WHO NHD 02.4 Module3 Eng

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TRAINING COURSE ON THEMANAGEMENT OF SEVERE MALNUTRITI

INITIAL MANAGEMEN


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Training Course on the Management of Severe Malnutrition

was prepared by the

World Health OrganizationDepartment of Nutrition for Health and Development (NHD), Geneva, Switzerl

Regional Office for South-East Asia (SEARO), New Delhi, India

in cooperation with thePublic Health Nutrition Unit of the

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

through a contract with

ACT International, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.


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CONTENTS

Introduction.....................................................................................................Learning Objectives ........................................................................................

1.0 Manage hypoglycaemia .....................................................................

1.1 What is hypoglycaemia? .......................................................1.2 Test blood glucose level........................................................1.3 Prevent hypoglycaemia / Begin F-75....................................1.4 Treat hypoglycaemia.............................................................

2.0 Manage hypothermia .........................................................................

2.1 What is hypothermia? ...........................................................2.2 Take temperature ..................................................................2.3 Warm the child......................................................................

3.0 Manage a severely malnourished child with shock ...........................

3.1 What is shock? ......................................................................3.2 Give oxygen, IV glucose, and IV fluids for shock ...............3.3 If no improvement with IV fluids, give blood transfusion ...

4.0 Manage very severe anaemia .............................................................

4.1 What is very severe anaemia?...............................................4.2 If haemoglobin


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6.5 Give ReSoMal slowly ...........................................................6.6 Monitor the child who is taking ReSoMal............................6.7 After rehydration, offer ReSoMal after each loose stool ......

EXERCISE C.....................................................................................

7.0 Give antibiotics ..................................................................................

7.1 Select antibiotics and prescribe regimen...............................7.2 Choose and use the best route of administration ..................7.3 Prescribe metronidazole if it is policy to do so.....................

EXERCISE D.....................................................................................

8.0 Record initial findings and treatments and communicate to staff......

EXERCISE E.....................................................................................

Answers to Short Answer Exercise.................................................................

Annex A: Critical Care Pathway (CCP) ........................................................

Annex B: Antibiotics Reference Card ..........................................................


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TRAINING COURSE ON THEMANAGEMENT OF SEVERE MALNUTRITIOINITIAL MANAGEMENT

Introduction

The focus of initial management is to prevent death while stabilizing the chfirst step is to check the child for emergency signs and provide emergency tas necessary. Any child presenting to the hospital should be checked for emsigns as part of standard procedure. 1

In an emergency situation, many procedures must be done very quickly, alm

simultaneously. Much practice and experience is needed to perform efficieemergency room as a team. This course obviously cannot teach the entire premergency management, but it will focus on the steps that must be added orto treat the severely malnourished child.

Some of the initial management procedures described in this module may b performed in the emergency room, before the child is admitted to the severmalnutrition ward. It is very important that emergency room staff know to severely malnourished child differently. They must be taught to recognize malnourished children and to understand that these children may be seriouswithout showing signs of infection. A severely malnourished child should quickly as possible in the emergency room. Staff must understand that theynot put up a rapid IV but should follow procedures as outlined in the manu4, Initial Treatment.

When any necessary emergency treatment has been provided, the child shoumoved immediately to the severe malnutrition ward. For several days, it iswatch for and treat or prevent such life-threatening problems as hypoglycaehypothermia, shock, dehydration, and infection. Only later, after these probunder control and the child is stabilized, is the child expected to gain weighmodule describes the life-saving tasks that are essential to initial manageme


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Learning ObjectivesThis module will describe and, to the extent feasible, allow you to observe a

practise the following skills:

Identifying and managing the severely malnourished child with:

- Hypoglycaemia- Hypothermia- Shock- Very severe anaemia- Corneal ulceration- Watery diarrhoea and/or vomiting

Preparing ReSoMal

Selecting appropriate antibiotics and calculating dosages

Keeping a written record of initial findings and treatments


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1.4 Treat hypoglycaemia

If blood glucose is low or hypoglycaemia is suspected, immediatelychild a 50 ml bolus of 10% glucose or 10% sucrose orally or by NG50 ml is a very small amount, but it can make a big difference to the

Glucose is preferable because the body can use it more easily; sucr broken down by the body before it can be used. However, give whavailable most quickly. If only 50% glucose solution is available, d

part to four parts sterile or boiled water to make a 10% solution.

If the child can drink , give the 50 ml bolus orally. If the child idrinking, give the 50 ml by NG tube.

