WHY study music? 1. Musician

2. Advertising 3. Presentations at work or party

4. Knowledge to impress co-workers 5.putting on a profession show

6. arts separate us as a species (for enjoyments sake)

What is Music? Organized sound in time?

Performance was only media today blessed with high quality recordings and playback mobile devices plus unprecedented access to all kinds of music.

What is Sound? Vibrations interpreted by Brain into anything you hear

• FOUR MAIN properties of sound : • Pitch• Dynamics• Tone Color• Rhythm (time)

•PITCH: highness or lowness of defiant vibrations (frequency of sound waves)= tones (440 cycles per second)distance between two tones is interval ( i.e. 440 to 460)tones that are doubled or half are called octave (i.e 220 to 440 to 880)In western music octave is divided into twelve tones Non-western can have more.Definite pitch (piano, guitar, trumpets, keyboards) Vs. Indefinite (drums, percussive)

• DYNAMICS: degrees of loudness and softness (amplitude)

• accent= play one or few notes differently than those around it

• dynamic markings = pp(pianissimo) ,p (piano) ,mp (mezzo piano),mf (mezzo forte),f (forte),ff (fortissimo)

• crescendo & decrescendo

• TONE COLOR: timbre = bright, dark, brilliant, mellow, rich, ect…

• By combining instruments, using different ways to play them and with today’s electronics almost and infinite amount of tone colors available.

• Rhythm (time)

• How fast or slow (tempo) (BPM)• Number of beats in a measure• Feels (laidback, on top,ect..)• All instruments or vocalist play time

• HOW VOCALS RELATE TO PITCH/ DYNAMICS/ TONE COLOR/ RHYTHM

• pitch octaves (12 notes on piano)

• VOICES = Singing styles use all 4 or some of the properties of music plus introduces words and story telling.

• Pitch Range of vocal= pro singers can get up to 2 octaves (octave is doubled same pitch freq 220hz 440hz 880hz ect.)

• larger vocal chords make larger sine wavs (lower pitch) four basic ranges: SOPRANO, ALTO, TENOR, BASS

• Methods of singing or singing style differ with how singer uses the four types of sound & lyrically content.

• Examples – Opera uses wide pitch range, tone color of singer?, lots of dynamics, and varying rhythms

• JAZZ = good pitch range but less than Opera / dynamics Big/ rhythm varies but less, goes with the groove/

• Rock / Pop = usually uses less pitch range, tone color of singer, some dynamics, less rhythmic variations

• Hip Hop / Rap = usually uses almost no pitch range , tone color of singer, less dynamics, relies heavily on rhythm

Performance mediaINSTRUMENTS = mechanism other than a voice that

produces musical sounds. (single note or multi)

CLASSES OF INSTRUMENTS 1 WOODWIND

2 BRASS 3PERCUSSION

4 STRING 5 KEYBOARD

6 ELECTRONIC

Advantages/ differences to voices

wider range, faster, more tone color options, larger dynamic range, sometimes easier to produce tones than singing, can be organized into multiple different groups to produce varying types of sound combinations.

Different class of types sometimes have

Soprano,Alto

TenorBass (Baritone or Contra)

subclasses determined by pitch

• WOODWINDS• traditional made out of wood • produce sound with air columns that have

holes that are covered or uncovered to change length of air column.

• produces only one note at a time.

• Flute family • (flute, piccolo, recorder-NO reed) • Clarinet Family • (clarinet & saxophone –single reed) • Saxophones- Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bari

• Oboe Family • (oboe, English horn -double reed) • Bassoon Family• (bassoon, contrabassoon – double reed)

• BRASS

• Four Main instruments are

• Trumpet• Trombone

• French Horn• Tuba

• blowing into cup of funnel shaped mouth piece , vibrations come from players lips not a reed.

• tone is then colored in the flared end called the BELL.

• pitch is controlled by varying lip tension and by values and slides to change the length of the tube (sometimes hand on a French horn).

