WHITE TAILED DEER LATIN NAME: Odocoileus virginianus.
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Transcript of WHITE TAILED DEER LATIN NAME: Odocoileus virginianus.
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WHITE TAILED DEER
LATIN NAME: Odocoileus virginianus
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Characteristics
Male: Average Weight: 140lbsAverage Height: 32-34 inch at shoulderAverage Length: 70 inch long from nose tip to
tail base Tail is approximately 11-inches
Female: slightly smaller
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ColorSummer:
- Upper body has short, thin, straight, wiry hairs that are reddish brown in color.
- Underside, throat, around eyes, inside of ears, and underside of tail are white.
AUG- SEP (Fall):
- They shed their summer hairs.
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ColorWinter:
- Upper body has long, thick, hollow, crinkled hairs that are grayish brown in color.
- Underside, throat, around eyes, inside of ears, and underside of tail are white.
MAY-JUNE (Spring):
-They shed their winter hairs.
Fawn:
- Same color as a summer deer but has white spots in upper coat.
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Day Old Fawn
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3 MONTH OLD FAWN
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Other Color Types
MELANISTIC:
-This is when there is too much pigment in the skin and hairs.
-This occurs less than albinism..
ALBINO:
-This is when there is no pigment in the skin aand hairs.
-This rarely occurs.
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Other Color Types
PIEBALDS/CALICO:
- This is when there is lack of pigment in parts of the skin and hairs.
- This occurs more frequently than the albinism and melanistic.
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Features - AntlersMales:
-They grow and shed antlers each year.
-The first set grows when the deer is10 months old.
- The antlers are 2 main beams with tines.
Females:
- They occasionally grow antlers, when hormone levels are high in the deer.
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Features - AntlersMARCH-APRIL:
- The growth of the antlers begins.
- The antler is covered with a skin called velvet, which is rich with blood.
- The growth is influenced by pituitary gland which secretes a hormone called prolactin.
- The changes in length of daylight and increase in temperature influence the growth.
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Features - AntlersAUGUST-SEPTEMBER:
- The growth of the antler ends and the velvet is rubbed off.
- Testosterone levels increase, leading to the breeding season.
- After the breeding season the testosterone levels decrease.
FEBRUARY (late):
- The antlers fall off.
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Natural Food SourcesSummer:
- Herbaceous plants
- New growth on woody plants
- Green leaves
- Fruits (apples, pears, acorns, and persimmons)
Winter:
- Evergreen leaves
- Browse
- Dry leaves
- Any fruit left behind
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HabitatPreferred:
- 10 years after clear-cut or brushy forest.
- Small patches of grass with evergreens
Improvements:
- Clear-cut for new growth
- Plant evergreen trees for shelter/concealment
- Create grassy openings.
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PredatorsNatural:
- Coyote
- Bear
- Mt. Lion in some states
- Dogs
- Humans through hunting and automobiles
Predation by non-human predators is greater on fawns.
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ReproductionWhen:
- September-January w/ the mid-peak in November
Gestation Period :
- 205 days
# Young:
- 2/3 of the does produce 1 fawn their 1st year.
- 2 year old and older average 2 fawns a year.
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ReproductionMale:
- The male goes into rut.
- During rut the male looses 25-30% of its body weight.
- The male breeds with as many females as he can.
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ReproductionFemale:
- The female comes into estrus when she is ready to breed.
- Estrus is the period of sexual maturity.
- The female will leave her family circle to bear young.
- She returns later in the year w/ her young.
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Life Span
Captivity:
-10 to 12 years
Wild:
- Average of 1 1/2 years
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Other Information- A deer can run up to 40 mph for a short distances and at 25 mph for longer periods.
- A deer can jump 9 ft high and a distance of 25 ft.
- Deer are good swimmers because of their air filled hairs.
- A deer is color blind and has difficulty identifying stationary objects. They only see shades of gray, along w/ inferred radiation that is emitted form an object.
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Other Information- A deer will flip up its tail to signal danger, called flagging, this is to mislead predators.
- A deer is a split hoofed ungulate, animal w/ many stomachs (they have four stomachs).
-Scent producing glands:
- 2 tarsals glands on the inside of the hind legs at knee joint.
- 2 metatarsal glands above the hoof on the outside of hind leg.
- 4 interdigital glands between the toes.
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Alarmed Deer/ Flagging
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Other Information
Sounds:
- Whiew: forceful blow of air from nostrils, this is for alarm.
- Whine: does calling their fawn(s).
- Bleat: fawns calling their mother.
- Grunt: Buck mating call.
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Problems w/ Large Populations of Deer
1. Damage farm crops.
2. Effects other wildlife species.
3. Effects regeneration.
4. Auto insurance rates increase.
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Controlling Populations
-The best way t control the population is by killing off the females.
- Studies have shown that to have a health herd you need to balance out the age structure of the herd.
- An ideal number of deer per square mile is 21, but this number has fluctuated greatly in resent years.
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The whitetail deer is our state game animal and needs to be managed properly to ensure a future for hunting.