If the child is lethargic, unconscious, or convulsing , give 5 mweight of sterile 10% glucose by IV, followed by 50 ml of 10% glusucrose by NG tube.* If the IV dose cannot be given immediately,

NG dose first.

* If the child will be given IV fluids for shock, there is no need to follow the 10% Iwith an NG bolus, as the child will continue to receive glucose in the IV fluids.

Start feeding F-75 half an hour after giving glucose and give it everduring the first 2 hours. For a hypoglycaemic child, the amount to

Feeding with F-75 should begin as soon as possible.Feeding will be discussedin detail in the nextmodule.


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Example

Ari weighs 7.4 kilograms. He has hypoglycaemia and is given a 50of 10% glucose orally shortly after arrival at the hospital. One halftaking the glucose, Ari should be given of the two-hourly amounfor his weight. The two-hourly amount is 80 ml, so Ari should be gevery half-hour for two hours. Then, if his blood glucose is 3 mmohigher, he should be given 80 ml of F-75 every two hours.

2.0 Manage hypothermia

2.1 What is hypothermia?

Hypothermia is low body temperature. A severely malnourished chhypothermic if the rectal temperature is below 35.5 C (95.9

axillary temperature is below 35

C (95.0

F).

Severely malnourished children are at greater risk of hypothermia tchildren and need to be kept warm. The hypothermic child has not hcalories to warm the body. If the child is hypothermic, he is probabhypoglycaemic. Both hypothermia and hypoglycaemia are signs thahas a serious systemic infection.

All hypothermic children should be treated for hypoglycaemia and infection as well.

2.2 Take temperature

Rectal temperatures are preferred because they more accurately ref body temperature. If axillary temperatures are taken, convert them

adding 0.5

C (0.9

F). If axillary temperatures are used for routinre-check any patient with an axillary temperature below 35 Ctaking a rectal temperature.

The following illustration shows two low-reading rectal thermometcentigrade and the other fahrenheit) with normal low and high tem


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If possible, use a low-reading thermometer. If no low-reading thermavailable, use a normal thermometer. With a normal thermometer, that the child has hypothermia if the mercury does not move.

Steps fo r us ing a rectal thermometer

Shake the thermometerdown to below 35 C (95.0 F).

Position the child on his sideor back with legs lifted.

Insert thermometerin rectum so that the

bulb goes in about inch.

Keep in place for 1 minute.

Steps for using an axillary thermometer

Shake thermometer downto below 35 C (95.0 F).

Place thermometer under armpit.

Keep in place for 3 minutes.

If below 35 C (95.0 F), takerectal temperature for moreaccurate reading.


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Maintain temperature (prevent hypothermia)

The following measures are important for all severely malnourishe

Cover the child, including his head. Stop draughts in the room. Move the child away from window Maintain room temperature of 25 30 C (77 86 F) if po Keep the child covered at night.

Warm your hands before touching the child. Avoid leaving the child uncovered while being examined, weig Promptly change wet clothes or bedding. Dry the child thoroughly after bathing.

If it is not possible to warm the room, let the child sleep snuggled umother, and cover them with a blanket.

Keep children warmly covered, especially at night.

Actively re-warm t he hypothermic chi ld

In addition to keeping the child coveredand keeping the room warm, use one ofthe following re-warming techniques if


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Use a heater or incandescent lamp with caution. Use indirect hclose). Monitor rectal temperature every 30 minutes to make sudoes not get too hot. Stop re-warming when the childs temper

becomes normal.

Do NOT use hot water bottles due to danger of burning fragile

Example of Critical Care Pathway (CCP)

The next page shows the first part of a case record called a Critical CaPathway or CCP. Information has been entered about a childs presensigns and initial management.

So far, the steps in this module have been related to the CCP sections tSigns of Severe Malnutrition, Temperature, Blood Glucose, and Feedingthe module continues, you will learn about the other sections of this pathe CCP.

A complete, blank CCP is provided in Annex A of this module. The Cwill be used in this course as both a job aid and a record of care.

Tell a facilitator when you have reached this point in the module. Wheneveryone is ready, your facilitator will present a brief introduction ohow to use the CCP. In the meantime, you may study the example onthe next page.


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3.0 Manage a severely malnourished chi ld withshock

3.1 What is shock?

Shock is a dangerous condition with severe weakness, lethargy, orunconsciousness, cold extremities, and fast, weak pulse. It is causeddiarrhoea with severe dehydration, haemorrhage, burns, or sepsis. malnourished children, some of the signs of shock may appear all thit is difficult to diagnose. Thus, IV fluids are given in severe malnuif the child meets the following criteria:

The severely malnourished child is considered to

have shock if he/she: is lethargic or unconscious and has cold handsplus either: slow capillary refill (longer than 3 seconds),

or weak or fast pulse

To check capillary refill:

Press the nail of the thumb or big toe for 2 seconds to produce bof the nail bed.

