Where Do Good and Evil Come From? HZB3M – Mr. Raso Philosophy – The Big Questions.
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Transcript of Where Do Good and Evil Come From? HZB3M – Mr. Raso Philosophy – The Big Questions.
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Where Do Good and Evil Come From?
HZB3M – Mr. Raso
Philosophy – The Big Questions
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Where Do Morals Come From?
•Morality refers to what is right and what is wrong
•Where do your morals come from?
• Is a moral code an essential part of every human being?
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Do Right and Wrong Come from God?
• Some philosophers link moral principles to God
• To be morally good is to obey God’s will
•God as the one who gave people a moral standard to live by
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Colonialism and Racism in Canada
• After the arrival of the Europeans, First Nations peoples were subjugated to rules and regulations created by the Europeans
• They colonized on the belief that they were “Christianizing” the “savage” Natives
• Forced Aboriginal Canadians into Residential Schools
• Forced them to only speak English, dress like a “European”, and pray to the European God – eliminating First Nations’ traditions and practices
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“White Man’s Burden” - Kipling
• Rudyard Kipling wrote the “White Man’s Burden” a poem 1899
• For the white man to colonize and rule other nations for their sake
• The policy as a noble enterprise
• Eurocentric Racism and ideas to dominate the developing world
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Are Right and Wrong Separate from God?• Plato – wrote a dialogue, The Euthyphro,
to address the issue of morality an the Gods
• Explores ideas through conversations between people
• Socrates asks Euthyphro whether the Gods live what is good because it actually is good, or whether things are called good simply because the Gods love them?
• Morality if either something that exist independently of the Gods and discovered by them, or it is created by the Gods
• Both cannot be true at the same time
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•St. Thomas Aquinas – didn’t believe in Greek Gods, but did believe in God
• Faced with a similar dilemma
•Believed that God endorsed a moral standard that God discovered
•God instilled this moral standard in human beings when God created them
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•William of Ockham (1285 – 1349)
•God invented standards of what is good and what is evil
• People should obey them
• People chose to obey or not to obey of their own free will
•Known as the Divine Command Theory
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• If God is the creator of morality, and then decided to change the rules at whim, God would allow murder or theft on some days, but not on others
• If morality does exist somewhere outside of God, then there must be rules that God must obey
• If God had to obey rules, God’s power would be lessened
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If God Exists, Why is there Evil?
• “A line which I often thought was a very plausible one, that as a matter of fact this world that we know was made by the devil at a moment when God wasn’t looking. There is a good deal to be said for that, and I am not concerned to refute it.” – Bertrand Russell
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• If God is all-powerful and all-good, and if God witnesses evil, does God have an obligation to stop evil?
• Human beings have the free will to make choices
• God does not intervene with personal decision making, however, people must live with the consequences of their choices and actions
• Morality can only apply to rational beings that make choices
• Bertrand Russell said that a God cannot allow someone to suffer, it is either that God permits evil, or God does not exist!
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Does Being Good Just Come Naturally?• There are various ideas for the
origins of morality
• The capability of human reason is a special thing
• Instrumental in constructing human moral codes and behaviours
• Moral Rationalism – term that describes moral theories emphasizing the use of human reason to discover moral truths – two such theories are:
1) natural law theory and 2) best reasons approach
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Does Morality Come from Reason?• Natural Law Theory – the standards
that govern human behaviours are derived from the very nature of human beings
• Human thinking processes produce moral beliefs and judgments
• Since you know what pain feels like, you know not to inflict it on others (reason tells you this)
• Human reason produces the same results among all people
• A similarity of moral codes within various religions, cultures, and individuals
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Does Logic Produce Perfect Morality?• Best Reasons Approach –
maintains that human reason can lead people to moral behaviours
• Moral actions are the consequences of people thinking about questions
• People act accordingly with what is the most rational thing to do (best reasons)
• Since human reasoning isn’t perfect, moral errors occur
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• Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804)
• The moral worth of people depends entirely on their doing their moral duty
• You do not need to know someone’s motives to know whether they are doing their duty – all you need to know is whether they are acting in accord with the moral rule he called the categorical imperative
• “act as though the maximum of your action were by your will to become universal law of nature – allows for no exceptions”
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Universal Morality or Relative Morality?• Protagoras (490-420BCE) from Greece believed
that morality is relative
• A custom that can change over time or from place to place
• James Rachels believes that morality is universal, there is a core set of values that are common to all societies, and they are necessary for any society to exist
3 Main Universal Moral Values:
• Care for your children
• Tell the truth
• Do not murder
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A Global Ethic