WHMF121 Session Eighteen · WHMF121 Session Eighteen ... o Definitions, advantages and...
Transcript of WHMF121 Session Eighteen · WHMF121 Session Eighteen ... o Definitions, advantages and...
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WHMF121
Session Eighteen
(http://i.ytimg.com/vi/oiG7DZaxq6Y/maxresdefault.jpg)
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Today’s Topic
Emulsions and Preservatives
o Definitions, advantages and disadvantages of
these delivery methods
Creams
o Definitions, advantages and disadvantages of
these delivery methods
o Prepare medicinal creams under lecturer
supervision.
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External Preparations
o Lotions, liniments, creams, ointments, poultices
and compresses are all external preparations.
o They are mainly used to treat external conditions
e.g. rashes, wounds and a range of skin
conditions.
o However they can also be used for their internal
effect via topical application e.g. hot compresses
for muscle spasm, creams for bruising etc.
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External Preparations
o Human skin secretes a mixture of oil and
water to protect itself.
o Preparations that are applied to the skin are
better absorbed if they are also a mixture of
oil and water.
Oil and water don’t mix.
o If shaken together they mix for a while but will
separate over time.
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External Preparations
o A good example of a common oil and
water mixture is salad dressing.
• An oil phase (olive oil, sesame oil
etc.)
• An aqueous phase (vinegar, lemon
juice).
o When shaken it will become
homogenous and can easily be poured
over salad
o After some standing the oil and vinegar
separate into distinct layers.
A classical salad
dressing… an example of
an emulsion
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Emulsion
o Stable oil and water mixtures are called emulsions.
o Made from two or more immiscible liquids
o An emulsifier or emulsifying agent is needed to
keep the oil and water combined.
o Droplets of one liquid are held in suspension in the
other by a small percentage of emulsifier or
emulgent
o Emulsifiers lower the surface tension between the
oil and water so that one can be dispersed as
small particles throughout the other.
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Emulsion
o Mayonnaise is a good example of an emulsion.
o The main ingredients are oil and vinegar with
mustard and egg yolk as the emulsifier.
o The egg yolk allows the oil to be dispersed and
stay suspended as tiny droplets in vinegar, and
the mayonnaise takes on a homogenous creamy
texture.
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Emulsion
o An example of oil into water emulsion
Tea tree gargle – shaken to disperse but
remains seperate. The oil splits into
small globules and carried in the water
o An example of water into oil emulsion is an
Infusion or Tincture going into an ointment or
oil. The water is split into small globules and
carried in the oil
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Emulsion
o The oil can be dispersed through the water or the water can be dispersed through the oil.
o The phase (liquid) that is dispersed is called the disperse phase.
o The other phase (receiving) is the continuous phase.
• Oil in water emulsions have oil as the disperse phase and water as the continuous phase.
• Water in oil emulsions have water as the disperse phase and oil the continuous phase.
NB: Different emulsifiers are needed to emulsify oil in water from those that emulsify water in oil.
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Oil in Water Emulsifiers
Mucilages:
o These are not very effective emulsifiers
o They increase the viscosity of the mixture so that the
phases separate more slowly
o They can be used on their own or to help the efficacy
of other emulsifiers
o Examples include: Acacia gum, agar agar,
tragacanth, Irish moss
Chondrus crispus
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Oil in Water Emulsifiers
Sodium and Potassium soaps:
o Soaps are formed by the interaction of alkaline
substances with free fatty acids in fixed oils
o Adding a sodium or potassium based alkali (e.g.
Borax – sodium tetraborate) will form a spontaneous
soap that then acts as an emulsifier
o Sodium lauryl sulphate is often used commercially
in shampoos and other cosmetics
o Chemically saponins are a glycoside, i.e. they have
a sugar molecule bound to a non-sugar molecule (in
this case a sapogenin)
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Oil in Water Emulsifiers
Saponins:
o The name originates from the fact that when mixed with water they
make a froth, i.e. they are soapy - they foam when agitated
o Extracts of saponin-containing plants could be used as emulsifiers,
but saponins are not very strong emulsifiers.
o They don’t form permanent emulsions but rather will slow down the
separating time
o Saponaria officinalis’ (flower) name is derived from the Latin word
for soap.
o This same Latin word gives the word saponin, which is contained
in the roots at levels up to 20% when the plant is in flower. It
produces a lather when in contact with water.