Count the seconds from release until return of the pink color. I

longer than 3 seconds, capillary refill is slow.

For a child 2 months up to 12 months of age, a fast pulse is 160 bea per minute. For a child 12 months to 5 years of age, a fast pulse is or more per minute


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Giving IV fluids

Shock from dehydration and sepsis are likely to coexist in severelymalnourished children. They are difficult to differentiate on clinicaalone. Children with dehydration will respond to IV fluids. Thoseshock and no dehydration will not respond. The amount of IV fluidmust be guided by the child's response. Overhydration can cause hand death.

To give IV fluids:

Check the starting respiratory and pulse rates and record thCCP. Also record the starting time.

Infuse IV fluid at 15ml/kg over 1 hour. Use one of the follsolutions, listed in order of preference:

Half-strength Darrows solution with 5% glucose (dextroseRingers lactate solution with 5% glucose*0.45% (half-normal) saline with 5% glucose*

*If either of these is used, add sterile potassium chloride (20 mmol/l) if

Observe the child and check respiratory and pulse rates eve

If the respiratory rate and pulse rate increase, stop the IV.

If respiratory rate and pulse rate are slower after 1 hour, thimproving. Repeat the same amount of IV fluids for anothContinue to check respiratory and pulse rates every 10 min

After 2 hours of IV fluids, switch to oral or nasogastric rehyReSoMal (special rehydration solution for children with sevmalnutrition). Give 5 10 ml/kg ReSoMal in alternate houp to 10 hours. Leave the IV line in place in case it is need

You will learn more about giving ReSoMal later in this module.

Notice that the steps for checking for shock and giving IV fluids aron the CCP as a reminder.


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3.3 If no improvement with IV fluids, give bloodtransfusion

If the child fails to improve after the first hour of IV fluids, then assthe child has septic shock. Give maintenance IV fluids (4 ml/kg/houwaiting for blood. When blood is available, stop all oral intake andgive a diuretic to make room for the blood, and then transfuse whol

blood at 10 ml/kg slowly over 3 hours. If there are signs of heart fa

packed cells instead of whole blood as these have a smaller volumebelow in section 4.2 for more details.)

4.0 Manage very severe anaemia

4.1 What is very severe anaemia?

Anaemia is a low concentration of haemoglobin in the blood. Very anaemia is a haemoglobin concentration of < 40 g/l (or packed cel


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4. Give a diuretic 3 to make room for the blood. Furosemidegiven by IV) is the most appropriate choice.

5. If there are no signs of congestive heart failure, transfuse w blood at 10 ml/kg slowly over 3 hours. If there are signs offailure, give 5 7 ml/kg packed cells over 3 hours instead o

blood.


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EXERCISE A

In this exercise you will be given some information and partially completedseveral children. You will then answer questions about treatment needed. manual or reference cards as needed.

Case 1

Tina

Tina is an 18-month-old girl who was referred from a health centre. Her armshoulders appear very thin. She has moderate oedema (both feet and lowerdoes not have diarrhoea or vomiting, and her eyes are clear. Additional inf

provided in the CCP sections below.


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1a. What is Tinas weight-for-height SD-score?

1b. Should Tina be admitted to the severe malnutrition ward? Why or w

1c. Is Tina hypothermic?

1d. Is Tina hypoglycaemic?

1e. Does Tina have very severe anaemia?

1f. Tina is alert and does not have cold hands. Her capillary refill is 2 sHer pulse seems weak. According to the definition given in this mTina in shock?


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Case 3 John

John is a 15-month-old boy who has been unwell since the rains fell 5 weethe last 3 days he has had no food but has been given home fluids for diarrhis lethargic and limp on arrival at the hospital, and the doctor assumes his blglucose is low without taking time for a blood sample and Dextrostix test. temperature does not record on a standard thermometer. His gums, lips, aneyelids appear normal in colour (not pale). Additional information is given


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3a. What are four treatments that John needs immediately?

3b. What amount of sterile 10% glucose should be given by IV?

3c. What amount of IV fluids should be given over the first hour?

John is given IV fluids starting at 9:45 a.m. His respiratory rate at that time breaths per minute, and his pulse rate is 130. John is monitored every 10 m

over the next hour, and both his respiratory and pulse rates slow down durintime. At 10:45 a.m. his respiratory rate is 40 and his pulse rate is 105.

3d. What should be done for the next hour?

