRAZIL, Degenerate prodigy, SunshineAwake, Amit Bongir, Chainsawctopus, AddingValueToBusiness,Innokreat, Nginerx 1, Miraclexix, Thennoymousman, Napoleonlova, Visheshkhatri27, Ishaan patel, Shaan129, Goughy30, Rattyexalted,Wajahat009, Ann Murch and Anonymous: 2318

17.2 Images

File:3GN.jpgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/3GN.jpgLicense:Public domainContributors:Transferredfromen.wikipedia; transferred to Commons byUser:LiftarnusingCommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader wasRewtaten.wikipedia

File:Au_wifi.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Au_wifi.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Own workOriginal artist:Jr223

File:Commons-logo.svgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svgLicense:? Contributors:? Original
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14 17 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

artist:?

File:EBWifi.JPGSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/EBWifi.JPGLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:Self createdOriginal artist:

highwycombe(talk)

File:Ezurio_wism2_small.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f5/Ezurio_wism2_small.jpg License: CC-BY-3.0Contributors:? Original artist:?

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File:Metro_Wireless_Node.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Metro_Wireless_Node.jpg License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:Own workOriginal artist:Robo56

File:Portal-puzzle.svgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svgLicense:Public domain Contributors:?Original artist:?

File:RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg License: GFDLContributors:Own workOriginal artist:Kozuch

File:Telecom-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg License:Public domain Con-tributors:? Original artist:?

File:WRT54G_v2_Linksys_Router_Digon3.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/WRT54G_v2_

Linksys_Router_Digon3.jpgLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:Own workOriginal artist:Jonathan Zander (Digon3) File:Wi-Fi.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Wi-Fi.gif License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own

workOriginal artist:ukasz Krasuski

File:Wi-Fi_Alliance_Logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Wi-Fi_Alliance_Logo.svg License: CCBY-SA 3.0Contributors:Own workOriginal artist:Nathan Smith

File:WiFi-detector.jpgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/WiFi-detector.jpgLicense:Public domainCon-tributors:Own workOriginal artist:Raysonho @ Open Grid Scheduler / Grid Engine

File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors:Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist:Vectorized by Fvasconcellos(talk contribs),based on original logo tossed together byBrion Vibber

File:Wireless_adaptor_USB.jpgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/22/Wireless_adaptor_USB.jpgLicense:CC-BY-3.0Contributors:? Original artist:?

17.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
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Wi-Fi Treatise

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