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Oil in Water Emulsifiers
Egg yolk:
o One egg yolk can emulsify eight times its own weight
of fixed oil, and four times its own weight of volatile oil.
o An average egg yolk will emulsify 120ml of fixed oil.
o The main problem with egg yolks is preservation, they
can also be tricky to use.
o It’s a good idea to beat them well (perhaps with an
aqueous phase) before adding the oil very gradually.
NB: Emulsifiers are sometimes called
Surfactants
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Oil in Water
Emulsifiers required:
• Mucilage
• Sodium &
Potassium salts
• Saponins
• Egg Yolk
http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/physEQ/solutions/
solutions-all.php
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Water in Oil Emulsifiers
Wool fat:
o This is the grease that comes for sheep's wool.
o It is also called lanolin and may contain 30% water.
o Anhydrous lanolin has had all the water removed
and so will be a better emulsifier.
o Wool fat will emulsify half its own weight of aqueous
liquid, more (up to four times) if diluted with a fixed
oil or soft paraffin first.
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Water in Oil Emulsifiers
Beeswax:
o Produced by bees to make their hives.
o Beeswax is not a strong emulsifier and needs to be
dissolved in oil first – using gentle heat.
o As it is solid at room temperature but quite a light
substance (unlike wool fat) it is often useful to add
texture to a preparation.
https://www.localhoney.melbourne/collections/beeswax-
food-wraps/products/pure-australian-beeswax
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Water in Oil Emulsifiers
Calcium and Magnesium Salts:
o Like the sodium and potassium soaps these are
formed from the interaction of calcium and
magnesium based alkalis with free fatty acids in fixed
oil.
o Both are main components of soap scum, a white
solid that forms when soap is mixed with hard water.
o Unlike soaps containing sodium and potassium, they
are insoluble in water and do not lather well.
o Commercially they are sold as a 50% dispersion in
water or as a spray dried powder.
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Water in Oil Emulsifiers
Emulsifying wax:
o Emulsifying wax will emulsify both types of
emulsions – both water in oil and oil in water.
o It is very effective and easy to use.
o Coconut oil is often the main ingredient and it may
contain circa 10% sodium lauryl sulphate.
o Whether this is a problem or not is up to personal
preference.
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Water in Oil
Emulsifiers required:
Wool fat
Calcium & Magnesium salts
Emulsifying wax
Beeswax
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/260376328_fig2_Concept-of-two-
phase-water-in-oil-and-oil-in-water-emulsions
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Cracking
o Sometimes an emulsion will separate into its oil and
water parts even with an emulsifier present. This is
called “cracking”
What causes Cracking?
o Extreme heat
o Adding more of the disperse phase than the emulsifier
can handle.
o Adding alcohol or glycerine may make emulsification
more difficult.
• Alcohol promotes precipitation
• Herbal tincture that have a high concentration of alcohol
• Glycerine changes the balance between the phases.(Adams & Tan,, 2012)
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Art of Emulsions
o Lotions, creams, ointments and liniments can all be
easily made by emulsion.
o Both the oil and aqueous phases can be medicated to
maximise the action of the preparation.
o Always have the two phases (aqueous & oleum) at the
same temperature <65°C
o Add the dispersion phase gradually to the continuous
phase – this can vary.
o Whipping the cream with a hand held mixer adds air &
makes the consistency of the cream light also
o There is an art to making emulsions, so experimenting
to find your own technique is best.
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Preservationo Preparations that are made by
emulsion need to be protected from
spoiling.
o Preservatives - stop microbial &
fungal growth.
o Antioxidants - slow down oxidation
or rancidity.
o It is best to combine the two.
o The preservative agents commonly
used by herbalists are Amiox and
Citricidal.
o Essentials oils can also be
considered a part of this
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Preservation
o Amiox is dioxide of Rosmarinus officinalis and a
powerful antioxidant.
o Between 0.05-0.1% of the oil ingredients (2-4 drops
per 100ml oil) is added to protect against rancidity.
o Citricidal is a non-toxic, non-irritant grapefruit seed and
pulp extract. Citricidal works as a benign,
hypoallergenic and wide-spectrum preservative in
many formulations.
o Adding 0.2-1.0% by volume of the aqueous ingredients
(4-20 drops per 100ml) will protect creams and lotions
against the growth of micro-organisms.
o Benzoin as a resin or liquid can also be used
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Preservationo When making small amounts of creams or lotions for
personal use they can be kept in the fridge for a few
months without adding preservatives. Although this does
depend upon the sterility of your utensils used.
o When made for professional use or longer term storage,
preservative agents are needed.