After two hours of IV fluids, John is alert enough to drink, although he still unwell. His blood glucose has been tested and is now up to 5 mmol/l. Hishaemoglobin is 82 g/l. He is weighed again, and his new weight is 6.0 kg.


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5.0 Give emergency eye care for corneal ulceratio

5.1 What is corneal ulceration?

Corneal ulceration is a break in the surface of the cornea (eye's surfeye may be extremely red or bleeding, or the child may keep the ey

Corneal ulceration is very dangerous. If there is an opening in the

lens of the eye can extrude (push out) and cause blindness. Photogthe Photographs booklet shows corneal ulceration.

5.2 Examine the eyes

Wash your hands. Touch the eyes extremely gently and as little as The child's eyes may be sensitive to light and may be closed. If theclosed, wait until the child opens his eyes to check them. Or gentlythe lower eyelids to check. Wash your hands again after examining

5.3 Give vitamin A and atropine eye drops immedfor corneal ulceration

If the child has corneal ulceration, give vitamin A immediately.

Child's age Vitamin A Oral Dose

< 6 months 50 000 IU

6 12 months 100 000 IU

>12 months 200 000 IU

Oral treatment with vitamin A is preferred, except for initial treatmchildren with severe anorexia, oedematous malnutrition, or septic streatment is preferred for these children for the first dose.

For oral administration, an oil-based formulation is preferred. For treatment, only water-based formulations should be used. The IM


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6.0 Manage watery diarrhoea and/or vomiting witReSoMal

6.1 What is ReSoMal?

ReSoMal is Rehydration Solution for Malnutrition. It is a modificastandard Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) recommended by WHOcontains less sodium, more sugar, and more potassium than standaris intended for severely malnourished children with diarrhoea. It shgiven by mouth or by nasogastric tube. Do not give standard ORS malnourished children.

ReSoMal is available commercially in some places, but it may also prepared from standard ORS and some additional ingredients.

Contents of ReSoMal as prepared from standard ORS:

water 2 litresWHO-ORS one 1 litre packetsugar 50 gmineral mix solution* 40 ml

*The mineral mix solution is the same that is used in making F-75 andF-100. Composition of mineral mix is described in Appendix 4 of themanual. It may be prepared by the hospital pharmacy. Alternatively, acommercial product, called Combined Mineral Mix (CMV), may

6.2 Recognize the need for ReSoMal

It is difficult to determine dehydration status in a severely malnourias the usual signs of dehydration (such as lethargy, sunken eyes) ma

present in these children all of the time, whether or not they are deh

Ask the mother if the child has had watery diarrhoea or vomiting


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6.3 Prepare ReSoMal

If using commercial ReSoMal, follow the package instructions. If ReSoMal from standard ORS and mineral mix solution, prepare as

Wash hands.

Empty one 1-litre standard

ORS packet into container thatholds more than 2 litres.

Measure and add 50 grams sugar.(It is best to weigh the sugar on adietary scale that weighs to 5 g.)

Measure 40 millilitres ofmineral mix solution (or properamount of CMV) in a graduatedmedicine cup or syringe; add toother ingredients.

Measure and add 2 litres cooled, boiled water.

Stir until dissolved.

Use within 24 hours.

6.4 Calcu late amount of ReSoMal to give

Give ReSoMal as follows, in amounts based on the childs weight:


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EXERCISE B

In this exercise the group will prepare and taste ReSoMal and will measureappropriate amounts to give to severely malnourished children.

A facilitator will lead this exercise. When the group has prepared and tasteReSoMal, each person should answer the following questions individually.

facilitator will ask each person to measure the amount of ReSoMal given inanswers.

1. Ramesh has diarrhoea and is just starting ReSoMal. He weighs 7.3

a. How much ReSoMal should Ramesh be given every 30 minnext 2 hours?

b. After 2 hours, what is the least amount of ReSoMal that Rashould be offered in alternate hours?

c. What is the greatest amount of ReSoMal that Ramesh shouoffered in alternate hours?

2. Sula has vomiting and watery diarrhoea. She weighs 11.6 kilogram

a. How much ReSoMal should Sula be given every 30 minutenext 2 hours?

b. After 2 hours, what is the least amount of ReSoMal that Su


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6.5 Give ReSoMal slowly

It is essential to give ReSoMal slowly,much more slowly than you would giveORS to a well-nourished child. Too muchfluid, too quickly, can cause heart failure.

The best way to give ReSoMalis by cup, even with a very sickchild. The child may need to becoaxed, or you may need to usea spoon or syringe.If the mother is able to givethe ReSoMal, she should betaught to give it slowly.

