Wheat weeds

8/14/2019 Wheat weeds

1/90


2/90

nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa xsgw ds eq[; [kjirokj % igpku ,oa fu;a=.k

ekxZnf'kZdk }kjk laikfnr ,oa ladfyr

vkj-ds- efyd] vt; dq ekj]

'kkguokt+ jlw y Mkj] lq/khj dq ekj fla g] ohjs Unz dq ekj]vkj-,l- Nks dj] ,e-,y- tkV] jkt dq ekj] ch-vkj- dEcks t]

jeu 'kekZ] iw f.kZ ek jfo 'ka dj ,oa ,UM ;w eS dMks ukYM


3/90

2013

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Mailing AddressCSISA Project Management Of ce,9th Floor, Agarwal Corporate Tower,23, Rajendra Place,New Delhi - 110 008, India


4/90

fo"k; lw ph

Qysfjl ekbuj fjV~Tk dudh 2ikyhikWxku eksUlisysfUll ,y-Ms LQ- yqEcM+ ?kkl 6

vosuk yw Mksfofl;kuk Mj- taxyh tbZ 8iksvk ,uqvk ,y- iksvk ?kkl 12,tsjVe dkWuhTok;M~l ,y- xakhyh Qkblkfyl fefuek ,y- jlHkjh 16dSukfcl lSfVok ,y- Hkkax 18#esDl jsVksySDll ,y- ,Dl

lqYV & lqYV- ,Q- taxyh ikyd 20

lksykue Lihlht+ edks, 22vkWDlkfyl dkWfuZdqyVk ,y-pkfj;kfeyks 24vkthZeksu esfDldkuk ,y- lsydkaMs 26

dksukbt+k cksukfj,fUll ,y-kad- fxnjokj 28;w efj;k ikfoZyks jk ySe- cu xktj 30,ukxkfyl vosZflal .kuhy 32

ohfl;k lVkbok ,y-,l-,l-ih-fuxzk ,y- pVjh 34


5/90

iv

XuSQsfy;e ijI;w fj;e cksdh 36

ykSu;k uqfMdkWfyl ,y- gqd-taxyh xksHkh 38dksjksuksil fMMhel ,y-,l-,e-ihr ikiM+k 40

Ekkyok ikjohyksjk ,y- lks apy 42psukiksfM;e ,yce ,y- ckFkw 44esyhyksVl bfUMdl ,-,y-,y-ihyh lSath 48

ljfl;e vkos ZUl ,y- Ldksi daMkbZ 52;w QksfcZ;k gsfy;ks Ldksfi;k ,y- nq/kbZ 54esMhdkxks MsUVhdqykVk okbYM- tysch 56ySFkkbjl vQkdk ,y- taxyh eVj 58dkWuokY;qyl vjosfUll ,y-fgju[kqjh 60,sLQksMsyl VsuqbZQksfy;l I;kth 62

Lijxqyk vos fll ,y- ta xyh kfu;k 64 LVsykfj;k ehfM;k cqpcqpk 66


6/90

1

ifjp;

nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa xsgw ds 'kks/k dkesa mYys[kuh; lQyrkvksa ds ckotwniSnkokj esa rhoz fodkl ugha gks ik jg

gSA gfjr kafr dh nwljh ih


7/90

2

Qysfjl ekbuj fjV~TkPhalaris minor ( Retz)

lkekU; uke % fyfVylhM dsusjh?kkl pfyr uke % dudh] eaMwlh] xsgw a dkekek] fpfM+;k] cujh] xqYyh&M.Mk] MqEch

lhVh] lhVh&cw h] kkud vkSj MqfEcxk


8/90

3

O;k[;k % ;g xsgw a dh Qly dk eq[;

,dokhZ; [kjirokj gSA kjfEHkd voLFkkes a ;g xsgw a ds ikSks tS lk yxrk gSA blvoLFkk es a tehu ls yxs rus dk fupykHkkx xqykch jax dk gks rk gS vkS j nckus ls

xqykch jax dk rjy inkFkZ fudyrk gSAidus ds le; ikS ks dh yEckbZ 100 ls130 lseh- rd gks rh gS rFkk ;g xsgw a ls 20 ls 30 lseh- yEck gks tkrk gSA bldk

teko uoEcj ls tuojh rd gks rk gS vkS j;g ekpZ&vSy es a idrk gSA mxus dsfy, 10 ls 20C rkieku vko;d gSA20C ls T;knk rkieku ij de mxrk

gS ysfdu 5 ls 10C rkieku ij bldkteko lkekU; gks rk gSA R;sd cht ls2&3 dYys fudyrs gSaA [kqys okrkoj.kes a vfkd dYys fudyrs gS aA bldh ,dckyh es a yxHkx 400 cht ik;s tkrsgS aA bldk ruk xkaB;qDr lhkk gks rk gSAblds cht NksVs o pednkj vkS j 6 ls7 okZ rd tehu es a thfor jg ldrs gS a aA blds cht xsgw a dh Qly ls igysidrs gS a vkSj vDVw cj&uoEcj rd tehu


9/90

4

es a lq LirkoLFkk es a jg ldrs gSaA bldk

okZu ds oy cht }kjk gks rk gSA blds}kjk Qly mit 10 ls 70 frkr rdHkkfor gks rh gSA frjkskd {kerk dsfodflr gksus ds ckn blls 100 frkr

rd Qly Hkkfor gks ldrh gSAfu;a=.k % iatkc o gfj;k.kk tSls {ks=ksa esa blds ikSkksa dh la[;k dkQh T;knkgksrh gSA bu {ks=ksa esa ;g [kjirokj

vkblksksV~;wjkWu ds fr vojkskgks pqdk gS vr% vU; flQkfj'k'kqnk[kjirokjukfk;ksa dks vny&cny dj;ksx djuk pkfg,A T;knk la[;k

okys {ks=ksa esa Qly p Hkh viukukpkfg,A iwohZ {ks=ksa esa bldh la[;kde gksrh gS rFkk ;g pkSM+h ikh okys[kjirokjksa ds lkFk ik;k tkrk gSA bu

