Why is self-efficacy positively associated with activity ...
Transcript of Why is self-efficacy positively associated with activity ...
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Why is self-efficacy positively associated with activity in older adults?
Rachel G. CurtisTim D. Windsor
Flinders Centre for Ageing StudiesCollege of Education, Psychology and Social Work
Flinders University
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Why Study Predictors of Activity?
Associated with positive outcomes: • Happiness (Menec, 2003)
• Life satisfaction (Menec & Chipperfield, 1997)
• Reduced incidence of dementia (Wang et al., 2002)
• Longevity (Glass et al., 1999)Activity declines with age
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Self‐Efficacy Predicts Activity
Beliefs that one can successfully perform desired behaviours (Bandura, 1977, 1997)
Positively associated with activity in older adults
I can exercise this week
SpecificI can solve problems that come my way
General
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Possible mediators
Perceived ease of activity?
Perceived difficulty
Perceived demands
Perceivedabilities
Social cognitive theoryWe are more likely to try activities that we think are within our capability
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Possible mediators
Use of adaptive strategies?
Self‐efficacy
Effort Persistence Problem‐solving Compensation
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Method: Participants and Design
• Convenience sample (n = 412) aged 50 to 93 years• Online survey
– General self‐efficacy (Schwarzer & Jerusalem 1995)
– Activity participation (Activity Characteristics Questionnaire; Bielak 2017)
– SOC strategies (selection, optimization, and compensation; Baltes 1999)– Perceived ease of activity (social, physical, and mental activity)
– Covariates
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Method: Analysis
a1*b1 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via SOC
a2*b2 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via Perceived Ease of Activity
ActivitySelf‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Activity
SOC
a1
a2
b1
b2
Total Effect c
Direct Effect c’
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Method: Analysis
a1*b1 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via SOC
a2*b2 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via Perceived Ease of Activity
ActivitySelf‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Activity
SOC
a1
a2
b1
b2
Total Effect c
Direct Effect c’
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Method: Analysis
a1*b1 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via SOC
a2*b2 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via Perceived Ease of Activity
ActivitySelf‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Activity
SOC
a1
a2
b1
b2
Total Effect c
Direct Effect c’
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Method: Analysis
a1*b1 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via SOC
a2*b2 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via Perceived Ease of Activity
ActivitySelf‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Activity
SOC
a1
a2
b1
b2
Total Effect c
Direct Effect c’
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Results: Social ActivitySOCa1*b10.01 [‐0.02, 0.03] 0.01 [‐0.02, 0.04]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.04 [0.02, 0.07]0.04 [0.02, 0.07]
Social Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Social Activity
SOC0.13 [0.08, 0.19]0.14 [0.08, 0.21]
0.27 [0.17, 0.36]0.26 [0.15, 0.36]
0.06 [‐0.13, 0.27]0.07 [‐0.12, 0.28]
0.15 [0.09, 0.23]0.17 [0.11, 0.25]
Total Effect 0.09 [0.04, 0.16]0.10 [0.04, 0.17]
Direct Effect 0.05 [‐0.01, 0.11]0.05 [‐0.02, 0.12]
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Results: Social ActivitySOCa1*b10.01 [‐0.02, 0.03] 0.01 [‐0.02, 0.04]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.04 [0.02, 0.07]0.04 [0.02, 0.07]
Social Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Social Activity
SOC0.13 [0.08, 0.19]0.14 [0.08, 0.21]
0.27 [0.17, 0.36]0.26 [0.15, 0.36]
0.06 [‐0.13, 0.27]0.07 [‐0.12, 0.28]