A nasogastric (NG) tube can be used for giving ReSoMal at the samthe child is too weak to take enough fluid voluntarily. An NG tubeused in weak or exhausted children, and in those who vomit, have f

breathing, or painful mouth sores.

IV fluids should not be used to treat dehydration (except in case of discussed earlier). Since the degree of dehydration cannot be deterclinical signs, and too much fluid could cause heart failure, it is verthat fluids not be forced on the child. When fluids are given orally,thirst helps to regulate the amount given.

6.6 Monitor the child who is taking ReSoMal

Monitor the child's progress every half hour for the first two hours; monitor hourly, i.e., every time the child takes F-75 or ReSoMal.

Signs to check


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Signs of improving hydration status

Fewer or less pronounced signs of dehydration, for example: less thirsty skin pinch not as slow less lethargic

Note: Although these changes indicate that rehydration is proceemany severely malnourished children will not show these changewhen fully rehydrated.

Slowing of rapid respiratory and pulse rates

Passing urine

Not thirsty

If a child has 3 or more of the above signs of improving hydration sgiving ReSoMal routinely in alternate hours. Instead, offer ReSoMeach loose stool, as described in section 6.7 below.

Signs of overhydration

Stop ReSoMal if any of the following signs appear:

Increased respiratory rate and pulse. (Both must increase to con problem.)

Jugular veins engorged. (Pulse wave can be seen in the neck.)

Increasing oedema (e.g., puffy eyelids).

6.7 After rehydration, offer ReSoMal after eachloose stool

When the child has 3 or more signs of improving hydration (see abogiving ReSoMal routinely in alternate hours. However, watery diar


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EXERCISE C

In this exercise you will be given information and a partially completed CC blank CCP for several children. You will then answer questions about treatneeded or complete the CCP.

Case 1 Marwan

Marwan is an 11-month-old boy. Additional information is given on the CC below. Marwan is awake, has no signs of shock, and has no diarrhoea or vo

His Dextrostix shows blood sugar in the range of 2 4 mmol.

SIGNS OF SEVERE MALNUTRITION Severe wasting? Yes No Oedema? 0 + ++ +++Dermatosis? 0 + ++ +++(raw skin, fissures)Weight(kg): Height/length (cm):SD score: or % of median:

TEMPERATURE _________C rectal axillary

If rectal


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1a. What are three things that should be done immediately for Marwan

1b. In a half-hour, what should be given to Marwan? How much shoul

Case 2 Ram (For this case, use the first page of a blank CCP, availabl

classroom.)

Ram is a 9-month-old boy. He has not been feeding well in the last 3 weekhad loose stools and vomiting in the last 3 days. There has been no blood iRam is severely wasted and has some mild dermatosis. He has no oedema.weight is 4.4 kg and length is 64 cm.

Rams rectal temperature is 38C, and his blood glucose is 5 mmol/l. Hishaemoglobin is 120 g/l. His eyes appear clear, and he has not had measles.signs of shock.

When the doctor does a skin pinch, Ram cries but he has no tears. The skingoes back slowly. Ram has a dry mouth and drinks eagerly.

2a. Using the above information about Ram, complete as many parts ofas you can.

Note: You will not complete the section of the CCP for Antibiotics iexercise. Although it is important to give antibiotics quickly, you wiabout these later. In the Diarrhoea section, complete only the top parand the amount of ReSoMal to give. Do not complete the Feeding se


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The columns below show Rams progress during the next hour. He continu

the full amount of ReSoMal. You may transfer this information to Rams CCwant to.

Time 10:00 10:30Resp. rate 28 25Pulse rate 105 100Passed urine? YN

N Y

Number stools 0 0Number vomits 1 0Hydration signs Same Moist mouth

2c. At 11:00, Ram is ready to begin the next period of treatment, duringReSoMal and F-75 are given in alternate hours. How much ReSoMRam be given in alternate hours? Enter this information on the CC

2d. What signs of overhydration should be watched for during this perio

At 11:00 Rams respiratory rate remains at 25 and his pulse rate at 100. He passed no urine, but he has had one loose stool in the past hour. He has notRam takes the maximum amount of ReSoMal in his range, but he no longerthirsty and eager to drink.

2e. Complete the column in the Diarrhoea section of Rams CCP for 11

At 12:00 Rams respiratory rate remains at 25 and his pulse rate at 100. He passed no urine or stools in the past hour, and he has not vomited. When a is done, it returns normally. Ram now has tears as well as a moist mouth. Rweighed again He now weighs 4 5 kg Ram continues to be willing to dri


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2h. What should be given to Ram in the next hour (starting at 12:00)? Hshould be given? Record this information in the Feeding section of

Ram should continue taking F-75 every 2 hours, even during the night. He be kept warm. Ram should also be given antibiotics, which you will learn athe next section of this module.