• Amiox - Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil (and)
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaf extract
• Citricidal - Grapefruit seed extract (GSE), also known as
citrus seed extract, is a liquid extract derived from the
seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit.
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Creams
o Creams are semi-solid emulsions, usually oil in
water.
o Creams are used topically, they keep the skin
moist by “trapping” moisture in the skin.
o Creams are mixtures of oil and water so that one is
held in suspension throughout the other by an
emulsifying agent.
o Lotions are liquid emulsions whereas creams are
semi-solid emulsions.
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Creams
Creams are used Therapeutically for;
o Wounds – to help them heal and keep them free of
infection.
o For sprains, bruises, burns, bites and stings.
o Skin complaints – eczema, herpes, tinea etc, that cover
small areas of skin. (Lotions may be useful for larger
areas)
o Dry skin conditions – creams have the ability to keep
skin moist by “trapping” moisture in the skin.
o As a skin care product e.g., moisturiser.
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Therapeutic Herbs in Creams
Herbs that are efficacious in a cream base include:
Calendula officinalis Arnica montana
Marigold flowers Arnica flowers
Calendula officinalis flowers have
long been used for wound healing
and skin soothing
Arnica montana, traditionally
used for bruising
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Therapeutic Herbs in Creams
Herbs that are efficacious in a cream base include:
Stellaria media Symphytum officinale
Chickweed plant Comfrey leaves/roots
Stellaria media, one of the
best herbs to soothe severe
itchy skin.
Symphytum officinale
(whole plant) is a deep
wound healing and bone
knitting remedy
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Therapeutic Herbs in CreamsHerbs that are efficacious in a cream base include:
Hypericum perforatum Melissa officinalis
St Johns Wort aerial parts Lemon Balm leaves
Melissa officinalis (folia) is
efficacious topically for viral skin
conditions
Hypericum perforatum has
long been used topically for
viral skin conditions
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Therapeutic Herbs in CreamsHerbs that are efficacious in a cream base include:
Plantago lanceolata Urtica dioica
Plantain leaves Nettle leaves
Plantago spp. used in topical
applicationsUrtica dioica used
therapeutically for
rashes and bites
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Basic Cream Formula
Ingredients:
o 12G emulsifying wax
o 110mL infused oil
o 50 -70mL herbal infusion
o 5g borax
Procedure:
o Heat the wax & infused oil over a water bath to combine.
o Warm the herbal infusion & borax to the same temperature as the
oil-wax mixture.
o Slowly add the water phase to the oil phase whipping with an egg
whisk of stick blender until a light fluffy cream develops.
(Courtesy of Wendy Williams)
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Basic Cream Formula
o Your basic recipe can be modified as you wish e.g. you
may like to use your Calendula infused oil for the oil
component.
o Or why not consider 2 different infused oils depending
on the actions required.
o What type of herbal tinctures/fluid extracts could you
use?
o What could you replace the distilled water with?
N.B. Adding the aqueous phase gradually to the oil-wax mixture allows some
control over the consistency of the cream. When the desired consistency is
reached, stop adding the watery mixture. The cream may thicken slightly as it
cools.
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Calendula Cream
This makes a wonderful all-purpose first aid cream
o Melt 1 tablespoon emulsifying wax in 50-60ml infused
oil of Calendula (good to use the one made earlier in
the semester) over a water bath.
o Mix 10ml Calendula FE in 90ml water & heat to the
same temperature as the oil & wax.
o Then slowly add A to B stirring to maintain the
emulsion as it cools.
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Calendula Cream
o The addition of lavender oil (or other suitable essential
oils) gives these creams a pleasant smell and helps
with preservation.
o Essential oils are usually added to creams at a
concentration of up to 5% depending upon which part
of the body they are used for.
o Amiox and citricidal can also be added to creams to
aid preservation.
o 2 -4 drops of Amiox per 100ml of oil will protect against
rancidity, and 4-20 drops of citricidal per 100ml of
aqueous ingredients will inhibit microbial growth.
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Creams
Using Vitamin E cream as a base:
o Adding herbal extracts to an unmedicated cream base is
easy and less time consuming. This is the process that
is used in the College Clinic Dispensary.
o Many clinicians/herbalists prefer this for convenience.
o Sorbolene can also be used. It is a white, non-greasy,
moisturising cream made from a mixture of liquid and
soft paraffin's, chlorocresol, water and emulsifying wax.
o Vitamin E cream as a base may be preferable due to the
constituents being more naturally identical.
o Aloe gel can also be used.