• tone color can be altered by using a mute (made of wood, plastic, or metal) on or in the bell

• single note instruments

• THE RHYTHM SECTION• Drum-set • Percussion• Bass (Stringed)• The Guitar (Stringed)• Keyboards

• THE DRUMSET (Indefinite Pitch)

• Bass drum• Snare• Tom Toms• Rack Toms• Floor Toms

• Cymbals• Rides & Crash• Hi Hats

• Percussion • Indefinite Pitch

• Tambourines• Shakers• Cowbells• Definite Pitch

• Chimes• Vibes

• BASS (definite pitch /low range)

• Electric • Fretless electric • Acoustic upright • Arco technique

• Guitar (Definite Pitch / Mid range)

• Acoustic • Arch Top • Electric

• Keyboard (Definite Pitch / Full Range)

• The Piano (88 Keys)

• The Organ• Fender Rhodes• Analog Synthesizer • Digital Synthesizer• THE COMPUTER (analog and digital looping)

• ANALOG TAPE STUDIO

• recorded sound was manipulated by slowing and speeding tape cutting or splicing tape

• length of looped tape could be timed to give rhythmic feel

• COMPUTERS • with use of MIDI (code that allows digital

instruments and computers to talk to one another) computers can now not only record

music but be part of the creation process.• with programs you can control sound , change sound, fix sound. (GOOD vs. BAD)

• I.E. fixing singers pitch, rhythm, same with any instrument but can create sounds and

rhythms that are physically impossible to do live.

CLASSES OF INSTRUMENTS 1 WOODWIND

2 BRASS 3PERCUSSION

4 STRING 5 KEYBOARD

6 ELECTRONIC

THE RHYTHM SECTIONDrum-set Percussion

Bass (Stringed)The Guitar (Stringed)

Keyboards

• STANDARD OR COMMMON

• GROUPS &ENESEMBLES• TONE COLOR MIX

• RANGE COMPLIMENTS• DYNAMIC COMPLIMENTS

• ROLE PLAYING (Harmony /Melody/Rhythm ect..)

Typical Pop/Rock Band: Drums = TIME/RHYTHM/FEELBass = TIME & ROOT NOTES

Guitar = TIME & CHORDS & LEADSKeys = CHORDS & EFFECTVocals = LEAD MELODYHORNS = LEADS & EFFECTS

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 1• FINDING LOCAL STL MUSICIANS & VENUES

• MUSICAL NOTATION • (writing & reading music)

• RHYTHMIC NOTATION• &

• MELODIC NOTATION

RHYTHM

Beat or Pulse=where is it felt?Examples?

Measured in BPM (beats per minute)

Speed referred to as TEMPO (how fast how slow)

• TEMPOS

• Pop/Rock/Jazz/Hip Hop• usually steady

• Classical / Orchestral • tempos can vary inside the piece

• Italian tempo markings on p. 32 • (know at least a couple of these!)

• Largo – very slow, broad• Grave – very slow, solemn

• Adagio – slow• Andante – moderately slow, walking pace

• Moderato – moderate• Allegretto – moderately fast

• Allegro – fast• Vivace – lively

• Presto – very fast• Prestissimo – as fast as possible

• Meter ( 2 ,3, 4, 6,7, ect..) • (duple, triple, quadruple, sextuple, ect…)

• Dynamic accent = to emphasize a note in the rhythm

• Syncopation = when the accented note is between beats or where you wouldn’t normally expect it

• Rhythm notation• Time Signatures ¾ 4/4 6/8 • pulse – 3 or 4 (the 4/4 measure most

common)

• Rhythm notation• stems and flags• whole notes thru 16th notes equal too how

many 16ths in 4/4 measure

• Rhythm notation• dotted notes ( 1 ½ value)• rest and dotted rest• ties / triplets (3 over 2)

MELODIC NOTATIONThe KEYBOARD

-keyboard has most of the available notes or range of all traditional instruments

-keyboard is used as basis and most musicians also play a little piano as wellstaff related to notes on keyboard

-

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The KEYBOARD

CHROMATIC SCALE = all 12 tones from octave to octaveWhole steps = 2 movements in the chromatic scale

Half steps = 1 movement in the chromatic scale

-

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• MELODIC NOTATION

• The Grand Staff • TREBLE & BASS CLEFS• Every Good Boy Does Fine /FACE – Treble• Good Boys Do Fine Always / All Cows Eat Grass -Bass