2i. If Rams diarrhoea continues, what should he be given after each loHow much should he be given?

When you have finished this case, discuss your answers with a facili

Case 3 Irena (For this case use the first page of a blank CCP, availableclassroom. This case will be done as a group.)

Irena is a 25-month-old girl. She arrives at the hospital at 10:00 a.m. on MShe has had diarrhoea and vomiting for 10 days. She is severely wasted. Soedema and no dermatosis. She weighs 6.1 kg and is 74 cm in length.

Irena has a rectal temperature of 36C and a blood glucose level of 4 mmolhaemoglobin has not been tested. Her left eye appears normal, but her righsome pus draining from it. She has not had measles.

Irena has cold hands and is lethargic. When the doctor presses her thumbnalonger than 3 seconds for the pink color to return to the nail bed. Her pulse

per minute).

Although Irena has had steady diarrhoea, her mother says there has been nothe stool. When the doctor pinches the skin of Irenas abdomen, it stays folseconds. Irena does not cry or respond to the pinch, so the doctor cannot tehas tears. She seems to have sunken eyes, but her mother says they are alw


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3b. Is Irena hypoglycaemic?

Is she hypothermic?

3c. Does Irena need vitamin A?

Does she need it immediately?

3d. What signs of shock does Irena have?

What amount of sterile 10% glucose should she be given by IV? Eamount on the CCP in the Blood Glucose section.

What amount of IV fluids should Irena be given in the first hour? Eamount on the CCP in the Shock section.

Irenas IV is started at 10:30 a.m. Her respiratory rate is 40 breaths per minu pulse rate is 140 per minute. The nurses monitor Irena every 10 minutes. Tof monitoring are as follows.

Respiratory rate Pulse rate10:40 38 13010:50 36 12011:00 35 100 Irena sits up, seems a11:10 33 9011:20 32 8511:30 30 80


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Irena is given IV fluids for another hour. During the second hour her respir

remains steady at 30 and her pulse rate at 80. After receiving IV fluids, Iren6.2 kg.

3f. Finish completing the IV section of Irenas CCP.

3g. What should be given to Irena at 12:30?

How much should be given? Enter the range of amounts on the CCsecond (right-hand) part of the Diarrhoea section.

At 12:30, Irenas respiratory rate is still 30 and her pulse rate is still 80. She passed urine. She has had one diarrhoeal stool but no vomiting. She is aler

skin pinch still goes back slowly. Her eyes are still sunken.

3h. Complete the column for 12:30 in the right-hand part of the Diarrhoof the CCP. The nurse offers Irena the maximum amount of ReSoMrange, and Irena eagerly takes it all. Write this amount in the spaceAmount taken at the bottom of the 12:30 column.

At 1:30 Irenas respiratory rate is still 30 and her pulse rate is still 80. She hdiarrhoeal stool, no vomiting, and no urine. Her eyes still appear sunken. H

pinch goes back quickly.

3i. Complete the 1:30 column of the Diarrhoea section of the CCP.

3j. Using Irenas new weight of 6.2 kg, look in the manual or on your Reference Card to find the amount of F-75 to give at 1:30. Recoramount in the Feeding section of the CCP.

3k. At 2:30 what should Irena be given?


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7.0 Give antibiotics

Give all severely malnourished children antibiotics for presumed infection.first dose of antibiotics while other initial treatments are going on, as soon a

Antibiotic recommendations may vary from place to place based on local presistance. The recommendations given in this module may need to be adaplocally. The important principle is that all severely malnourished children sgiven appropriate antibiotics.

7.1 Select antibiotics and prescribe regimen

Selection of antibiotics depends on the presence or absence of compComplications include septic shock, hypoglycaemia, hypothermia, infections or dermatosis (+++ with raw skin/fissures), respiratory otract infections, or lethargic/sickly appearance.

As shown on the summary chart on the next page:

If no complications , give oral cotrimoxazole.

If complications , give gentamicin, plus ampicillin followed bamoxicillin.

If the child fails to improve within 48 hours, add chloramAlmost all children improve on gentamicin plus ampicillin, andthat chloramphenicol is needed.

If specific infections are identified which require a specific antibnot already being given , give an additional antibiotic to addinfection. For example, dysentery and pneumonia may requireantibiotics. Certain skin infections such as Candidiasis re

antibiotics. Antibiotics required for specific infections are desc pages 30 33 in section 7.3 of the manual.


