Where to start? Energy use in buildings · Energy Efficiency Training Week: Buildings 1. Where to...

IEA 2019. All rights reserved.

Where to start? Energy use in buildings

Pretoria, Monday 14th October 2019

Buildings: Maxine Jordan, IEA and Ian Hamilton, UCL Energy Institute

Buildings energy efficiency sessions in partnership with:


Energy Efficiency Training Week: Buildings programme

1. Where to start: Energy use in buildings

2. Where to start: Energy efficiency potential in buildings

Special session: GlobalABC Regional Roadmaps

3. Toolkit: Energy efficient building design technologies

4. Toolkit: Energy efficient building system technologies

Special session: Green Building in Africa – Elizabeth Chege, KGBS

Special session: The GlobalABC Africa Roadmap for buildings and construction

5. What are the steps? Determining the current status of policies

6. Toolkit: Energy efficiency policies and target setting with guest speaker: Hlompho Vivian, GBC SA

7. What are the steps? Implementing codes and standards

8. What are the steps? Building operations and procurement with guest speaker: Christelle Van Vuuren, Carbon Trust

Special session: The multiple benefits of energy efficiency

9. Did it work? Evaluation and energy efficiency indicators

Special session: Financing energy efficiency in buildings

10. Buildings quiz


Energy Efficiency Training Week: Buildings

1. Where to start: Energy use in buildings

Trainers: Ian Hamilton, UCL Energy Institute

Purpose: To teach the fundamentals of how and why buildings use energy.

Scenario: An influential NGO is urging for all new construction to be zero emission or net zero energy.

Discussion question: What processes and which factors are key to delivering zero emission or net zero

energy buildings?


Drivers of building energy useBuilding form

Building function/services

Population and wealth

Climate and weather


Drivers of building energy use: form

Form causes energy use: including through shape, size, materials, window placement. Form enables energy efficiency: including thermal mass, passive solar and natural ventilation.

Sources: GBPN and IEA


Drivers of building energy use: function

Energy follows function : people don’t demand energy, they demand energy services.

Sources: GBPN


Drivers of building energy use: people (population)

Despite energy efficiency improvements, the energy consumed in buildings is still highly correlated to

population growth.

Sources: IEA Energy Statistics, IMF 2014, UN DESA 2014


Drivers of building energy use: floor area (population and wealth)

Population and wealth are both driving increased floor area in buildings.

Floor area additions to 2060 by key regions

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

North

America

Europe China India ASEAN Africa Middle East Latin

America

Sha

re o

f a

dd

itio

ns

bu

ilt b

y 2

03

5

Ad

dit

ion

s to

20

60

(bil

lio

n m

2)

Non-residential

Residential

Share ofadditions

Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017


Drivers of building energy use: ownership (population and wealth)

Global refrigerator ownership doubled in the last 25 years.

Appliance ownership is increasing…



Drivers of building energy use: population location

Hot locations with large population: India, South East Asia, Africa, Central America, South America

~50% of world population suffers from hot weather, while <10% have access to mechanical cooling.

Sources: BEEP India and http://allthatsinteresting.com/map-population-density


Drivers of building energy use: climate

Climate impacts occupant comfort and building energy use.

Climate can also impact where people live.


Drivers of building energy use: climate

Building physics are the same everywhere, but, buildings in cold and hot climates have different

dynamics depending on temperatures

Heat loss from

inside to outside

during winter

Heat is incoming

during the day

and

outgoing during

the night

0oC

10

20

30

40

T inside

T outside

North in Winter South in Summer

Sources: BEEP India


Drivers of building energy use: climate example in India

Building energy use is dependent on both climate and energy efficiency standards.

Energy intensity (kWh/m2)27 32

57

54

30

4

27

26

11

1

9 10

10

0

8 9

1

1

1 0

1

0

0 1 1

0

0 1

20

20

20

20

20

20

20 20 20

20

20 20

0102030405060

Ahm

ed

aba

d

Ban

galo

re

New

De

lhi

Mu

mb

ai

Ahm

ed

aba

d

Ban

galo

re

New

De

lhi

Mu

mb

ai

Ahm

ed

aba

d

Ban

galo

re

New

De

lhi

Mu

mb

ai

Ahm

ed

aba

d

Ban

galo

re

New

De

lhi

Mu

mb

ai

Surveyed BAU ECBC ECBC+

Equipment EPI

Increse in ACEPI for AirConditionedAC EPI forMixed Mode

Four Cities and Climate Zones

Ahmedabad:

• Hot and Dry

Bangalore:

• Moderate

New Delhi:

• Composite

Mumbai:

• Warm and Humid

Sources: GBPN, India BEE


Building energy useBuilding lifecycle

Historic and projected

End-use consumption


Building energy use: over the building lifecycle

Each step of the lifecycle of the building results in energy input and emissions output.

Raw Material

Production

Transportation

ConstructionOperations

Retrofit and

Maintenance

Demolition

• Lifecycle analysis can estimate the

impacts of each stage of the building life.

• The lifecycle includes embodied plus

operational energy and emissions.

