Who are Psychopaths?
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Transcript of Who are Psychopaths?
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Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging.By: Kent A Kiehl, Andra M Smith, Robert D Hare, Adrianna Mendrek, Bruce B Forster, Johann Brink, Peter F Liddle.
Presented by: Richard Rigby
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-Psychopaths are characterized by a deficit in processing affective material* which can lead to symptoms such as: -superficiality
-lack of empathy, guilt, or remorse
-failure to experience or appreciate the significance of emotional stimulus *Affective material: something that elicits an emotional response.
Who are Psychopaths?
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-1% of the general population are psychopaths-15-25% of the prison population are psychopaths
-Using SPECT it was found that psychopaths show greater bilateral activation for affective stimuli in the temporofrontal cortex.
-This suggests psychopaths require more activation in areas outside the limbic system to evaluate effective stimuli -Many other structures have been suggested to cause psychopathy, yet little was known about their involvement
Previous Research
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Using an fMRI (1.5 T) to measure emotional processes in the brain activated by an affective memory task.
Purpose
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Participants:-Criminals from a maximum security prison in Abbotsford BC
-Criminal psychopaths (n=8) -Criminal non-psychopaths (n=8)
-Healthy participants from general population (n=8)-All participants were controlled to have no significant difference in:
-Years of substance abuse -Age-Parental socioeconomic status-IQ
-The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised assessed psychopathy
Participants
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-Affective (lack of empathy)
-Interpersonal (manipulative)
-Antisocial (keep going back to jail)
-Lifestyle (craves high stimulation, unreasonable goals)
PCL-R
4 Dimensions:
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Procedure
- Encoding: subjects memorized 12 words shown on a screen one at a time (0.5s to view word, 1.5 in between)
chaircarfishtoaster
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Procedure
- Rehearsal: participants were told to rehearse words
rehearse
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Procedure
- Recognition: 12 words presented, participants were asked if the word was present in the first sequence (2s to view word, 0.5s in between) .
chaircatboxtoaster
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Procedure
-Repeated 8 times-On half the trials all words were neutral (Ex. Chair)-The other half were negative words (Ex. Hate) which were used as an affective stimuli
hatekillpunchcry
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Results
-Psychopaths showed less activation than non-psychopaths in response to the affective stimuli in:
-rostral and cuadal anterior cingulate
-posterior colingulate-left inferior frontal gyrus-right and left amygdala-ventral striatum-parahippocampal gyrus-bilateral anterior superior
temporal gyrus
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Results
-Psychopaths showed less activation than non-psychopaths in response to the affective stimuli in:
-All are areas of the Limbic System or Frontal Lobe
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Results
-Psychopaths showed greater activation outside the limbic system in response to affective stimuli:
-left anterior superior temporal gyrus
-left anterior inferior frontal gyrus-right inferior frontal gyrus
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Discussion
-Psycopathy is a result of limbic system and frontal lobe abnormalities, which affect:
-The ability to process emotions (amygdala, ventral striatum, and hippocampal formation)
-Memories (amygdala, ventral striatum, and hippocampal formation)
-Fear of punishment (amygdala)
-Psychopaths use non-limbic regions more than non-psychopaths to process affective stimuli.
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Discussion
-Limitations: -Small sample size-Substance abuse could have
altered results
Future experiments: -Different affected stimuli (faces)
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My Opinion
Pros-Lots of previous research-They controlled confounds very well in their participants-They included brain images-Thorough explanation of results
Cons-The images weren’t great-Lots of complicated jargon about random effects analysis-Complicated large tables
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References
Kiehl, K. A., et al (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Bio Psychiatry, 50, 677-684.
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