Conditional constructions in the Uralic languages: a view from designing a database structure
Why do two Uralic languages (Surgut Khantyand Erzya) · PDF fileNeaples, 31.08.2016...
Transcript of Why do two Uralic languages (Surgut Khantyand Erzya) · PDF fileNeaples, 31.08.2016...
Neaples, 31.08.2016
Boglárka Janurik & Zsófia Schön
Why do two Uralic languages (Surgut Khanty and Erzya)
use different code-switching strategies?
49th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea
2/19
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Code-Switching Types in Surgut Khantyand Erzya Mordvin
3. Summary
1.1 Surgut Khanty and Erzya Mordvin1.2 Corpora and Informants
2.1 Muysken’s Typology2.2 Insertion 2.3 Alternation 2.4 Congruent Lexicalisation
2.5 Differences in the Two Corpora
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1.1 Surgut Khanty and Erzya Mordvin
Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin
• Spoken in North-West Siberia Mordvin Republic, diaspora
• Spoken by ca. 3000 ca. 260000 speakers
• Literacy since 1959 since the 1920s
• Finno-Ugric Ob-Ugric Mordvinic branch
•
• Word Order
• Gender
• Tempora
agglutinative agglutinative
SOV SVO
non non
• Number SG-DU-PL SG-PL
PST-PRS-FUT PST1-PST2-PRS-FUT
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1.2 Corpora and Informants
Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin
• Informants 12 11
• Sound Material 01:53:54 01:59:03
- Interview
- Narrative
01:04:21
00:51:23
- Pensioner
- School-educated
3
85
6
00:57:01
01:02:02
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2.1 Muysken’s (2000) typology
• differentiation between code-switching and code-mixing
• structural analysis and sociolinguistic factors
• code-mixing: “refers to all cases where lexical itemsand grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence” (Muysken 2000: 1)
• three main types of code-mixing:- insertion- alternation
- congruent lexicalization
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• material (lexical items or entire constituents) from one language is inserted into a structure from the other language
2.2.1 Insertion
(Muysken 2000: 7)
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‘Later I became the main engineer, later the manager.’
2.2.2 Insertion
Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty(1) ɐːtʲɛ-m tərəm-∅-∅
die-PST-3SGfather-SG<1SG
sʲemdʲesʲatvtorojseventy-second
god-nəyear-LOC
ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin(2) mejlʲe
later
glavn-ɨmmain-INSTR.SG
inʒenʲer-omengineer-INSTR.SG
mejlʲelater
dʲirʲektor-ommanager-INSTR.SG
karm-inʲbecome-PST.1SG
‘My father died in 1972.’
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2.2.3 Insertion: Similarities
Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty and and and and ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin
• Particles: vot ‘well’, toʒe ‘also’, uʒe ‘already’, etc.• Utterance modifiers: znatɕit ‘it means’, naprimʲer ‘e.g.’,
navʲerno ‘maybe’, etc.• Adverbs: bɨstro ‘quickly’, prosto ‘simply’, etc.• Conjunctions: kogda ‘when’, jesli ‘if’, etc.
• Nouns:(3) qoɬtəqɑtɬ ɒːɬ pɐːn
month-TRNS
mesʲats-ɣə ji-ɬ-∅
tomorrow year and become-PRS-3SG
‘He becomes tomorrow one and a half year old.’
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2.3.1 Alternation
• long and internally complex stretches (Backus 2015: 32)
• pragmatic functions of the switch, e.g. repetition
• “each language stretch […] has its own language-specific syntax and morphology, with neither languageproviding an overall structural frame for the utterance”
(Deuchar 2006)
(Muysken 2000: 7)
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2.3.2 Alternation
Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty(4) mɐː
1SG
tot
there
topp
only
ɐːjuβi
Ajuwi
tɑj-t-ojəm
call-PRS-PASS.1SG
nɐːβəm-tə-nə
speak-PTCP.PRS-LOC
etothis
proɕːeeasier
tɕemthan
lʲudmʲilaLyudmila
nʲikolajevnaNikolaevna
‘They just call me Ajuwi there when they talk to me.This is easier than Lyudmila Nikolaevna.’
