Why ultrasound Imaging? - cdn.ymaws.com · pain Case Example One • 75 year old female with sudden...

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9/19/2017 1 PT Implications and Practice with Diagnostic Ultrasound Michael Bourassa PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT Ansel Clayton PT, DPT Jennifer McGrath PT, DPT Course Objectives Why ultrasound Imaging? Is ultrasound Imaging realistic for Physical Therapists? How would I utilize ultrasound imaging? Is ultrasound imaging support in the literature? Why ultrasound Imaging?

Transcript of Why ultrasound Imaging? - cdn.ymaws.com · pain Case Example One • 75 year old female with sudden...

Page 1: Why ultrasound Imaging? - cdn.ymaws.com · pain Case Example One • 75 year old female with sudden onset of shoulder ... • 23 year old female with history of low back pain •

9/19/2017

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PT Implications and Practice with Diagnostic Ultrasound

Michael Bourassa PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT

Ansel Clayton PT, DPT

Jennifer McGrath PT, DPT

Course Objectives

Why ultrasound Imaging?

Is ultrasound Imaging realistic for Physical Therapists?

How would I utilize ultrasound imaging?

Is ultrasound imaging support in the literature?

Why ultrasound Imaging?

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Case Example One

• 75 year old female with sudden onset of shoulder pain

• Reports pain began after lifting box overhead in the garage

• Current pain 9/10

• Examination limited due to pain

• Active passive range severely limited due to pain

Case Example One

• 75 year old female with sudden onset of shoulder pain

• Reports pain began after lifting box overhead in the garage

• Current pain 9/10

• Examination limited due to pain

• Active passive range severely limited due to pain

• US imaging reveals full Supraspinatus tear

Case Two Example

• 23 year old female with history of low back pain

• Notable core muscle weakness during the exam

• 4 weeks of physical therapy have improved pain but still has poor contraction of TrA

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Potential Benefits of US imaging

Benefit to the Patient

• Consistently, physical therapy utilization of direct access has proven successful in: 

• Patient satisfaction

• Reduction of wait time for care

• Fewer surgical referrals

• Decreases in costs of care

APTA Diagnostic and Procedural Imaging In Physical Therapy 2016

Benefit to Physical Therapist

• Improved patient outcomes

• Enhancement of clinical decision making

• More specificity of interventions

• Reduces inappropriate referrals or delay in treatment

APTA Diagnostic and Procedural Imaging In Physical Therapy 2016

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Benefit to Clinic

• Enhancement of services provided

• Improved ability to perform direct access services

• Marketability

APTA Diagnostic and Procedural Imaging In Physical Therapy 2016

Benefit to the Payer

• Physical therapist in physician extender roles have shown 50% reduction in radiographic examination (James)

• US health care costs = 3 trillion in 2014

• Projected to increase 6.1% each year

• PT first contact point for MSK injuries has been shown to reduce health care costs

APTA Diagnostic and Procedural Imaging In Physical Therapy 2016

Benefit to the Payer

APTA Diagnostic and Procedural Imaging In Physical Therapy 2016

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Is ultrasound imaging realistic for Physical Therapists?

Reimbursement 

Cost

Training

State regulation

Reimbursement

Ordering imaging is part of the PT evaluation and would be paid under the evaluation code

• Therapeutic Exercise

• Neuromuscular re‐education

• Biofeedback 

In many cases, ultrasound imaging is an adjunct to the primary procedure

Currently Medicare, Medicaid and Tricare do not offer reimbursement for diagnostic ultrasound. 

Reimbursement

• Insurance payers will pay if Physical Therapist has privileges within organization or payer. 

• United States military, where since 1972, PTs have practiced as direct access providers with imaging privileges. (Benson 1995, Greathouse 1994)

• Public Health Service, Indian Health Service, the Veterans Administration Health System, and the Bureau of Prisons now have imaging privileges. (Dininny 1995)

• Kaiser‐Permanente Northern California, a large nonprofit managed care organization, has provided imaging privileges for PTs for almost two decades. (Tichenor 1997)

• The University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics has also extended the professional privilege of plain radiography to PTs. (Boissonnault 2010)

• Georgetown University Hospital granted imaging order privileges by PTs in January 2012. (Keil 2015)

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Math Time

Addition of Biofeedback increases reimbursement $3.73Addition of Neuromuscular re‐education increases reimbursement  $1.29

Cost of US units US probe $6000 US unit $20,000‐50,000

Training 

Inclusion of ultrasound training as entry level competency is 

controversial. 

Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy now recognized 

diagnostic imaging (including US) as entry level skill

CAPTE now requires diagnostic imaging in curriculum 

•7A: The physical therapist professional curriculum includes content and learning experiences in the biological, physical, behavioral and movement sciences necessary for entry level practice. Topics covered include anatomy, physiology, genetics, exercise science, biomechanics, kinesiology, neuroscience, pathology, pharmacology, diagnostic imaging, histology, nutrition, and psychosocial aspects of health and disability.

Training

• Continuing education courses

• Certification in MSKUSI

• Online or in class

• Credential in MSK Sonography

• The American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 

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State Regulations 

APTA Position (HOD P06‐12‐10‐09) 

“When indicated, physical therapists order appropriate tests including but not limited to imaging and other studies, that are performed and interpreted by other health professionals. Physical therapists may also perform or interpret selected imaging or other studies”

APTA position (HOD P06‐15‐17‐09) 

“The position of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) that physical therapists embrace and are accountable for best practice standards to provide high‐quality services that promote value, and that all individuals have access to physical therapist services.” 

“The APTA supports initiatives to promote a value‐based system for physical therapist services that uses evidence, best practice, and outcomes for meeting the needs of individuals and the public.

The American Academy of Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapists (AAOMPT) in 2009 adopted the following statement:

“It is the Position of the AAOMPT that ultrasound imaging is within the scope of physical therapist practice.

State Reguations

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How would I utilize ultrasound imaging?

Ultrasound Defined

Diagnostic ultrasound is an imaging method that uses 

high‐frequency sound waves to produce relatively precise images of structures within 

your body

How it Works

Where it returns

How long it takes

How strong is the signal

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Tissues Seen on US

• No collagen = Black

• Fluid or swelling

• Bone = Bright white

• Dense collagen reflects 100%

• Begins white then dark  

• Muscle = Darker

• Profused with blood

• Fascial layers = White

• Dense collagen 

How Can We Use It?

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Diagnostic

Component of diagnostic process

In conjunction with patient history and physical exam findings 

DOES NOT REPLACE CLINICAL EXAM

Normal Tissues

Abnormal Tissues

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Procedural

Biofeedback Neuro re‐eduReal time changes in morphology and 

movement

Documenting change

Identify areas for manual 

interventions and physical agents

Guided needle placement

Procedural

Biofeedback

• Knowledge of results

• Knowledge of performance

• Enables the modification of motor response

Neuro re‐edu

• Motor control recovery vs. resolution of pain

Real time changes in morphology and movement

• Morphology

• Internal structure, size, shape, position

• Ex: Decrease in thickness of lumbar multifidi in the presence of low back pain

• Movement

• Useful in detecting and txfaulty movement patterns

• Ex: Earlier glute med recruitment individuals with chronic hip pain

Procedural Imaging

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Procedural

Biofeedback Neuro re‐eduReal time changes in morphology and 

movement

Documenting change

Identify areas for manual 

interventions and physical agents

Guided needle placement

Procedural

Documenting change

• Tissue healing over time

• Muscle contraction 

• Muscle size

Identify areas for manual interventions and physical agents

• Specific segments

• Palpation accuracy

Guided needle placement

• Correct muscle

• Improved safety and error

Procedural Imaging

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Is ultrasound imaging supported?

A case base approach to the evidence.

Case One

• 45 year old male

• Acute onset of low back pain (1 week)

• First episode

• Limited range due to pain

• Increased muscle guarding throughout spine

Case One

• What do we know about back pain?

• Muscle changes after first onset of low backpain

• Multifidus muscle recovery was not spontaneous on remission of painful symptoms

• Contraction of transversus abdominis was significantly delayed in patients with low back pain with all movement

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Case One

• What is the best way to measure these changes?

• Ultrasound imaging highly reliable

• 16 hours of training

• Approx. 20% change noted on CSA upon abdominal drawing in maneuver

Case OneTrA

Case OneMultifidus

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Real time Imaging

Medication, bed rest, resume activity as tolerated

Medical Management

Stabilization training with RUSISpecific Exercise

Teyhen, D. S., Miltenberger, C. E., Deiters, H. M., Del Toro, Y. M., Pulliam, J. N., & Childs, J. D., et al. (2005). The use of ultrasound imaging of the abdominal drawing‐in maneuver in subjects with low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 35(6), 346‐355. doi:10.2519/jospt.2005.35.6.346

Question: What is the most effect treatment for multifidus atrophy?

