Why do you use deodorant? Why do girls carry purses? Why do you take your hat off when you eat? Why...
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Transcript of Why do you use deodorant? Why do girls carry purses? Why do you take your hat off when you eat? Why...
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Why do you use deodorant?
Why do girls carry purses? Why do you take your hat
off when you eat? Why do you put your hand
over your mouth when you yawn?
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Norms Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
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Prescriptive Norms
What we should do
Ex. - You should practice safe sex
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Proscriptive norms
Mandating what it is we should not do
You should not have casual sex
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Mores A society’s
standards of proper moral conduct
Apply to everyone all the time – often they are our LAWS !
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Folkways Society’s customs of
routine, casual interaction
The line between right and rude
Will vary place to place
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Internalization of Norms
Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations.
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Sanctions
Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms. They can be positive or
negative They can also be formal or
informal And many times sanctions
are a source of conflict!
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Positive vs. Negative
Positive sanction An action that rewards a
particular kind of behavior Negative sanction
A punishment or a threat of punishment used to enforce conformity
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Formal vs. Informal
Formal sanction A reward or punishment given
by a formal organization, business, or government
Informal sanction A spontaneous expression of
approval or disapproval given by an individual or group
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Positive Formal Sanction
Graduation certificate
Pay raise Promotion Any award or
medal
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Positive Informal Sanction
Standing ovation Compliment Smile Pat on the back Gift
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Negative Formal Sanction
Low grades Suspension from
school Fired from a job Fine Imprisonment
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Negative Informal Sanction
Frown Gossip Rebuke (turned away) Insult Ridicule Ostracism
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Conflict with sanctions
Norms of different groups (subculture; counterculture) clash
Subculture – holds unique values Counterculture – rejects and replaces Seen as a challenge to authority
No universality – ex. School rules applied differently to groups
Don’t understand folkways
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How do sociologists study a changing society?
They break culture down into levels and study them separately. Traits Complexes Patterns
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Culture traits An individual tool,
act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need
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You will say “Hey” to friends and acquaintances, but “Hello” or “Hi” to your boss
Using a knife, fork, or spoon when eating is a culture trait
A football, cleats, helmets, pads, first-aid kits are all culture traits
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Culture complex A cluster of
interrelated traits If the football is a
trait, what then is the complex?
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Culture pattern A combination of a
number of culture complexes into an interrelated whole
If the game of football is a complex, what is the culture pattern?
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How does culture change?
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How does culture change?
Values and beliefs Technology Population Diffusion Physical environment Wars and conquest
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Values and beliefs
From a Structural Functional view A change in ideology can
change some or all aspects of society
Social Movements
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Technology
When people find new ways to manipulate their environment Invention Discovery
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Population The arrival of new groups with
different cultural traits. This impacts . . . Food, language, clothing, ideas,
etc. Relationship with government Closeness of relations with
others Average age of population
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Diffusion
Spread of cultural traits from one society to another Mass transportation,
media, communication Material more readily Reformulation
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Physical environment Environment can
encourage or discourage cultural change Local vs. imported foods Natural disasters Change in natural
resources
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Wars and conquests Greatest change in the
shortest amount of time. Disastrous like natural
calamities Foster ingenuity Power shifts
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Cultural Lag Not all cultural traits change at
the same rate. Some traits change rapidly, and the transformation of others may take considerable time.
Material culture usually changes faster and nonmaterial culture lags behind.
Give me three examples