Assessment of Crop Water Requirement for Wheat and Mustard Crop in Dharta Watershed
Wheat research in South Africa: Helping farmers grow their crop
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Transcript of Wheat research in South Africa: Helping farmers grow their crop
October 2012
Wheat research in South Africa:
Helping farmers grow their crop
Wheat for food security in Africa
Vicki L. Tolmay On behalf of ARC-Small Grain Institute
1
Introduction
• The challenges facing agriculture and agricultural researchers in
South Africa are diverse and enigmatic
• We aim to develop technologies that will
– assist producers to farm profitably within a globalised-marketing
environment
– act to improve household food security and
– help make South Africa self-sufficient in food production
• 2011: Smallest area (ha) of wheat planted in the past 20 years
• South Africa expects to import >50% of its wheat requirement in
2012
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 2
• South Africa has the potential to produce most of its local wheat
requirement
• We don’t – this has a lot more to do with economics and politics than
the skills and capability of our farmers
• In 1996 the single channel wheat marketing system was replaced
with unprotected competition on the international market, in which
the forces of supply and demand determine price
• Farming wheat profitably became non-negotiable, it’s a business
• Industry initiated a levy per ton of wheat milled, which has been
used to fund research
• Producers use research-outputs to survive
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 3
• ARC-Small Grain Institute is doing
research on 50 different wheat
related projects
• Research is executed by 26
scientists and 16 technicians
• Five research divisions:
– Germplasm Development
– Breeding
– Production Systems
– Crop Protection
– Farmer support
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 4
Sustainable use & management
of natural resources
Improved ability of the sector to manage and
mitigate agricultural risks
Transformed agrarian
landscape
Enhance
nutrition, food
security &
safety
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Three distinct production regions:
1. Mediterranean climate, winter rain, spring dryland wheat
Western & Southern Cape
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 6
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 7
Three distinct production regions:
1. Mediterranean climate, winter rain, spring dryland wheat
2. Summer rain, winter / intermediate dryland wheat
Dryland Free State
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 8
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Three distinct production regions:
1. Mediterranean climate, winter rain, spring dryland wheat
2. Summer rain, winter / intermediate dryland wheat
3. Irrigated spring wheat
Irrigation regions
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Cultivar Evaluation
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Cultivar Evaluation
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13 October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa
Specific area and planting date:
Yield
Hectolitre mass
Protein
Falling number
14 October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa
Highest three year average 2.68 t/ha
Lowest three year average 1.81 t/ha
Difference of 0.87 t/ha
by choosing the cultivar best adapted to your area
Wheat Quality determines grade
• Milling and bread making quality is an
important focus
• Cultivars for all three areas have
superior characteristics
• 73 000 analyses / year
• Mill with Junior Quadromat or Bühler
• Rheology → MixSmart, Alveograph
and MixoLab for dough properties,
HPLC for protein composition
• Selection at early generation possible
(F3 or F4)
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 15
Biotic
stresses
• Different production regions
have different problems and
prevalent stressors
• Often need combinations of
different resistances – must also
be combined with adaptation
and end-use quality
• Stem rust
• Leaf rust
• Stripe rust
• Bollworm
• Russian wheat aphid
• Stripe rust
• Take-all
• Fusarium Head Blight
• Leaf rust
• Leaf miner
• Take-all
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 16
Rust and RWA surveys
Trap nurseries → Collect samples → Identify races
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• Getting very complicated
• Numerous RWA biotypes
• Numerous rust pathogens & races
• Combine MAS and phenotyping
• Making progress
• 64 high potential lines identified
RWA & Rust resistance .
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RWA Sr35 Sr24 Lr34/Yr18 Number of
plants (A)
Number of
plants (B)
R AA + AA 2
R Aa + AA 1
R AA + Aa 1 1
R Aa + Aa 1
R AA - AA 2
R Aa - AA 2 1
R AA - Aa 3
R Aa - Aa 6
MR AA + AA 5
MR Aa + AA 4 1
MR AA + Aa 7
MR Aa + Aa 3
MR AA - AA 6
MR Aa - AA 6
MR AA - Aa 1
MR Aa - Aa 10 1
Fusarium Head Blight / SCAB
• Irrigated spring wheat
• Problematic due to double cropping
with maize and wheat and tillage
practices
• Mycotoxin management concern
• International and local collaboration
• Pre-breeding with diverse resistant
lines using MAS and phenotypic
evaluation
• As yet no resistant cultivars
available
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Field evaluation is best
for Type 1 and Type 2
resistance with local
pathotypes
Bio-insecticides
• Bollworm is a sporadic pest which
influences both yield and grade
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1 3
5 7
9 11
13 0
2 4 6 8
10
12
14
16
18
20
NR INF37 VIRUS R269 R444 SGI176 SASRI1174 Control
Food
inta
ke o
ver
14 d
ays
Conservation Agriculture
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% C
on
tro
l
Ammonium Sulphate
• Do ammonium sulphate containing adjuvants have the
same effect on Roundup Turbo® efficacy (500ppm
CaCl2)
New cultivars
Kwartel Ratel
New cultivars
New cultivars
New cultivars
New cultivars
Tamboti Timbavati
New oat cultivars
Towerberg Simonsberg
Population distribution in SA
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Science for the future
• As scientists we must be committed to see our research
results translated to food security not only published in
scientific journals
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 32
• It’s complicated and
sometimes difficult
• Need more than just
scientific know-how
• But that emphasises
just how important
this dialogue is that
we are busy with …
October 2012 Wheat for food security in Africa 33