90% pain resolution in both groups after 4 weeks

Real time Imaging

Weeks 1‐4

Decrease in CSA 14‐16% difference on ipsilateral painful side

Weeks 4‐10

MM: no change in CSA

SE: Increase in CSA to 0.2‐0.7 % difference

Reoccurrence

MM: 84% 1yr/75% 3yrs

SE: 30% 1 yr/ 35% 3 yrs

Teyhen, D. S., Miltenberger, C. E., Deiters, H. M., Del Toro, Y. M., Pulliam, J. N., & Childs, J. D., et al. (2005). The use of ultrasound imaging of the abdominal drawing‐in maneuver in subjects with low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 35(6), 346‐355. doi:10.2519/jospt.2005.35.6.346

Question: What is the most effect treatment for multifidus atrophy?

Case Two

• 47 year old accountant with 8 months history of worsening lateral elbow pain

• Reports increasing pain throughout the work day

• Wrist extension is weak and painful

• Wrist flexion AROM is full but painful

• Current pain is 3/10, aching in nature

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Lateral Elbow Pain Differentials

• Lateral epicondylagia 

• C5 and C6 pathology

• Radiohumeral joint pathology

• Radial Tunnel Syndrome

Radial Tunnel versus Lateral Epicondylagia

• Pain with middle finger extension: Both

• Deep, aching pain in lateral elbow: Both

• Pain intensified by repetitive movement of the wrist: Both

Ultrasound can assist

Healthy TissueLateral epicondylagia

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Lateral Epicondylaglia Pathophyisiology

• Chronic overuse of extensor mass

• Most commonly extensor carpi radialisbrevis

• Characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts and poorly organized collagen synthesis

Treatment 

• Emphasis on eccentrics

• Look up the chain at predisposing factors

• Lower and middle trapezius strengthening

• Consider brace

• Normal movement patterns

• Look up the chain at predisposing factors

• Lower and middle trapezius strengthening

• Consider brace

Tendon Muscle

Case Three

• 33 year old male presenting to clinic with 3 week history of shoulder pain 

• Has difficulty with initial portion abduction, upper trapezius compensation noted

• Abduction is weak and painful

• Current pain is 8/10, aching in nature

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Questions to Answer?

Is ultrasound imaging accurate at identifying rotator cuff tears?

• Ultrasound imaging has been showed to be as effective as MRI in identifying supraspinatus tears.

Are physical therapist capable of utilizing RUSI as well as other health care practitioners?

• Yes, physical therapists have been found to be as competent as radiologist in utilization of ultrasound imaging in dx of full thickness tears

Supraspinatus Images 

Partial Thickness TearsFull Thickness Tears

Treatment Plan Supraspinatus

Full Tear

• Surgical repair

• Prehabilitation 

• Education

• Scapular coordination exercises

• ROM exercises as appropriate

Partial Tear

• Conservative treatment

• Strengthening of cuff musculature

• ROM exercises as indicated

• Scapular coordination exercises

Ultrasound can delineate between full and partial thickness tears of rotator cuff musculature, which can guide treatment and expedite referral process 

as appropriate. 

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Case Four

• 40 year old male 

• 2 year history of intermittent anterior knee pain

• Pain with running, stairs and deep squats

• Pain began after increasing training for 5k

• Since onset 2 years ago, symptoms are intermittent

Questions to Answer?

1. What structure in involved?

2. What is the status of that structure?

3. What is the most appropriate intervention strategy for this patient?

Ultrasound Image

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Variations in tendon 

pathology

Most studies suggest that eccentric training may have a positive effect, but a specific protocols effects is unsubstantiated. 

Ultrasound Image (3 wks)

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Case Four Outcomes after 5 visits

Functional

Able to hike several miles without pain

No pain with squat or stairs

Beginning to progress back to running program

LEFSLEFS

Case Five

• 16 year old male

• Hamstring pain/cramping 

• Began during sprints at football practice

• Pain with active contraction and passive stretch of hamstring

Case Five

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Case Five

What information does ultrasound give us in this case?

1. Type of tissue

• Guides intervention

2. Timeframe for recovery

• Size and location

3. Criteria for returns to play

• Asymptomatic

• Healing tear

• Good collagen lines

Case Six

• 45 year old female

• History of pelvic floor dysfunction

• Genital hypersensitivity

• Incontinence 

• Lumbar screen negative

• Exam revealed no pelvic flooractivation

• Compensation through gluts and hip add

Case Six

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Case SixDay one exercise was given to focus on pelvic floor rehab utilizing normal cueing

Case Six

• Reassessment Day two showed no change in activation with cues via RUSI

• Intervention focused on utilizing different verbal cues and tactile cues to achieve contraction

• Success was noted through contraction via ultrasound image

Questions?