SCALES & KEYS

• CLEF (Treble or Bass)• Key Signature• Time Signature

• NOTES and ACCIDENTALS

Single Note MELODY LINE

CHORDS

CHORD SYMBOLS

PIANO MUSIC

Melody in the right hand – Single notes

Harmony in the left hand - Chords

THE SCORE

• Individual parts• The conductors Score

• Lead Sheets

THE LEAD SHEET

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 2Notation identification

• MELODY• Melody usually single note phrases that is the LEAD of the

piece• = single notes that add to a recognizable whole

• A MELODY HAS• START / MIDDLE / END• DIRECTION / SHAPE / CONTINUITY• UP & DOWN

• A MELODY HAS• TENSION & RELEASE• EXPECTION & ARRIVAL• MOVING IN STEPS or LEAPS

• A MELODY HAS• RANGE = highest & lowest notes used in the melody (highest

often called the CLIMAX)

Time & Rhythm

are very important & can make melody unrecognizable

Legato vs. Staccato

Phrases & Sequence

Incomplete Cadence vs. Complete Cadence

• THEMES• Re-occuring Elements

• Pitches• Rhythms

• Melodic shapes• Tone Colors• Associations

•HARMONY • To accompany with chords or other, related to the

Main Melody but separate.• The Backround usually

• Usually composed second• Multiple melodies can be imposed over same

harmony• Harmony can be changed around original Melody

• HARMONY• HARMONY = chords (more than 1 note at a time)

• how they are constructed • Progressions (how they follow 1 another)

• Melody usually written 1st & dictates harmony will be

• harmony can move & change against melody to create new textures

• Basic Chord vocab. Has remained constant for hundreds of years, but new chord constructs do appear now& then.

• CONSONANCE vs. DISSONANCE• Consonance = points of arrival, rest,

resolution, they sound finished

• Dissonance = create tension, onward motion towards consonance, considered “active”

• harshness of dissonant chords is relative to time periods

• THE TRIAD • most common type of chords most basic

made of only 3 different tones• other chords can have 4, 5, 6, and more

different notes.• notated as Root , 3rd, 5th, stacking on staff• 4 basic TRIADS / MAJ, MIN, DIM, AUG

• BROKEN CHORDS (Arpeggios)• playing of chords (triads) as individual notes in

sequence instead of all at the same time.

• KEYS• Most melody and harmony are built around

key centers (scales)• Chromatic scale all 12 tones of western octave

(movement on keyboard)• Key signatures ( sharps and flats to add or take

away)

--MAJOR KEYSC major scale (white keys / tetra chord steps in

chromatic scale / steps same everywhere just higher or lower)

MINOR KEYS--minor scales (sad keys)

• Modulation (Changing of keys)

• Tonic key (key you started in)

• MUSICAL TEXTURE• Monophonic• Polyphonic

• Homophonic

• MUSICAL TEXTURE

• Monophonic • 1 melodic line Unison if more

• Can have 1 or more than one voice or instrument playing/singing the same line

• MUSICAL TEXTURE

• Polyphonic • more than 1 melodic line combined to make

COUNTERPOINT• Imitation = Row Row Row Your boat …

• as a Round is strict imitation.• Imitation is not always strict

• MUSICAL TEXTURE

• Homophonic • 1 melody accompanied by chords

• most Common in Western Music today• when chords become more than just whole or 1/2

notes we can push boundaries of polyphonic

• MUSICAL FORM• techniques for:

• Repetition / Contrast / Variation

• Modern forms • (verse /pre-chorus/Chorus/bridge/solo)

• strange to have a THRU composed

• MUSICAL FORM• Two Part (Binary Form) • Form AB can subdivide• AABB ABB AAB etc…..

• MUSICAL FORM• THREE PART (Tertiary)• (can be subdivided)• ABC • ABA’ etc…..

• modern POP song forms • verse/ chorus/solos / bridge/ intro / tags/

outro/ inst break / ect…

• IN CLASS EXERCISE• Analyze FORM of:

• Help• Hard Days Night

• HELP by The Beatles

• Intro (A) • Verse (B ) • Chorus (C)

• Verse 2 (B’) • Chorus (C)

• Verse 3 (B’’) • Chorus (C)

• TAG

• HARD DAYS NIGHT by The Beatles• Verse 1 (A) • Verse 2 (A’) • Bridge (B) • Verse 1 (A)

• Guitar solo (A’’) • ½ verse (1/2 A)

• Bridge (B)• Verse 1 (A)

• TAG

• HOMEWORK Assignment 3 • Pick your own song to write out form