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Summary: Ant ibio tics for Severely Malnourished Chil

IF: GIVE:

NO COMPLICATIONS Cotrimoxazole Oral (25 mg sulfamethoxazole + 5 mg trimethevery 12 hours for 5 days

Gentamicin1 IV or IM (7.5 mg/kg), once daily for 7 days,COMPLlCATIONS(shock, hypoglycaemia,hypothermia, dermatosis withraw skin/fissures, respiratoryor urinary tract infections, orlethargic/sickly appearance)

Ampici ll inIV or IM (50mg/kg),every 6 hours for 2 days

Followed by: Amoxevery 8 hours for 5 days

If child fails to improvewithin 48 hours, ADD:

ChloramphenicolIV or IM (25 mg/kg), every 8 hours for 5 hours if suspect meningitis.)

If a specific infectionrequires an additional

antibiot ic, ALSO GIVE:

Specific antibiotic as directed on pages 30 33 of the manua

1If the child is not passing urine, gentamicin may accumulate in the body and cause deafness. Do not give thesecond dose until the child is passing urine.2If amoxicillin is not available, give ampicillin, 50 mg/kg orally every 6 hours for 5 days.

Different formulations of drugs are available (e.g., tablets or syrups of vary

strengths). The formulation of the drug will affect the amount to measure fSome common formulations are given in the dosage tables on the Ant Reference Card , which is also printed in Annex B of this module. For eacformulation of a drug, the dosage tables have rounded practical doses to usechildren of different weights. Refer to the Antibiotics Reference Card as you read the following steps and example.

Steps to determine the dose

a. Refer to the summary table to determine what drug is needed and broute it should be given.


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Example of determining a dose

Khalil is 82 cm in height and weighs 8.6 kg. He is severely wastedSD score of less than 3. His rectal temperature is 36C and his blis about 4 mmol/l. He is alert and irritable. He has no dermatosis. signs of shock. He has had some loose stools but no blood in the stThere is no evidence of respiratory or urinary tract infections.

a. Khalil has no complications, so he should be given cotrimoshould be given orally every 12 hours for 5 days.

b. Khalils body weight is 8.6 kg.

c. The hospital has cotrimoxazole syrup containing 200 mg SM

e. The doctor looks up the dose for this strength cotrimoxazol

Khalils weight. The dose is 5 ml. He prescribes 5 ml cotrisyrup to be taken orally every 12 hours for 5 days.

7.2 Choose and use the best route of adminis tratio

Sometimes there is a choice of whether to give a drug intravenously(IV) or by intramuscular (IM) injection. IM injections are very painfor a severely malnourished child. If an IV line is in and being usefor giving fluid, use it for the antibiotic as well.

If there is no IV line in, and only one IM injection is needed, give thinjection, but take special care to avoid bruising tender skin. The cnot have much muscle, so look for the sites with the most muscle ansites (e.g., buttocks, thighs). If more than 2 ml is to be injected, div

between two sites.

If frequent injections would be needed, it is preferable to use a 21 o butterfly needle to keep a vein open for injecting antibiotics. Use thThis option allows the staff to conveniently give the antibiotic intrawithout leaving an IV bag up, and it is less painful for the child.


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EXERCISE D

In this exercise you will select antibiotics and determine dosages for severa

Refer to the Antibiotics Reference Card or Annex B of this module as nWhen there are different drug formulations listed, choose the drug formulatmost likely to be available in your hospital.

Case 1 Pershant

Pershant is 77 cm long and weighs 8.0 kg. He has oedema of both feet. Hehypoglycaemia, no hypothermia, no signs of shock, and no other complicat

1a. What antibiotic does Pershant need? By what route should it be giv

1b. Look at the formulations listed on the dosage tables. What formulamost likely to be available in your hospital? (Use this formulatthe next question.)

1c. Given Pershants weight, what should his dose be?


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EXERCISE E

In this exercise there will be a role play in which the admitting doctor briefsnurse on a childs conditions and needs. Use the first page of a blank CCP, in your classroom. Use the manual, this module, and your reference cards a

1. Use the information below to complete the first page of a CCP for anamed Rayna . Be sure to record any treatments that should be givincluding the specific antibiotic needed. (When determining the do

formulation available in your hospital.)

Rayna

Rayna is a 13-month-old girl. She is admitted on the 3 rd of Oc9:00 a.m. She is severely wasted. She has no oedema and no dermis 72 cm long and weighs 6.3 kg.