{ks=ksa esa ldjh ikh okys ;k pkSM+h i okys [kjirokjukfk;ksa dk fNM+dkodj ldrs gSaA ysfdu QkWIl(Fops) ;k fMEl(Dims) [kjirokjukfk;ksa dks

pkSM+h ifk;ksa okys [kjirokjukkh d lkFk feJ.k ugha dj ldrsA


10/90

5

[kjirokjukfk;ks a dh lw ph

ek=k o ;ksx fof/k i`+"B 68&74DyksfMukQkWi 15 MCY;w -ih- Vksfidy

QsuksDlkizksi bFkkbZy 10 bZ-lh- I;w ek lqijy

fiukWDlkMsu 5 bZ-lh- ,sfDlvyy

lYQkslY;wjku 75 MCY;w -th- yhMj] lQy]yQrsgiaSMheSFkkyhu 30 bZ-lh- LVkWEiy

vkblksizksV~;w jku 75 MCY;w-ih- ,fjyku]yMSyjku

VsydkWDlhfMe 10 bZ-lh- xzkLiy

fefJr [kjirokj ds fu;a=.k gs rqfetkslY;wjku$vkbMks lY;w jku 3-6 MCY;-wyth- vVykafVl

lYQkslY;wjku$eSVlY;w jku 80 MCY;w-Mh-yth- VksVyDyksfMukQkWi$eSVlY;wjkWu 15$1 MCyosLVk


11/90

6

ikyhikWxku eksUlisysfUll ,y-

MsLQ-Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.

lkekU; uke % jSfcVQqV xz kl] QkWDl Vsy pfyr uke % yqEcM+ ?kkl]


12/90

7

O

;k[;k % ;g xsgw a dk ,dokhZ; [kjirokj

gS tks [ksr es a esM+ ks a ds lkFk&lkFk ;k [ksrds ueh okys Hkkxksa es a ik;k tkrk gSA bldk ruk [kM+k o ksLVsV vDlj lwth gqbZ x okyh gksrh gSA ifk;ka ljy oSdfYid oT;knkrj ,d nwljs ds foijhr yxh gksrhgSaA iqie VfeZuy rFkk cky;qDr gksrs gSaAbles a ysX;wy esEcjsu(Legule Memberane) gks rk gS rFkk iks uje gksrs gSaA vkWfj(Auricles) ugha gks rs gSaA yhQ CysM 0-6 ls-

eh- pkSM+k o 5 ls 20 ls-eh- yEck gks rk gSAbl ikSks ds Qw y okyk Hkkx dkQh uje oeqyk;e gksrk gSA iqie 2 ls 10 ls-eh-yEcs rFkk ihys lQsniu ds lkFk jskeh

fczLVYl gksrs gSaA bldk lkj NksVs&NksVsvkdkkh; uhys jax ds chtksa ls gksrk gSA

[kjirokjukfk;ks a dh lw ph ek=k o ;ksx fof/k i`+"B 68&74


vkblksizksV~;w jku 75 MCY;w -ih- ,jsykuy

iSaMheSFkkyhu 30 bZ-lh- LVkWEiy

DyksfMukQki 15 MCY;w -ih- Vksfidy

lYQkslY;wjku 75 MCY;w -th- yhMj] lQy]y

Qrsg


13/90

8

vosuk ywMksfofl;kuk Mj- Avena Iudoviciana Dur.

lkekU; uke % okbYM vksV pfyr uke % taxyh tbZ


14/90

9

O;k[;k % bldk ikSkk lhkk] ifk;ka

yEch ,oa xsgwa ls pkSM+h o pedhys jax dh gksrhs gSaA taxyh tbZ esa ysXcM+k os esEcjsul gksrk gS] ftldkijh fgLlk nkarsnkj gksrk gSaA ble

vkfjdYl ugh gksrsA bldh iqixqPNhgjh] NksVh cky ftlesa nks ls rhu LikbdysV (Spikelet) gksrh gSaA bldhtM+sa jsksnkj gksrh gSaA blds cht

o dkys jax ds gksrs gaS vkSj os dkyckyksa ls


15/90

10

cktjk&xsgwa] dikl&xsgwa o nyguh&xsgw

ds Qlyp esa ik;k tkrk gSA[kjirokj fu;a=.k % ;g [kjirokjxsgwa dks dYys vkus dh voLFkk lsigys Qly dks nckus dh dksfkkdjrk gS vr% xsgwW dh ,slh tkfr;ka yxkuh pkfg, tks tehu dks tYnh

ls tYnh


16/90

11


ek=k o ;ksx fof/k i`+"B 68&74MkbDyksQkWi 28 bZ-lh- bZySxtksuy

lYQkslY;wjku 75 MCY;w -th- yhMj] Qrsgy

DyksfMukQkWi 15 MCY;w -ih- VkWfidy

QsuksDlkizkWi ,FkkbZy 10 bZ-lh- I;wek lqijy


VsydkWDlhfMe 10 bZ-lh- xzkLiy

vkblksizksV~;w jku 75 MCY;w -ih- ,jsykWuy

fetkslY;wjku$vkbMks lY;w jku 3-6 MCY;-wy

th- vVykafVl


17/90

12

iksvk ,uqvk ,y-Poa annua L.

lkekU; uke % ,uqvy feMks xzkl ;k,uqvy Cyw xzkl pfyr uke % iksvk ?kkl

O;k[;k % ;g kjn _rq dk ,dokhZ;[kjirokj gS ftldh yackbZ 5 ls 30 ls-eh- gksrh gSA ;g xqPNsnkj ?kkl T;knkrjvfkd ueh okys [ksrksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA

bldh tM+sa detksj o gYds gjs jaxdh gksrh gSa rFkk ikSks dh fupyh xkBs


18/90

13

Hkh tM+ dk :i kkj.k dj ysrh gSaA

bldh ifk;ka likV lery] uje] 7 ls-eh- yEch o 1 ls 5 fe-eh- pkSM+h gksgSaA blesa cgqr T;knk dYys fudyrs gSaA iqie VfeZuy(Terminal) 2 ls