0.15 [0.09, 0.23]0.17 [0.11, 0.25]
Total Effect 0.09 [0.04, 0.16]0.10 [0.04, 0.17]
Direct Effect 0.05 [‐0.01, 0.11]0.05 [‐0.02, 0.12]
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Results: Social ActivitySOCa1*b10.01 [‐0.02, 0.03] 0.01 [‐0.02, 0.04]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.04 [0.02, 0.07]0.04 [0.02, 0.07]
Social Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Social Activity
SOC0.13 [0.08, 0.19]0.14 [0.08, 0.21]
0.27 [0.17, 0.36]0.26 [0.15, 0.36]
0.06 [‐0.13, 0.27]0.07 [‐0.12, 0.28]
0.15 [0.09, 0.23]0.17 [0.11, 0.25]
Total Effect 0.09 [0.04, 0.16]0.10 [0.04, 0.17]
Direct Effect 0.05 [‐0.01, 0.11]0.05 [‐0.02, 0.12]
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Results: Physical Activity
Physical Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Physical Activity
SOC0.14 [0.08, 0.20]0.14 [0.09, 0.20]
0.21 [0.12, 0.31]0.06 [‐0.01, 0.13]
0.32 [‐0.11, 0.84]0.32 [‐0.09, 0.82]
0.74 [0.56, 0.95]0.61 [0.41, 0.85]
Total Effect 0.18 [0.04, 0.33]0.07 [‐0.07, 0.20]
Direct Effect ‐0.02 [‐0.16, 0.11]‐0.02 [‐0.15, 0.12]
SOCa1*b10.04 [‐0.02, 0.11] 0.04 [‐0.01, 0.11]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.16 [0.08, 0.25]0.04 [‐0.01, 0.09]
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Results: Physical Activity
Physical Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Physical Activity
SOC0.14 [0.08, 0.20]0.14 [0.09, 0.20]
0.21 [0.12, 0.31]0.06 [‐0.01, 0.13]
0.32 [‐0.11, 0.84]0.32 [‐0.09, 0.82]
0.74 [0.56, 0.95]0.61 [0.41, 0.85]
Total Effect 0.18 [0.04, 0.33]0.07 [‐0.07, 0.20]
Direct Effect ‐0.02 [‐0.16, 0.11]‐0.02 [‐0.15, 0.12]
SOCa1*b10.04 [‐0.02, 0.11] 0.04 [‐0.01, 0.11]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.16 [0.08, 0.25]0.04 [‐0.01, 0.09]
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Results: Physical Activity
Physical Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Physical Activity
SOC0.14 [0.08, 0.20]0.14 [0.09, 0.20]
0.21 [0.12, 0.31]0.06 [‐0.01, 0.13]
0.32 [‐0.11, 0.84]0.32 [‐0.09, 0.82]
0.74 [0.56, 0.95]0.61 [0.41, 0.85]
Total Effect 0.18 [0.04, 0.33]0.07 [‐0.07, 0.20]
Direct Effect ‐0.02 [‐0.16, 0.11]‐0.02 [‐0.15, 0.12]
SOCa1*b10.04 [‐0.02, 0.11] 0.04 [‐0.01, 0.11]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.16 [0.08, 0.25]0.04 [‐0.01, 0.09]
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Results: Mental Activity
Mental Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Mental Activity
SOC0.12 [0.08, 0.19]0.13 [0.08, 0.20]
0.19 [0.09, 0.28]0.17 [0.07, 0.28]
0.03 [‐0.22, 0.30]0.02 [‐0.22, 0.28]
0.07 [‐0.001, 0.14]0.07 [‐0.01, 0.14]
Total Effect 0.10 [0.03, 0.17]0.12 [0.05, 0.21]
Direct Effect 0.08 [0.004, 0.16]0.11 [0.03, 0.20]
SOCa1*b10.004 [‐0.03, 0.04] 0.003 [‐0.03, 0.04]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.01 [0.000, 0.03]0.01 [‐0.001, 0.03]
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Summary and Discussion
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity
Social activityPhysical activity
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity Mental activity
Self‐efficacy Adaptive strategies
Activity
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Summary and Discussion
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity
Social activityPhysical activity
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity Mental activity
Self‐efficacy Adaptive strategies
Activity
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Summary and Discussion
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity
Social activityPhysical activity
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity Mental activity
Self‐efficacy Adaptive strategies
Activity
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Implications
• Intervention– Self‐efficacy interventions should include methods aimed at improving evaluations of ease of activity
– Could we target perceived ease of activity directly if self‐efficacy is resistant to change?
• Longitudinal studies are needed
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Funding• Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship• Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Population
Ageing Research