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Which policy, institutional and governanceaspects are fostering or else hampering forest
cover growth? A Latinamerican perspective
Daniella Schweizer, Paula Meli, Pedro H.S. Brancalion and Manuel RGuariguata
Laboratory of Tropical Forestry
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INTRODUCTIONSeveral international commitments and funding for restoration in place:
Bonn Challenge, Aichi Biodiversity targets, New York Declaration on Forests, 20 x 20 Initiative.
Image source: WRI website
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RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Internationalcommitments
Domestic policies andinstitutions
- How are current policy instruments according to predetermined ecological, social and financial indicators?
- What are key diferences in stakeholders perceptions on the efficacy, efficiency and accountability of reforestation frameworks and institutions?
- What does stakeholders perceive as key issues hampering or else promotingforest cover growth?
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“....one of the interesting things for me would be to gather theseexperiences but looking at understanding not only restoration practicesbut also what is their governance framework which is where restoration
concepts are validated and legitimized” (ONG, Ecuador).
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METHODS FOR POLICY ASSESSMENT
- We assessed plans, programs, policies and regulations related toforest growth based on four indicators:
MotivationLinks with other regulatory instrumentsSupporting instrumentsGovernment institution
GENERAL
Main reforestation activitiesConcepts mentionedTarget landscape and extentOrigin of species
ECOLOGICAL
Stakeholder groupInstruments of social empowermentSOCIAL
IncentivesPenalties
FINANCIAL
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ARGENTINA
BRAZILBOLIVIA
CHILE
COLOMBIA
COSTA RICA
ECUADOR
GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
MEXICO
NICARAGUA PANAMA
PARAGUAYPERU
EL SALVADOR
URUGUAY
VENEZUELA
CLASSES
Forest blue
Forestry orange
Environment green
Diversity red
Agrarian brown
Support yellow
Climate grey
Other purple
- Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, andEcuador haveRestoration Plans
- Costa Rica andGuatemala have longterm paymentprograms
- Brazil has commandand control policies for native forest growth
In Brazil, Argentina andColombia there is greatdecentralization in policyimplementation
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Fre
qu
en
cy
Reforestation actions
Ecologicalindicators
Restoration is one ofthe actionsmentioned the most
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
notspecified
mixed native exotic
Fre
qu
en
cy
Species
Ecologicalindicators
Species type mostlynot specified
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Incentives
Financial indicators
Freq
uen
cy
Subsidies is themost commongincentive
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Penalties
Financial indicators
Freq
uen
cy
Fines is the mostcommon penalty
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METHODS FOR STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTION
Government Research NGOs Local
1.Analyze perceptions on reforestation frameworks
2. Analyze potential synergies and tradeoffs among stakeholder perceptions on the efficiency, efficacy, accountability and transparency of legal frameworks
Semi-structuredinterview
Ranking questionnaire
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Examples of ranking statements
There is an official institutional structure supporting reforestation
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Mechanisms regulating economic fluxes are transparent and equitable
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
1: Strongly Disagree 7: Strongly sagree
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10
30
50
70
90
Freq
uen
cy 9
%)
10
30
50
70
90
Freq
uen
cy (
%)
10
30
50
70
90
Freq
uen
cy (
%)
Government
Research
NGO
Positive
Negative
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RULES OF
LAW
ACCOUNTABILITY
AND
TRANSPARENCY
EFFECTIVENES
S AND
EFFICIENCY
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Some key quotes: aspects fostering forest cover growth
“The institutions have started to articulate....now they are more clear on what are their functions...” (ONG, Peru)
“I would say there have been significative changes in the last ten years .... We have a more interesting regulatory framework to what we had before” (Govt, Chile)
“There are more Agronomists knowing about natives....seems like since last year all ofa sudden there are more knowledge and nurseries...” (Local, Argentina)
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Some key quotes: aspects hampering forestgrowth
“This is always a bottle neck...effective technical capacity....doing restoration is notonly about the ecology but also about the people in the area” (ONG, Ecuador)
“...a forestry economy based on native species does not exist” (ONG, Brazil)
“there are important bottle necks in the aspects of land use zoning andincentives”(ONG, Ecuador)
“ ...so you have an idea, last year the government reduced by half the staff at theenvironmental secretariat...” (Research, Mexico)
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Interesting cross-sectorial quotes
“...the Bonn Challenge gives us hope....Mexico committed to 8.5 million hectares ofwhich 7.5 were committed by the Ministry of Agriculture....this is a great challengeand a great opportunity...” (NGO, Mexico)
“....but the degree of difficulty in implementation of the Planaveg shows the difficultyin recognizing these cooperation platforms” (Govt, Brazil)
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PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
- Stakeholders mostly agree there are good, clear and “enough” regulatory frameworks
- There is increased cross sectorial work
- Weak institutions hinder implementation and monitoring
- Need for increased financial incentives
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks to all the people who agreed to contribute their time and knowledge to this work
Thanks to our funding agency