7 ls-eh- yEch kk[kk;sa gksrh gSaA bokZu NksVs&NksVs chtksa }kjk gHkkfor [ksrksa esa ;g pVkbZ dh rjutj vkrk gS vkSj xsgwa dh iSnkokj de

dj nsrk gSA


vkblksizksV~;w jku 75 MCY;w -ih-$esVlY;w jkWuy20 MCY;w- ih-

fefJr [kjirokj dh fLFkfr esa %&fetkslY;wjku$vkbMks lY;w jku 3-6 MCY;-wyth- vVykafVlvkblksjksV~;wjku$esVklY;w jku dk feJ.k Hkhyiksvk ds fu;a =.k essa enn djrk gSA2] 4&Mh] 38 bZ lh ohM okj$vkblksizksV~;w jkuy75 MCY;w -ih- ,fjyku] MSyjku] fgizksV~;w jku]ukslhyku] ,xjksu] j{kd


19/90

14

,tsjVe dkWuhTok;M~l ,y- Ageratum conyzoides L.

lkekU; uke % xksV ohM] OgkbV ohM pfyr uke % xakhyh] lgns oh] mpqUVh]ddjakk] egdqvk] ljgu] taxyhiqnhuk


20/90

15

O;k[;k % ;g ,d lhks rus okyk 30 ls 80

lseh yEck okfkZd [kjirokj gS] blds rusij lQs n cky gks rs gS aA ifk;ka ,d&nw ljsds foijhr gks rh gS a rFkk ihfVvksYl(Petioles) yEcs gks rs gS aA iqie 30 ls 50Qw yks a okyk gks rk gSA tks dks jEc (Corymb) dh rjg ltk gks rk gSA Qw yks a dk jax gYdkuhyk rFkk lQsn gks rk gSA idus ds le;blds Qw y dk jax uhys vkdkk tS ls gks rkgSA blds cht dk teko 20 ls 25C

ij T;knk gks rk gSA iw ohZ {ks =ks a es a bldkteko tw u ls vDVw cj rd gks ldrk gSA;g [kjirokj xsgw a o kku ds iw ohZ {ks =ks a es a T;knk ik;k tkrk gSA ;g [kjirokj kku

o xsgw w nksuks a es a gh ik;k tkrk gSA bldklkj cht }kjk gks rk gSA[kjirokj fu;a =.k % bl [kjirokj dk

lcls vPNk fu;a =.k thjks fVyst fofk ls xsgw a yxkus ls igys ,d frkr XykbQks lsVdk fNM+dko djus ls gks rk gSA


eSVlY;w jku 20 MCY;w ih- ,yxzhiy

2] 4&Mh] 38 bZ-lh- ohM okjy


21/90

16

Qkblkfyl fefuek ,y-Physalis minima L.

lkekU; uke % xqtcs jh] lucs jh pfyr uke % jlHkjh] cVdqb;ka] edksbZ]fiyiksVu] fpjiksVh


22/90

17

O;k[;k % ;g [kjirokj xs gw a o kku nksuks a

Qlyks a es a mxrk gSA ysfdu xsgw dh Qlyes a xsgw a ds lkFk&lkFk mxdj bldhc


23/90

18

dSukfcl lSfVok ,y-Cannabis sa va L.

lkekU; uke % gsEi] esjhTokukpfyr uke % Hkkax] enuh] erqykuh


24/90

19

O;k[;k % ;g [kjirokj iw ohZ {ks =ks a es a

kku&xsgw a Qly p es a ik;k tkrk gSA;g ,dokhZ; [kjirokj gS ftldk rukvkerkSj ij [kM+ k jgrk gS vkSj chp ls[kks[kyk gks rk gSA fupyh ifk;ka ,d

nw ljs ds lkeus yxh gks rh gS a tcfd ijdh ifk;ka ,dkUrfjr gks rh gS aA ifk;ka fdukjks a ls uqdhyh gks rh gS aA bldk ikSkkf}fyaxh (Dioecious) gks rk gSA bles a uj

vkS j eknk Qw y vyx&vyx ikSkks a es a gks rsgS aA ;g ikSkk xsgw a es a 150 lseh- yEckbZ rd c


25/90

20

#esDl jsVksySDll ,y- ,Dl lqYV

& lqYV- ,Q-Rumex retrofexus L. Ex Schult. &Schult. f.

lkekU; uke % xksYMsu MkWd

pfyr uke % taxyh ikyd ;k ikyfd;k?kkl ;k dafn;kyh ikyd


26/90

21

O;k[;k % ;g xsgw a ds eq[; [kjirokjks a es

ls ,d gSA ;qok voLFkk esa ifk;ksa dk jaxHkw js ;k yky jax dk gksrk gS rFkk gjs oihys jax ds kCcs ijh lrg rd gks rs gSA ij okyh ikh tgka ls cht curkgS yEch o [kLrk gks rh gSaA bldh tM+s axgjh o yky jax dh gks rh gSaA bldk ruk

lhkk] l[r o ij ls kk[kkvks a okykgks rk gSA bldk Qy yEcs o kk[kkdkj nksfQV yEcs lew g (Cluster) tSlk gks rk gSA

iwjs ikSks ij da kVs gksus dh otg ls gkFk ls fudkyuk vlEHko gSA bldk lkj.kcht ls gks rk gS bldk cht 2 ls 2-5 fe-eh- f=Hkqt tSlk Hkwjs jax dk gksrk gS tks

vSy ekg esa idrk gSaA[kjirokjukfk;ks a dh lw ph

ek=k o ;ksx fof/k i`+"B 68&74eSVlY;w jkWu 20 MCY;w -ih- ,yxzhiy

dkjQUVktksu 40y

% Mh-,Q- ,fQfuVh2] 4&Mh] 38 bZ lh ohM okjyDyksfMukQkWi$eSVlY;wjkWu 15$1 MCyosLVk

lYQkslY;wjkWu$eSVlY;w jkWu 80 MCY;w-Mh-y

th- VksVyDyksjlY;w jkWu 75 MCY;w -ih- Xyhuy


27/90

22

lksykue Lihlht+Solanum species

lkekU; uke % CySd ukbVksM pfyr uke % edks,] ekdks] iVi:u


28/90

23

O;k[;k % ;g vke [kjirokj gS tks xsgwa esa,d viuk egRo j[krk gSA ;g ,dokhZ;gS o cgqokhZ; Hkh gks ldrk gSA bldh dbZtkfr;ka gksrh gSa ftues a ls eq[; nks dsfp= fn;s gq, gSaA ;g T;knkrj iw ohZ {ks =ksa esa ik;k tkus okyk [kjirokj gSA ;g 30 ls