Raynas rectal temperature is 36.8C. Her blood glucose level appe between 3 and 4 mmol/l. Her haemoglobin is 95 g/l. She has no si problems. She has not had measles.

Rayna has no signs of shock, no diarrhoea, no blood in the stool, anThe admitting doctor is ready to give the head nurse instructions foincluding her first feed and first dose of antibiotic. It is 9:15 a.m.

2. When you have finished with the CCP, briefly show it to a facilitatothat it is correct. Then list below the key points that you would disthe head nurse if you were the admitting doctor.


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ANSWERS TO SHORT ANSWER EXERCISE

The answers to the exercise on page 24 of the module are written in the blan

1. Roberto has watery diarrhoea and is severely malnourished. He we

kilograms. He should be given 30 ml ReSoMal every

for 2 hours. Then he should be given 30 60 ml ReS

alternate hours for up to 10 hours. In the other hours durinF-75 should be given.

2. Yuma arrived at the hospital in shock and received IV fluids for two

She has improved and is now ready to switch to ReSoMal. Yuma w

kilograms. For up to 10 hours, she should be given ReSoMal alternate hours. The amount of ReSoMal to offer is 40

per hour.

3. Answers:

The childs willingness to drink

The amount of ongoing losses in the stool


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Annex B:

Antibiotics Reference Card


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Summary: Ant ibio tics for Severely Malnourished Chil

IF: GIVE:

NO COMPLICATIONS Cotrimoxazole Oral (25 mg sulfamethoxazole + 5 mg trimethevery 12 hours for 5 days

Gentamicin1 IV or IM (7.5 mg/kg), once daily for 7 days,COMPLlCATIONS(shock, hypoglycaemia,hypothermia, dermatosis withraw skin/fissures, respiratoryor urinary tract infections, orlethargic/sickly appearance)

Ampici ll inIV or IM (50

mg/kg),every 6 hours for 2 days

Followed by: Amox

every 8 hours for 5 days

If child fails to improvewithin 48 hours, ADD:

ChloramphenicolIV or IM (25 mg/kg), every 8 hours for 5 hours if suspect meningitis.)

If a specific infectionrequires an additionalantibiot ic, ALSO GIVE:

Specific antibiotic as directed on pages 30 33 of the manuaSevere Malnutrition

1If the child is not passing urine, gentamicin may accumulate in the body and cause deafness. Do not give thesecond dose until the child is passing urine.2If amoxicillin is not available, give ampicillin, 50 mg/kg orally every 6 hours for 5 days.

Doses for Specific Formulations and Body WeightRanges

DOSE ACC ANTIBIOTICROUTE / DOSE/FREQUENCY/DURATION

FORMULATION3 up to 6 kg

Tablet, 250 mg tablet Syrup, 125 mg/5ml 2.5 ml Amoxicil lin Oral: 15 mg/kg every8 hours for 5 daysSyrup, 250 mg/5ml 1.5 ml

Oral: 50 mg/kg every6 hours for 5 days

Tablet, 250 mg 1 tablet Ampici ll in

IV/IM: 50 mg/kgevery 6 hours for 2days

Vial of 500 mg mixed with2.1 ml sterile water to give500 mg /2.5 ml

1 ml

Tablet,100 mg SMX + 20 mg TMP

1 tablet Cotrimoxazolesulfamethoxazole+ trimethoprim

Oral: 25 mg SMX +5 mg TMP /kgevery12hours S 200 g SMX+


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5

Doses for Selected Antibiotics, for Specific

ANTIBIOTIC ROUTE / DOSEFREQUENCY/DURATION

FORMULATION 3 kg 4

IV: vial of 1 g mixed with9.2 ml sterile water to give1g/10 ml

0.75 ml 1 mChloramphenicol

IV or IM: 25 mg/kgevery 8 hours (orevery 6 hours ifsuspect meningitis)for 5 days IM: vial of 1 g mixed with

3.2 ml sterile water to give1g/4ml

0.3 ml 0.4

IV/IM: vial containing 20 mg(2 ml at 10mg/ml), undiluted

2.25 ml 3 m

IV/IM: vial containing80 mg (2 ml at 40 mg/ml)

mixed with 6 ml sterilewaterto give 80 mg/ 8 ml

2.25 ml 3 m

Gentamicin IV or IM: 7.5 mg/kgonce daily for 7 days

IV/IM: vial containing 80mg (2 ml at 40 mg/ml),undiluted

0.5 ml 0.75

Doses of Iron Syrup for

Weight of child Dose13 up to 6 kg

6 up to 10 kg

10 up to 15 kg


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WHO NHD 02.4 Module3 Eng

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