Source: Adapted based on Built Constructions Magazine


Building energy use: globally

Building energy use plays a large role in the global energy system.

Buildings account for…

Transport26.6%

Industry28.6%

Residential22.0%

Services8.6%

Other14.3% 4.7%

11%

21%

31%

5%

24%

3%

Oil

Renewables

Coal

Natural gas

Electricity

District energy

Traditional biomass• over 30% of global final energy demand

• 55% of global electricity use,

• more than a quarter of energy-related CO2

emissions,

• two-thirds of halocarbon,

• and 25–33% of black carbon emissions (GEA

2012)



Building energy use: by region

Building energy use in business as usual scenario (RTS) is expected to increase further.

Historic and projected buildings energy use

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

EJ

USA

China

India

Europe

ASEAN

Africa

Other



Building energy use: by end-use

Building energy use in business as usual scenario (RTS) is expected to increase further.

Historic and projected buildings energy use

0

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

120 000

140 000

160 000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Building energy (PJ)

Appliances & other

Cooking

Lighting

Water heating

Space cooling

Space heating



Building energy use: how important is space cooling becoming?

Space cooling energy use in business as usual scenario (RTS) is expected to have significant increases

due to increased ownership.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Ind

ex 1

99

0 =

10

0

Space cooling

Appliances andother equipmentLighting

Water heating

Cooking

Space heating

Source: www.iea.org/eemr16


Building energy use: comparison

Building energy use is different between countries, especially in their use of biomass.

Buildings energy compared across country type

0

4

8

12

16

20

0

5

10

15

20

25

1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013

United States EuropeanUnion

China India ASEAN Middle East Africa

Ener

gy in

ten

sity

(M

Wh

/per

son

)

Fin

al e

ner

gy u

se (

EJ)

Solar

Commercial heat

Electricity

Natural gas

Oil

Coal

Biofuels

Energy perperson

Source: www.iea.org/eemr16


Building energy use: by building type

Residential buildings use more energy for cooking and water heating.

Non-residential buildings use more energy for space cooling, lighting and other equipment.

Residential and non-residential buildings…

29%

3%

22%4%

31%

11%

Residential (90 EJ)

Space heating Space cooling Water heating Lighting Cooking Appliances Other

38%

11%11%

12%

28%

Non-residential (35 EJ)



Building energy use: impact on energy markets

Buildings depend heavily on upstream energy and emissions (electricity and commercial heat).

Primary energy use depends on energy utilities…

Coal

5%

Oil11%

Natural Gas21%

Electricity31%

District energy 5%

Traditional Biomass24%

Renewables3% Coal

41%

Oil4%

Natural Gas22%

Nuclear

11%

Renewables

22%

Buildings sector final energy consumption (125 EJ)



Driving energy use downThe path to “net zero” and “low-energy”


Concept of net zero

• Net-zero energy: over the course of a year, the

building has consumed as much energy as has

been generated on site, resulting in a net-zero

annual energy consumption.

Annual energy

consumption

Renewable energy

generation

Annual carbon

emissions

Carbon emissions

offset on-site

• Net-zero carbon: over the course of a year, the

building has emitted as many carbon emissions

as have been offset on site, resulting in a net-

zero annual carbon emission.

Final or primary energy?

Allow off-site generation?

Is net zero = efficient?

What about embodied

carbon?


Path to zero emissions or net zero energy buildings

Items to consider for building renovation or construction:

Source: www.iea.org/publications/policypathwaysseries/


Path to low-energy existing buildings

• Reduce electrical loads: ensure all lighting is upgraded, ensure all appliances and electronic devices

are high efficiency and emit less heat.

• Improve building envelope: highly cost effective insulation and air sealing are essential. Window

measures can also dramatically reduce building energy and increase thermal comfort.

• Systems: Improve the existing systems if they are not being replaced.

- Otherwise, upgrade to advanced systems including heat pump or other high efficiency

technology that can be integrated with renewable energy (grid or on-site).

• Retro-commission: ensure that all systems are properly installed and operating as they were designed

to operate.

Source: Adapted from ENERGY STAR


Path to low-energy new buildings

• Design it right: have integrated design team that examines life-cycle energy use in each design and

construction phase.

- Electrical loads: ensure all lighting is latest technology, ensure all appliances and electronic

devices are high efficiency and emit less heat.

- Building envelope: highly cost effective insulation and air sealing are essential. New buildings

also have minimal upgrade costs for energy efficient window measures that can also dramatically

reduce building energy and increase thermal comfort.

- Systems: Include advanced systems such as heat pump or other high efficiency technology that

can be integrated with renewable energy (grid or on-site).

• Construct with commissioning: ensure that all technologies are properly installed and operating as

they were designed to operate.

Source: Adapted from ENERGY STAR


The path to net zero

Scenario:

An influential NGO is urging for all new construction to be zero emission or net zero energy.

What processes and which factors are key to delivering zero emission or net zero energy buildings?

Where to start? Energy use in buildings · Energy Efficiency Training Week: Buildings 1. Where to...

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