Why Mindfulness Matters… And How to Introduce it to Teens A - Ha… · · 2017-08-07guided...
Transcript of Why Mindfulness Matters… And How to Introduce it to Teens A - Ha… · · 2017-08-07guided...
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Why Mindfulness Matters… And How to Introduce it to Teens
Danella Hafeman, M.D. Ph.D.
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Outline
What is mindfulness? Science vs. Hype: What is the evidence? How do we engage children and
adolescents in mindfulness activities?
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What is mindfulness?
“Paying attention in the present moment…”
“… on purpose…”
“… in a non-judgmental way.”
(Kabat-Zinn, 1997)
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Mindfulness: The Fly
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Mindfulness Meditation Training Interventions
8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
8-week Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
Others: Brief experimental trainings (e.g., three 25-minute guided mindfulness meditation exercises); Integrative Body-Mind Training (IBMT), etc.
Component of DBT and ACT
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Interventions for Children and Adolescents
MBCT for Children and Adolescents (MBCT-C) MBSR for Stressed Teens Mindfulness in Schools Program, Mindful Schools Project,
etc. DBT for adolescents with bipolar disorder ACT for adolescents
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Outline
What is mindfulness? Science vs. Hype: What is the evidence? How do we engage children and
adolescents in mindfulness activities?
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Effects of Mindfulness: Meta-Analysis
Khoury et al., 2013: 209 studies
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Mindfulness Training RCTs for Health HIV/AIDS: mindfulness training slows HIV-progression in
stressed HIV+ adults (Creswell et al., 2009; Seyed Alinaghi et al., 2012)
Depression: reduces depression relapse in at-risk individuals (Teasdale et al., 2000; Segal et al., 2010)
Stress in Youth: reduces anxiety, emotional lability, depression, and PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents (Biegel et al., 2009; Semple et al., 2010; Sibinga et al., 2015)
Drug Abuse: reduces drug relapse and heavy drinking in substance abusing individuals at 12-month follow-up (Bowen et al., 2014)
Medical Symptoms: accelerates skin clearing in psoriasis patients (Kabat-Zinn et al., 1998)
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Mindfulness
Health: Improved Health and Disease Outcomes
How does mindfulness get under the skin to influence health?
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Mindfulness
Health: Improved Health and Disease Outcomes
Decreased Reactivity to Stressful Stimuli
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Mindfulness skills (attention + acceptance) are critical components for stress regulation and resilience
Effects will be observed in high-stress populations for which stress is known to affect the onset or exacerbation of disease-pathogenic processes
The Mindfulness Stress Buffering Hypothesis
(Creswell & Lindsay, 2014)
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MBCT and Stress Reactivity
N=52 adults with partially-remitted depression
Randomized to 8-week MBCT course vs. wait-list control
Pre- and post-intervention: Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)
(Britton et al., 2012)
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Stress Reactivity After MBCT vs. Control
(Britton et al., 2012)
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Similar results after a 3-Day Laboratory Mindfulness Training
N=66 Attention Training with CMU undergraduates
3 consecutive days of guided 25-minute mindfulness meditation vs. analytic (poetry) attention training Participants were similarly
engaged in training tasks
Day 3, participants complete Trier
Social Stress Test (TSST) (Creswell et al., 2014)
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Mindfulness training and dispositional mindfulness buffers psychological stress reactivity
(Creswell et al., 2014)
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How does this help? Learning to focus attention
+ Accepting whatever is here now with
curiosity and kindness
↓Rumination/worry: tools to get off the
hamster wheel
Respond vs. React: lengthen
the fuse
Stressful Stimuli
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Outline
What is mindfulness? Science vs. Hype: What is the evidence? How do we engage children and
adolescents in mindfulness activities?
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How to Adapt for Kids/Teens
Make it relevant Making it Concrete Shorter Practices with Catchy Names Practical Exercises to use when Stressed Engaging the Senses Choose your own adventure
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Making it Relevant
What are they struggling with most? True with adults too… but with kids, need to
sell it a bit more
Use video clips to illustrate
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Mindfulness in Schools Project, .b
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Kung Fu Panda
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Internal Hijackers
ACT
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Making it Concrete
CLAP 1-2-3 Spotlight of attention Puppy Mind Finger breathing Rumination
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Attention is like a puppy
It wanders around, sniffing aimlessly
It doesn’t stay where you want it to
It brings back things you didn’t ask for
It makes messes
Mindfulness in Schools Project, .b
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Puppy Mind
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Finger breathing
1
2 3 4
5
out
in
in
out
in
out
in out
in out
Mindfulness in Schools Project, .b
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Mindfulness in Schools Project, .b
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Shorter Practices with Catchy Names
Adults 45 minute body scan
10 minute breathing meditation
30 minute silent meditation
Kids 10 minute “beditation”
5-10 minute FOFBOC (Feet on Floor, Bum on Chair)
2 minute breathing meditation (7/11)
1 minute “breath counting”
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Practical exercises for stress
.b FOFBOC 7/11
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Mindfulness in Schools Project, .b
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Mindfulness in Schools Project, .b
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MiSP: FOFBOC Video
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Mindfulness in Schools Project, .b
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Engaging the Senses
Mindful eating (chocolate, sour gummy worm)
Essential oils or scents Texture, smell, appearance of a natural
object
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As important as the actual practice…
Reflection: Encouraging noticing No right or wrong answers Separating out raw experience from
judgement Not judging the judgement
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How to adapt this practically
Refer patients to a mindfulness group Use brief grounding exercises
(e.g. FOFBOC, .b)
Refer patients to “beditation” recording for difficulty sleeping
Use it yourself: e.g. before/during a difficult clinical encounter, etc.
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Take-home Messages
Mindfulness is simply being present with whatever is happening now
Practicing mindfulness can improve response to stressful situations
With adaptations, mindfulness can be accessible and useful to teens
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Acknowledgements Mentors: Tina Goldstein David Creswell Carol Greco Funding: Klingenstein Foundation Fellowship T32 for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research (PI: David Brent) Misc: Department of Psychiatry Mindfulness in Schools Program