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Creams
o Tinctures/FE’s are generally added to sorbolene at a
concentration of 10-20% but this may vary according to
the herb used, the concentration of alcohol in the tincture
and the sensitivity of the patient's skin.
o The tinctures or fluid extracts can have the alcohol
evaporated off prior to the mixing should there be time,
or the skin is very sensitive
o Essential oils can be added at a concentration of
between 1-5%, again depending on circumstance
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Video – Cream Making
o Please watch the video on medicinal cream making:
http://youtu.be/QCUb94niKWU
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(http://i.ytimg.com/vi/2gkDoMNz8RQ/0.jpg)
Medicinal creams are not snowy white
like most commercial creams
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Cream making as per Clinic Dispensary
MATERIALS NEEDED
o 30 or 60g glass jar – [in class a 10g sample pot is sufficient per
person & adjust the amounts accordingly].
o Scales
o Small bowl
o Spatula
o Measuring cylinder (to measure liquidherbs)
o Cork mat
o Paper towel
o Chosen herb/s
o Vitamin E cream (from Fridge)
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Cream making as per Clinic Dispensary
METHOD
o Hopefully by this stage you have identified with your patient what
size of cream they wish to buy. This may be based on the area that it
is going to be used on or how long they are going between
appointments.
o There are two different sizes of creams in clinic - 30g or 60g.
o Place bowl on the scale ensure it goes to zero.
o Add Vitamin E cream into bowl
• 25g of cream for 30g glass Jar
• 45g of cream for 60g glass Jar
• 8g of cream for 10g pottle in class
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Cream making as per Clinic Dispensary
METHOD (continued)
o Measure the herbs in a cylinder / small measuring cup
o You can put in a maximum of 5ml of herb/s for 30g glass jar and a
maximum of 10ml of herb/s for 60g glass Jar *
o Essential oils can be added at an amount between 1 – 5% of your
total product depending on circumstances.
o Therefore, in a 30g glass jar you can add between 7 and 35 drops of
essential oil, and for a 60g jar you can add between 14 and 70 drops
of essential oil * The essential oil is included in your liquid total
If you allow more than these measures of liquid you will change the
cream base to a lotion and it will be a more liquid consistency
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Cream making as per Clinic Dispensary
METHOD (continued)
o Add herb/s to cream
o Mix herbs through the cream with Spatula until thoroughly
combined
o Add the cream in to the jar with the spatula
o Tap jar on cork mat to get the air out.
o Wipe edges with paper towel.
o Put lid on
o Write the label and dispense.
o Clean up equipment
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Comfrey Cream
Ingredients:
o 50g vitamin E cream
o 50mL of Comfrey fluid extract
o 2 drops of rosemary essential oil
Method:
o Reduce Comfrey FE to 10mls over a water bath to
evaporate the ethanol & reduce volume
o While it is still warm add the comfrey to the vitamin E
cream
o Add the rosemary oil for preservative
o Formula sufficient for 1 x 60g jar of cream(Courtesy Wendy Williams)
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Video – Using Vitamin E Cream
o Please watch videos of cream making using a
commercial Vitamin E cream:
Part 1 http://youtu.be/H-3GNyDT3t4
Part 2 http://youtu.be/-ASpCaKpd4s
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Tutorial Session
Practical Session:
o Break into working groups
o Make a Therapeutic Herbal Cream (slide 31)
o Use the infused oils you made in session 14
o Make a cream as per dispensary process with tincture/extract added to Vitamin E cream
Compare your preparations and make notes
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Preparation for next week
o Read through your textbook pp. 78 - 79 in preparation for
the lecture on Lotions
o Have your Manufacturing product ready to hand in along
with the submission paper work
o Finish your Manufacturing Project written component
and submit it via LMS / Turn-it-In as a PDF.
o Read through your slides for Session 20
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Suggested Readings
British Herbal Medicine Association. (1996) British herbal
pharmacopoeia (4th ed.). Bristol, UK: British Herbal Medicine
Association.
Fenner, B. (1888). Fenner’s complete formulary and hand-book (6th
ed.). New York, USA: B. Fenner. Retrieved from
https://archive.org/details/fennerscompletef00fenn
Green J. (2000). The herbal medicine-maker’s handbook: A home
manual. NY: Crossing Press.
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References
• Adams, J., & Tan, E. (2012). Herbal manufacturing: How to make
medicines from plants. Melbourne, Australia: Northern Melbourne
Institute of TAFE.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 49
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