Who is in the Americas?

• Olmec• Maya• Aztec• Inca• Pueblo• Iroquois• Navajo• Algonquin

Life in Africa

• What trade network spread across North Africa?

• What is going to happen to West Africans in the 1500s?

Life in Europe

• Political changes in Europe

• Expansion of trade and Exploration

• Protestant Reformation

Spain• 1492: Christopher Columbus– Thought he had reached Asia

(India), but actually was in the Caribbean and South America.

• Spain was motivated by:– God: Convert Indians (Native

Americans)– Gold: Gold and silver of the

Aztec and Incan Empires– Glory: Individuals like Cortez

sought to make themselves rich and famous.

European ColonizationEuropean colonization

involved distant settlements being controlled by the parent country.

Guns, Germs, and Steel used by Europeans to control indigenous peoples.

Merchants and monarchs saw opportunities to increase wealth, while ordinary people saw a chance at a fresh start.

Columbian

Exchange

The global exchange of goods between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres is known as the Columbian Exchange.

Squash, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, pumpkins, corn to Europe, Africa , and Asia.

Coffee, bananas, grapes, sugar cane, cattle, sheep, horses, disease to the Americas.

Who else colonizes the Americas?

• Portugal - Brazil• France – Canada and parts of the United States• The Netherlands (The Dutch) – New Amsterdam

(now called New York)• England – Jamestown and Plymouth

• These countries are all important but we will focus on England. Why?

English Colonization

• The English defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588 and replaced Spain as the dominate world power.

• Decided to colonize because of a:– growing population – weak economy

• King James I chartered the Virginia Company (joint-stock) to establish a colony in the New World.

Roanoke – The Lost Colony

• Founded in 1585• England temporarily

abandons the colony during a war with Spain in 1588.

• When the English return everyone was gone.– What happened?

Jamestown

• Virginia Company formed-interested in settling North America colony.

• Joint-stock company-several investors pool money together supporting colony, hope to make a profit.

• Jamestown-the first permanent English settlement in 1607.– A business venture by the

Virginia Company– Goal – Make Money

– How can Jamestown be successful?

Jamestown Issues• Bad location

– Area was a swamp.– Not close to animals for hunting

(deer/bears).– No good source of water.

• Unprepared settlers– Lack of farmers and individuals

willing to work.– Only sent men. Many were

wealthy.• Poor relationship with Native

Americans – John Smith had created a

somewhat successful alliance, but Powhatan grew increasingly weary as the number of settlers steadily increased.

John Smith’s Plan

John Smith placed it under martial law.What is martial law?

Those who did not work did not eat.– Is that fair?

Jamestown Issues (cont.)

• Many colonists died of starvation, disease, and Native American attacks.– Only 38 of original 150 alive by 1608.– “Starving time”-only 60 of 600 new colonists survived the winter

of 1609.– Colonists ate rats, snakes, roots, boiled shoe leather.

Jamestown Survives

Economy:• Jamestown’s long term success guaranteed through the development

and cultivation of tobacco.• Began to establish a plantation economy-first slaves imported in 1619.Politics:• Colonists organized the first representative assembly in America in

1619-House of Burgesses (known today as the General Assembly of Virginia).

Who came to Jamestown

Headright system helped lure people to Jamestown.– Land ownership– Begins to set up plantation system

Indentured servants.5-7 year contractGiven land, $ when its over

Slavery in Jamestown

• Slavery increases by the late 1600s.• More slaves than indentured servants.– What advantage did owning slaves have over

having indentured servants?

Who were the Puritans?Wanted to reform the

Church of England– Too similar to the

Catholic ChurchPilgrims formed their

own churchFled persecution and

came to AmericaPlymouth founded in

1620

Mayflower Compact

• An agreement to form their own government.

• Signed before they got off the boat.– It is an early founding

document.• First year many died.– Had little food.– Eventually became

successful but did not become a large colony.

18

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Led by John Winthrop – 1629 • Put the charter and leadership of the colony

in America..• Founded Boston• 17 ships, 1,000 people arrive in 1st year

– Men, Women, and Children– Many professions.– They learn from previous mistakes.

Religion and Government

• Church and State worked together• Civic officials were God’s elect• Everyone followed strict religious law– People met at the meeting house to vote on civic

issues.– A democratic government.

• They were to be a city upon a hill.• What does that mean? Discuss with your partner

Demographics (People)

Came to America as families– Not as single men or women like at Jamestown

People watched for misbehaviorChildren taken out of homes of bad parents

Needed to teach religion.

Economy• Made money fishing.• Making manufacture goods.• Small farming

• No plantations or cash crops like Virginia!!!

Dissent in the Puritan CommunityRoger Williams

– Land should be bought from Native Americans– Be able to worship freely– Establishes Providence in Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson– Interpreted Bible in her home– Did not need the church to form opinion– Banished from Massachusetts

Native Americans Resist the Puritans• Settlers clearing land• Pequot War – 1637

– Pequot rebel, English massacre them with Native American allies

• King Philips War – 1675– Metacon (called King Philip) upset with Puritan law– Year long war, very bloody, 1 in 10 men die– Ends Native American influence in Southeastern New

England

The Middle Colonies

• The Dutch found New Netherland– New Amsterdam

• Expand fur trade• Diverse colony– German, French, African– Better Native American

relationship

English take over New Netherland

• “Dutch Wedge” between their colonies• James (Duke of York)– Takes fleet to the colony– Dutch don’t fight back and lose their colony

• Renamed New York• Also acquire New Jersey

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

• William Penn – Founder• Quakers– Protestant– Everyone has God’s

“inner light”– Services without

ministers– Rank not important– Pacifists (against war)

Founding of Pennsylvania in 1681

• Proprietary colony– Had a single owner (W.

Penn)

• “Holy experiment”• Every adult male got 50

acres, right to vote• Representative Assembly• Freedom of Religion

Philadelphia – City of Brotherly Love, a Philadelphia – City of Brotherly Love, a symbol of Quaker beliefssymbol of Quaker beliefs

Native American Relations

• Good relationship• Court of colonists and Native Americans

settled their differences• 50 years without major conflicts

Thriving Colony

• Attracted settlers from Europe• Many Germans move there– Pennsylvania Deutsch or Dutch

Thirteen Colonies• Maryland – 1632– Religious Freedom – Religious toleration law for

Christians• North and South Carolina - 1663– Given to the Kings supporters

• Dominion of New EnglandTakes away colonial control in N.E.Closes assemblies, appoints Sir Edmond Andros as

the leader• Georgia - 1732– Debtors colony, few debtors came

The Thirteen Colonies• Massachusetts• Rhode Island• New Hampshire• Connecticut• New York• New Jersey• Pennsylvania• Delaware• Maryland• Virginia• North Carolina• South Carolina• Georgia