120 ls-eh- dh WpkbZ rd NksVh >kM+ h dh rjg c


29/90

24

vkWDlkfyl dkWfuZdqyVk ,y-Oxalis corniculata L.

lkekU; uke% hfiax oqMlkjksy pfyr uke % pkfj;kfeyks] frifr;k


30/90

25

O;k[;k % bldh leL;k iw okpy o usiky

es a T;knk gksrh gSA bl [kjirokj dk ruk QSyk gqvk o lhkk Hkh gksrk g;g ,dokhZ;@cgqokhZ; [kjirokj xsgwa ds[ksr esa tehu ij QSy tkrk gS rFkk xsgw a dh c


31/90

26

vkthZeksu esfDldkuk ,y- Argemone mexicana L.

lkekU; uke % fdyh ikWih pfyr uke % lsydkaMs] lR;ukkh] HkjHk.M]

lky dkaVk] ihyk kks rjk] Lo.kZ{khjh] daMs jh


32/90

27

O;k[;k % iw ohZ {ks=ks a esa de ueh o gYdh

tehu okys {ks=ksa esa bl [kjirokj dh leL;k T;knk gksrh gSA ;g ,dokhZ;[kjirokj gSA bldh ifk;ka gjh] eksVh

o dkaVsnkj gksrh gSa rFkk chp esa gYdh lQsn kkfj;ka(Veins) gksrh gSaA fupyhifk;ka jkstsV (Rossette) vkSj Qw ypedhys ihys gks rs gSaA dbZ txg iwohZ{ks =ksa esa lQsn jax ds Qw y Hkh ik;s tkrsgSaA blds cht ljlks ds nkuks a tSls gksrsgSa vkSj lsgr ds fy, gkfudkjd gks rs gSaAbldk lkj.k cht }kjk gksrk gSAfu;a =.k % vkerkSj ij ;g [kjirokjxsgwa dh fctkbZ ls igys mx tkrk gSAblfy, mxs gq, ikSkksa ij XykbQkslsV,d frkr dh nj ls fNM+dko djdsxsgwa dh fctkbZ thjks fVyst fofk lsdjuh pkfg,A




$dkQs ZUVktksu 40 Mh-,Q- ,fQfuVh


33/90

28

dksukbt+k cksukfj,fUll ,y- kad-Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.

LkkekU; uke % gkWlZ ohM pfyr uke % fxnjokj


34/90

29

O;k[;k % ;g [kjirokj iw ohZ ;k iw okZUpy

{ks =ks a es a xsgw a okys [ks rks a es a ik;k tkrk gSAftu {ks =ks a es a xUuk T;knk gks rk gS muxsgw a ds [ks rks a es a budk dksi T;knk gks rkgSA bldk ruk lhkk] kk[kkvks a okyk tksfd ;q ok voLFkk es a jkstsV (Rossette) dh

ldy ys ys rk gSA bl voLFkk es a bldhifk;ka l?kurk ls rus dks lesV ys rh gS aAiqie NksVs flj okyh yEch iqixqPNhdh voLFkk es a gks rk gSA bldk Qw y lQsn

o ihyk gks rk gSA bldk lkj.k cht lsgks rk gSA bldh dbZ fdLes a gS aAfu;a =.k % [kjirokjukfk;ks a ds vPNs Hkkods fy, mudks bl [kjirokj ij bldhNksVh voLFkk es a djuk pkfg,A ftu [ks rks aes a budh leL;k T;knk gS mles a xUus dhQly dk Qs jcny de djs aA



eSVlY;w jku 20 MCY;w -ih- vkyfxziy


dkQsZUVktksu 40 Mh-,Q- ,fQfuVhy


35/90

30

;wefj;k ikfoZyks jk ySe-Fumaria parvifora Lam.

lkekU; uke % ;w feVkWjhpfyr uke % cu xktj] dS#vk] xtjh]ijiV] fikk] IkkInk] kk=k

O;k[;k % ;g ,dokhZ; pkSM+ h ikh okyhtkfr dk [kjirokj gSA bldh leL;k


36/90

31

Hkkjr ds iw ohZ {ks =ks a o usiky es a T;knk gks rh

gSA bldk ruk uktqd] detks j o eqM+ kdks.kh;(Angled) gks rk gSA ;q ok voLFkkes a ;s xktj tS lk fn[krk gSA bldh tM+ s a NksVh gks rh gS aA bldh ifk;ka oSdfYid

o NksVs vkdkj dh gks rh gS a o Lokn es a dM+ oh gks rh gSA blds Qw y gYds lQsn rFkk mudh uksd cS axuh jax dh gks rh gS aAbldk cht xksy ;k uV (nut let) tS lk

gks rk gSA ;g vius yky o Hkw js jax ds chtks a ds ek;e ls QSyrk gS ftldkteko 5 ls 22C rd gks ldrk gSA


2] 4&Mh] 38 bZ-lh- ohM okjyiSaMheSFkkyhu 30 bZ-lh- LVkWEiyVC;wfVu 50 ,l-lh- bxzkuy


eSVlY;w jku 20 MCY;w -ih- ,yxzhiyDyksjlY;w jkWu 75 MCY;w -ih- Xyhuy

lYQkslY;wjku$eSVlY;w jku 80 MCY;w-Mh-yth- VksVy

eSVlY;w jku 20 MCY;w - ih- $dkQs ZUVktksu 40y

Mh- ,Q-


37/90

32

,ukxkfyl vosZfla l Anagallis arvensis L. ssp. foemina

lkekU; uke % fiEisjuy pfyr uke % .kuhy] uhy] kjrh


38/90

33

O;k[;k % ;g ,d okhZ; [kjirokj gS tksfd vkZ [kM+ s ;k ks LVsV (Prostrate) vkdkjds gks rs gS aA ;g [kjirokj T;knk ugha c