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2.3.3 Alternation
ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin
(5) mon1SG
jeʒenʲedʲelʲnoweekly
sɨnstthem
navʲeʃa-juvisit-PRS.1SG
osobennoespecially
tʲenʲa-m
ehr-SG<1SG
jalaks-om
little.brother-SG<1SG
votwell
tak-ielike.this-PL
pirog-ipastry-PL
‘It is not far from here, 25 kilometers, but I visit themevery week, especially my brother. That’s how it is.’
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• “where two languages jointly provide the grammatical structure of the clause, and the vocabulary comes from both languages” (Muysken 2000: 122)
2.4.1 Congruent Lexicalization
(Muysken 2000: 8)
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2.4.2 Congruent Lexicalization
ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin(6) kolmotsʲe-sʲ
third-DET.SG
unʲivʲersʲitʲet
university
zakontɕi-la
finish-PST.F
vana
well
dva
two
god-a
year-GEN.SG
kavto
two
ije-tʲ
year-PL
koda
how
‘The third one graduated from university, well, two years, two years ago.’
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2.5.1 Differences in the two corpora
• switch between subject and predicate is possible, but:- Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty:
- ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin:
Russian pronoun + Surgut Khanty verb
Surgut Khanty pronoun + Russian verb
Erzya Mordvin pronoun + Russian verb
‘They [two] come often.’
(7) onʲi
3PL
əjəkkə
often
joɣtəɣ-t-əɣən
come-PRS-3DU
(8) mezʲe
what
tɨnʲ
2PL
xotʲi-tʲe
want-2PL
kevkstnʲ-ems
ask.question-INF
‘What do you want to ask?’
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2.5.2 Differences in the two corpora
• gender agreement - Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty:
- ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin:
missing, only in alternations
mixed constructions
(9) noməs
memory
tɑj-təɣ
have-PTCP.NEG
jiɣ-∅-əm
become-PST-1SG
i
and
vsʲo
all
pozabɨ-la
forget-PST.F
‘My memory failed me, and I forgot everything.’
(10) sazor-om
younger.sister-SG<1SG
‘My younger sister wanted to come with me everywhere.’
son
3SG
vʲezdʲe
everywhere
marto-n
with-1SG
xotʲe-la
want-PST.F
molʲ-ems
go-INF
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3.1 Summary
• typologically similar languages
• similar sociolinguistic situation
(Deuchar 2006: 615)
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3.2 Summary
• But! Surgut Khantys do not integrate Russian elements intotheir language, they switch completely to Russian
• One-word insertions are common in both corpora
• In case of longer Russian switches:
- in Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty: alternation occurs- in ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin: longer insertions or congruent lexicalisation
• Congruent lexicalisation in missing from Surgut Khantyaltogether
• Erzya Mordvin has been converging with Russian for a longer time, established bilingualism
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Auer, Peter (1999). From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects. Toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. The International Journal of Bilingualism 3(4): 309–332.
Deuchar, Margaret (2006). Minority language survival: Code-mixing in Welsh. In:James Cohen, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, 621–624.
Muysken, Pieter (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Myers-Scotton, Carol (2002). Contact linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Stell, Gerald and Kofi Yakpo (eds.) (2015). Code-switching between structural and sociolinguistic perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Winford, Donald (2003). An introduction to contact linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell
Mahootian, Shahrzad (2006). Code switching and mixing. In: Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of language and linguistcs. 2nd edition. Amsterdam, etc.: Elsevier, 511–527.
References
Backus, Ad (2015). A usage-based approach to code-switching: The need for reconciling structure and function. In: Gerald Stell and Kofi Yakpo (eds.) Code-switching between structural and sociolinguistic perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 19–38.
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Thank you for your attention!