39/90


40/90

35

O;k[;k % ;g ,d okhZ; [kjirokj gSA

;g T;knkrj gYdh feV~Vh ;k de ueh okys {ks =ksa esa mxrk gSA bldk ruk[kks[kyk rFkk pkj i{kh; gksrk gSA bldhifk;ka igys ,d tksM+s ds :i esa pyrh

gSa tks fd Hkkykuqek(Lance) ds vkdkjdh gksrh gSa ftudh uksd lqbZ tSlh gks rhgSaA bldh yrk,a xsgwa ds lkFk ij p


41/90

36

XuSQsfy;e ijI;wfj;e

i;kZ;okph xSekspsVk ijI;wfj;k ,y- dcsjk Gnaphalium purpureumSynomyms(Gamochaeta purpurea L. Cabera)

lkekU; uke % iiZy dMohMpfyr uke % cksdh] [kSfj;ks >kj] Hkqdh]gygqy] gqjgqy] taxyh gjks j


42/90

37

O;k[;k % ;g khjs&khjs c


43/90

38

ykSu;k uqfMdkWfyl ,y- gqd-Launaea nudicaulis L. (Hook.)

lkekU; uke % okbYM dkWyhykoj pfyr uke % taxyh xksHkh] HkxVsy


44/90

39

O;k[;k % ;g f}okhZ; [kjirokj gS tks

jkstsV(Rosette) dh rjg mxrk gSA ;ggYdh tehu okys {ks =ks as esa T;knk gksrkgSA bldk iqie Ldkikst(Scapose) tks ,d QqV rus ds c


45/90

40

dksjksuksil fMMhel ,y- ,l- ,e-Coronopus didymus L. Sm.

lkekU; uke % yslj Lokbu s lpfyr uke % ihr ikiM+k] pelw j >kj]taxyh gyksa


46/90

41

O;k[;k % ;g [kjirokj vkerkS j ls tehu

ij fcNk ;k QSyk gqvk gks rk gSA bldkteko vDVw cj&uoEcj es a gks rk gSA NksVs]xqPNsnkj rFkk gYds ihys jax ds Qw ytuojh&Qjojh es a vkrs gS aA ikks a dh cukoVgkFk dh maxfy;ks a tS lh gks rh gS rFkk bldhtM+ s a xgjh o lQsn jax dh gks rh gS aA ikqvks a dks pkjs ds :i es a f[kykus ls nw k es a cncwvkrh gSA bldk tuu cht }kjk gks rkgS tks fd dkQh NksVs gks rs gS aA gj Qyh es a

yxHkx 6&20 Hkw js yky jax ds cht gks rs gS a tks ekpZ&vSy es a xsgw a ds lkFk gh idrs gS aA;g Lo&ijkx.k(Self-pollinated) gks rk gSA


ek=k o ;ksx fof/k i`+"B 68&742] 4&Mh] 38 bZ-lh- ohM okjyDyksjlY;w jkWu 75 MCY;w -ih- XyhuyeSVlY;w jkWu 20 MCY;w -ih- ,yxzhiy

fefJr [kjirokj voLFkk es a %&

2] 4&Mh] 38 bZ-lh- ohM okj$vkblksizksV~;wjkuy75 MCY;w -ih- ,jsykWu] MSyjkWu] fgizksV~;w jkWu]ukslhykWu] ,xjksu] j{kdfetkslY;wjku$vkbMks lY;w jku 3-6 MCY;w-yth- vVykafVl

lYQkslY;wjku$eSVlY;w jku 80 MCY;w-Mh-y

th- VksVy


47/90

42

Ekkyok ikjohyksjk ,y-Malva parvifora L.

lkekU; uke % pht ohM] cVu ohM pfyr uke % lks apy] [kVuh


48/90

43

O;k[;k % ;g ,d okhZ; [kjirokj gS tks

fd xsgw a es a eq[;r% ftu [ksrks a es a xkscjdh [kkn Mkyh tkrh gS T;knk ik;ktkrk gSA bldk ruk lhkk rFkk uhps ls

l[r (woody) gks rk gSA bldh ifk;ka

8&10 lseh- pkSM+h] xksy] rFkk ifji=gks rh gSaA ikh dk vkkkj fny ds vkdkjdk gksrk gSA ftuds fdukjs(margins) xksy o nka rh okys gksrs gSaA Qw y lQsn

o gYds tkequh jax ds gksrs gSaA Qyifg, tSlk xksy tks fd 8&12 cht okys fgLlksa esa caVk gksrk gSA cht dk jaxdkyk] Hkwjk ;k gYdk yky lk gks rk gSA

bldk lkj.k cht }kjk gks rk gSA


dkQs ZUVktksu 40 Mh-,Q- ,fQfuVhy


49/90

44

psukiksfM;e ,yce ,y-Chenopodium album L.

psukiksfM;e E;wjsy ,y-Chenopodium murale L.

lkekU; uke % ySECl DokVZlZ] xwtQqV]

QSV gsu pfyr uke % ckFkw] cFkqvk] [kM+ckFkdqjaM] f>y


50/90

45

O;k[;k % ;g xsgwa dk eq[; [kjirokj

gS tks fd gj rjg dh tehuksa esa ik;ktkrk gSA bldk ikSkk lhkk c


51/90

46

ftls [kM+ckFkw(Chenopodium muraleL.)

ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA blds iks vke ckFkw dh ctk; fpdus] vkdkj esa cM+s o fdukjs ls dVs gq, gksrs gSaA

fu;a =.k % ;g [kj dkQh la[;k esa ik;ktkrk gS ysfdu [kjirokjukfk;ksa ds}kjk bl [kj dks vklkuh ls fu;af=rfd;k tk ldrk gSA vxj ;g [kjirokj

ldrh ikh okys [kjirokjks a ds lkFk gks rks nks [kjirokjukf'k;ks a ds feJ.k lsfu;a =.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA


52/90

47


ek=k o ;ksx fof/k i`+"B 68&742] 4&Mh] 38 bZ-lh- ohM okjy

eSVlY;w jkWu 20 MCY;w -ih-y

DyksjlY;w jkWu 75 MCY;w -ih- Xyhuy

2] 4&Mh] 38 bZ-lh- ohM okj$vkblksizksV~;w jkuy

75 MCY;w -ih- ,jsykWu] MSyjkWu] fgizksV~;w jkWu]ukslhykWu] ,xjksu] j{kdfetkslY;wjku$vkbMks lY;w jku 3-6 MCY;w-yth- vVykafVl


th- VksVyVC;wfVu 50 ,l-lh- bxzkuy

vkblksizksV~;w jku 75 MCY;w-ih- ,jsykWu] MSyjkyfgizksV~;wjkWu] uks lhykWu] ,xjksu] j{kdiSaMheSFkkyhu 30 bZ-lh- LVkWEiy

DyksfMukQkWi 15 MCY;w -ih- $ esVlY;wjkWu 20yMCY;w-ih-DyksfMukQkWi15 MCY;w - ih-$esVlY;wjkWu 20y

MCY;w- ih-


53/90

48

esyhyksVl bfUMdl ,-,y-,y-Melilotus indicus All.

esyhyksVl vYck ,y-,-,e-ds-Melilotus alba Lamk.

lkekU; uke % ,uqvy ;yks LohV Dyks-

vj] bfUM;u LohV Dyksvjpfyr uke % ihyh lSath o lQsn lSath]esFkk] cu esFkh] ju esFkh


54/90

49

O;k[;k % ;g ,dokhZ; ikSkk gS

tks 10&50 ls-eh- rd c


55/90

50

blds cht de cusaxs vkSj gj lky

bldh la[;k de gksrh tk;sxhA mkjh&ifpeh okys {ks=ksa esa ldjhikh okyh nokb;ka bldk fu;a=.kugha dj ikrh rFkk esVlY;wjkWu dks

ldjh ikh okyh nokb;ksa ds lkFkfeyk ldrs gSa ysfdu 2] 4&Mh dksugha feyk ldrs gSaA


56/90

51


ek=k o ;ksx fof/k i`+"B 68&742] 4&Mh] 38 bZ-lh- ohM okjy

2] 4&Mh lksfM;e lkYV 80y %dkQs ZUVktksu 40 Mh-,Q- ,fQfuVhy

eSVlY;w jkWu 20 MCY;w -ih- ,yxzhiy

DyksfMukQkWi$eSVlY;wjku os LVk 15$1yMCY;w-ih-DyksjlY;w jkWu 75 MCY;w -ih- Xyhuy


th- VksVyvkblksizksV~;w jku 75 MCY;w -ih- ,fjyku] MSyjku]yfgizksV~;wjkWu] uks lhykWu] ,xjksu] j{kd$2]4&Mh] 38 bZ lh ohM ekjDyksfMukQkWi 15 MCY;w-ih-$esVlY;wjky

MCY;w-ih-


57/90

52

fljfl;e vkosZUl ,y- LdksiCirsium arvense (L.) Scop

lkekU; Ukke % dsuM+ k Fkhly pfyr uke % daMkbZ] iksgyh

O;k[;k % ;g ,d cgqokhZ; [kjirokj gStks 0-6 ls 1-5 ehVj rd c


58/90

53

xsgwa dh dVkbZ esa ckakk iSnk djrk gSA

blds Qw y uhys jax ds gks rs gSa tks fdQly dVkbZ ds 2&3 lIrkg ckn chtiSnk djrs gSaA

fu;a =.k % bl [kjirokj dk fu;a =.k2] 4&Mh ls fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdubl [kjirokjukkh dh ek=k vke[kjirokjukfk;ksa ls nqxquh djuh iM+rhgS rFkk de ls de nks ckj bldkfNM+dko djuk iM+ rk gSA vxj rkiM+ tehu esa fctkbZ djuh gS rks [ksr es aigys ikuh nsdj bl [kjirokj dks

mxus ds ckn Ms


59/90

54

;wQksfcZ;k gsfy;ks Ldksfi;k ,y-Euphorbia helioscopia L.

lkekU; uke % lu LitZpfyr uke % nqkbZ


60/90

55

O;k[;k % ;g xsgw a es a dkQh ns j ls mxrk

gS rFkk xsgwa dVus ds ckn idrk gSA bl[kjirokj dks ij ls rksM+us ds cknnwk tSlk inkFkZ fudyrk gSA bldhtM+ sa lhkh o fodflr gksrh gSaA bldk

ruk lhkk] ljy rFkk uhps ls kk[kkvks a okyk gksrk gSA bldh vkf[kjh ifk;k kk[kkvksa ds vUr es a xqPNksa ds :i esagksrh gSaA blds Qwy NksVs tks ihys ;k

gjs jax ds gksrs gSaA ;g ikqvks a ds fy,gkfudkjd gks rk gSA



DyksjlY;w jkWu 75 MCY;w -ih- Xyhuy


61/90

56

esMhdkxks MsUVhdqykVk okbYM-Medicago den culata Willd.

lkekU; uke % cjDyksoj pfyr uke % tysch] eSuk] [kq[kuh


62/90

57

O;k[;k % ;g Hkkjh nkseV tehuksa esa mxkbZ

xbZ xsgwa dk eq[; [kjirokj gSA vkerkSjij bldh leL;k Qlyksa lCth o ckxksa es a T;knk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bldkikSkk 1&3 QqV apk tehu ds ij fcNkgks rk gSA ikksa dh cukoV lSath ds ikks atSlh gksrh gS rFkk rus ij ,d&nw ljs ds

mYVs fpids gksrs gSaA ijUrq lSath ds ikks ads ctk; eksVkbZ esa vfkd gksrs gSaA bldsikks a ij lQsn nkx gksrs gSaA bldk Qy

xksy tysch ds vkdkj esa rFkk Qw y xgjs ihys jax ds gksrs gaSA cht dk vkdkj cgqrNksVk] v.Ms tSlk gksrk gSA cht dk jaxxgjk Hkw jk o ij ls [kqjnqjk gks rk gSA

vdsyk ikSkk lSath dh rjg lhkk [kM+k ugksdj tehu ij QSyk gksrk gSA



eSVlY;w jku 20 MCY;w -ih- ,yxzhiy lYQkslY;wjku$eSVlY;w jku 80 MCY;w-Mh-yth- VksVyfetkslY;wjku$vkbMks lY;w jku 3-6 MCY;-wy

th- vVykafVldkQsZUVktksu 40 Mh-,Q- ,fQfuVhy


63/90

58

ySFkkbjl vQkdk ,y-Lathyrus aphaca L.

lkekU; uke % okbYM ih] ;yks ih] ;yks osppfyr uke % taxyh eVj] [ks lkjh

O;k[;k % ;g [kjirokj nky okyh tkfr;k ihyh eVj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

;g mu bykdksa esa ik;k tkrk gS tgkWukbVkstu dk bLrseky de gks rk gSAbl [kjirokj dks taxyh eVj Hkh dgrsgSaA bldk ruk iryk o kk[kk;qDr gks rk

gSA vuqi=(Stipule) tksM+s esa i.kZo`k(Petiole) ds vkkkj ij rus ls fyiVs


64/90

59

jgrs gSaA ifk;ka f=dks.kh; vkSj ygjhn

gksrh gSaA fnlEcj&tuojh eghus esa bl[kjirokj es a gYds ihys Qw y vkrs gSaAQyh piVh o gj Qyh es a xksykdkj Hkwjs

jax ds 4 ls 6 cht gksrs gSaA tuu cht

}kjk gksrk gSAfu;a =.k %;g [kjirokj fkQkfjllqnk;k xsgwa dk cUk Bhd gksus ls Hkh bl[kjirokj dks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrkgSA

[kjirokjukfk;ksa dh lw ph ek=k o ;ksx fof/k i`+"B 68&74

2] 4&Mh] 38 bZ-lh- ohM okjyeSVlY;w jku 20 MCY;w -ih- ,yxzhiyfetkslY;wjku$vkbMks lY;w jku 3-6 MCY;w-yth- vVykfVl

lYQkslY;wjku 75 MCY;w-th- yhMj] Qrsgy

lQyvkblksizksV~;w jku 75 MCY;w-ih- ,jsykWu]yMSyjku] fgizksV~;w jkWu] uks lhykWu] ,xjksu] j{kd$eSVlY;w jku 20 MCY;w -ih- ,yxzhi

esVlY;wjku $ dkQs ZUVktksu 50 MCY;w -Mh-th-y

,yh ,Dlsl


65/90


66/90

61

O;k[;k % csyMh+ ;k ysgyh ds uke ls

pfyr cgq o"khZ; [kjirokj gS ftldk rukdkQh detks j gks rk gSA blds Qw yks a dk jax lQsn ;k xqykch tks fd kDy es a Vkyh ;kdhi tS lk gks rk gSA tks s rus ij vds yk ghiks ds lkFk yxk gks rk gSA blds Qw y lw ;Zds mn; gksus ij f[kyrs gS a rFkk nksigjds ckn cUn gks tkrs gS aA bldh Qfy;ka xksy] Hkw jh o rh[kh gks rh gS a rFkk gj Qyh es apkj Hkw js jax ds cgq r l[r cht ik;s tkrs

gS aA bldk cht xsgw W ds vkdkj tS lk gks rkgS SA ftldks Nkuus ds ckn Hkh vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA fgju[kq jh dh tM+ s a dkQhxgjh 1 ls 2 QqV rd gks rh gS aA Qly ds

pkjks a rjQ fyiVs gksus ds dkj.k] Qly dhdVkbZ es a dkQh leL;k vkrh gSA ikSkks a dklkj.k tM+ ks a }kjk gks rk gSA


2] 4&Mh] 38 bZ-lh- ohM okjydkQsZUVktksu 40 Mh-,Q- ,fQfuVhyeSVlY;w jku 20 MCY;w -Mh-th- ,yxzhiy

lYQkslY;wjku$eSVlY;w jku 80y

% MCY;w -Mh-th- VksVy


67/90


68/90

63

O;k[;k % ;g [kjirokj mkj ifpe ds

jsrhys ;k gYdh nkseV tehu okys {ks =ksa es a ik;k tkrk gSSA bldk ikSkk I;kt dhifk;ksa tSlk gksrk gS ftldks vke Hkkkkes a I;kth dgk tkrk gSA ikk I;kt dh

rjg chp ls [kks[kyk] ikSkk lhkk c


69/90

64

Lijxqyk vosfll ,y-Spergula arvensis L.

lkekU; uke % dkuZ Lijh pfyr uke % taxyh kfu;k] cakfu;k]equ&equk


70/90

65

O;k[;k % ;g ,dokhZ; [kjirokj gS tks

15 ls 45 lseh rd cqdk gqvk

gks rk gS tks ij tkdj dkQh kk[kkvks s a okyk cu tkrk gSA blds iks pedhysgjs jax ds gks rs gS aA blds iks ladh.kZ rFkk

lq, ds vkdkj ds gks rs gS aA blds iqie

mHk;fyaxh Qw y ftudh ia [kqfM+;ka lQsngks rh gS a] ikSks ds vkf[kjh Nks j ij yxs gks rs gS aA blds cht FkksM+ s ls dkys jax ds gks s rs gS a rFkk ,d cSx:ih ls y (Cell) es a yxs

gks rs gS aA bldk tuu cht ls gks rk gSA[kjirokjukfk;ks a dh lw ph

ek=k o ;ksx fof/k i`+"B 68&74 lYQkslY;w jku 75 MCY;w - th- yhMj] Qrsg]y

lQydkQsZUVktksu 50 Mh-,Q- ,fQfuVhy

eSVlY;w jku 20 MCY;w ih- ,yxzhiy

2] 4&Mh] 38 bZ lh ohM okjy


th- VksVy


71/90


72/90

67

ftlds fupys Hkkx ij NksVs&NksVs jk

gksrs gSaA fupyh ifk;ka 0-5 ls 1 lseh- yEcs MaBy ds lkFk ikSkksa ds yxh gksrh gSa rFkk ij okyh ifk;kcxSj MaBy dh gksrh gSaA blds Qw

lQsn jax ds gksrs gS rFkk fn[kus es lqUnj yxrs gSaA ;g cht ;k QSyko okys rusa ls QSyrk gSA


lYQkslY;w jku 75 MCY;w-th- yhMj] Qrsg]y lQydkQsZUVktksu 40 Mh-,Q- ,fQfuVhy


fetkslY;wjku$vkbMks lY;w jku 3-6 MCY;w-yth- vVykafVlDyksjlY;w jkWu 75 MCY;w -ih- Xyhuy

lYQkslY;wjku$eSVlY;w jku 80 MCY;w-Mh-yth- VksVyDyksMhukQksi$eSVlY;wjku 15$1 MCY;wyosLVk

lYQkslY;wjku 75 MCY;w-th- yhMj] Qrsgy

lQy$dkQs ZUVktksu 40 Mh-,Q- ,fQfuVh


73/90

68

e k a d

k k d u k k h

E k k = k @ , d M

+

; k s x d k l e ;

; k s x d h

f o f k

1 -

D y k s M h u k Q k

s i 1 5

M C Y ;

w - i h -

V k s f i d

1 6 0 x z k e 2 4 x z k e

l f ; r R o @ , d M+

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h

e s a f e y k d j , d , d M+ { k s = e s a a

f N M+ d k o d j

s a

2 -

Q h u k s D l k k s i b F k k ; y

1 0 b Z - l h - I ;

w e k i k o j

4 0 0 f e y h - 4 0 x z k e

l f ; r R o @ , d M $ 2 0 0

x z k e l j Q

S D V S U V

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h


f N M+ d k o d j

s a

3 -

f i u k W D l k M

s u 5 b Z - l h -

, s f D l v y

4 0 0 f e y h - 2 0 x z k e

l f ; r R o @ , d M

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h


f N M+ d k o d j

s a


74/90

69

e k a d

k k d u k k h

E k k = k @ , d M

+

; k s x d k l e ;

; k s x d h

f o f k

4 -

l Y Q k

s l Y ;

w j k u 7 5

M C Y ;

w - t h - y h M j ]

Q r s g ] l Q y

1 3 - 3

x z k e 1 0

x z k e l f ;

r R o @ , d M+ $ 5 0 0 f e y h

l Q S D V s a V f r

, d M+

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h


f N M+ d k o d j

s a

5 -

v k b l k s k

s V~ ;w j k u

7 5

M C Y ;

w - i h - , j s y k W u ]

M S y j k u ] f

g k s V~ ;w j k W u ]

u k s l h y k W u ] ,

x j k s u ]

j { k d

5 0 0 x z k e 4 0 0 x z k e

l f ; r R o @ , d M+

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h


f N M+ d k o d j

s a


75/90

70

e k a d

k k d u k k h

E k k = k @ , d M

+

; k s x d k l e ;

; k s x d h

f o f k

6 -

V s y d k W D l h M h e 1 0

b Z - l h - x z k L i

1 4 0 0 f e y h - 1 4 0 x z k e

l f ; r R o @ , d M+

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h


f N M+ d k o d j

s a

7 -

M k b D y k

s Q k W i f e F k k b Z y

2 8 b Z - l h - b Z y

S x t k u s

1 4 2 5 f e y h - 4 0 0 x z k e

l f ; r R o @ , d M+

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h


f N M+ d k o d j

s a

8 -

f e t k s l Y ;w j k u $

v k b M k s l Y ;w j k u

3 - 6 M C Y ;

w - t h -

v V y k f V l

1 6 0 x z k e

4 - 8 x z k e $ 0 - 9 6 x z k e

l f ; r R o @ , d M+

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h


f N M+ d k o d j

s a


76/90

71

e k a d

k k d u k k h

E k k = k @ , d M

+

; k s x d k l e ;

; k s x d h

f o f k

9 -

l Y Q k

s l Y ;

w j k u $

e s V l Y ;

w j k u 7 5 $ 5

M C Y ;

w - M h - t

h - V k s V y

1 6 x z k e 1 2 x z k e $ 0 - 8 x z k e

l f ; r R o @ , d M

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h


f N M+ d k o d j

s a

1 0 -

D y k s f M u k Q k i $

e s V l Y ;

w j k u 1 5 $ 1

M C Y ;

w - i h -

o s L V k

1 6 0 x z k e 2 4 $ 1 - 6 x z k e

l f ; r R o @ , d M

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

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s 1 2 0 & 1

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s a

1 1 -

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l h o

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3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

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s a


77/90

72

e k a d

k k d u k k h

E k k = k @ , d M

+

; k s x d k l e ;

; k s x d h

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, u

l k s f M ; e l k Y V 8 0

M C Y ;

w i h

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r R o @ , d M+

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3 0 & 3 5

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s a

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f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

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s 1 2 0 & 1

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s a

1 4 -

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s a

p k S M+ h

i k h o k y h [ k j i r o k j d s f y , 2 5 0 x z k e - 2 ] 4 & M h

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M h ,

L V j d k

; k s x d j s a A


78/90

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e k a d

k k d u k k h

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+

; k s x d k

l e ;

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r R o @ , d M+

l h k h c

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rq j U r

c k n

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s a

1 6 -

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M C Y ;

w - i h -

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, d M+

l h k h c

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rq j U r

c k n

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s 1 2 0 & 1

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s a

1 7 -

V C ;w f V u 5 0 , l - l h -

b x z k u

1 2 0 0 f e y h - 6 0 0 f e y h

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, d M+

l h k h c

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rq j U r

c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

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f N M+ d k o d j

s a


79/90

74

e k a d

k k d u k k h

E k k = k @ , d M

+

; k s x d k l e ;

; k s x d h

f o f k

1 8 -

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w j k u $

d k Q s Z U V k t k

s u , y h

, D l

s l

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2 x z k e $ d k Q

s Z U V k t

k s u

8 x z k e l f ;

r R o @ , d M+

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h


f N M+ d k o d j

s a

1 9 -

M k b d E c k

3 0 0 x z k e 1 4 4 x z k e

l f ; r R o @ , d M+

f c t k b Z d s

3 0 & 3 5

f n u c k n

j l k ; u d k

s 1 2 0 & 1

5 0 y h V j i k u h


f N M+ d k o d j

s a


80/90

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