What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….
-
Upload
cordelia-barber -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….
![Page 1: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What’s the MATTER?
Anything that has mass and takes up space
What about air ….
![Page 2: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Slice and Slice and dice it to dice it to as small as small a piece a piece you can you can make make it……..it……..
atom
![Page 3: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
An atomatom has a positively charged center surrounded by a negatively charged area.
+ -
+
–
6
6
6
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Massnumber = 12
+ +
6e–
Nucleus
Electroncloud
![Page 4: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. nucleus (positiive region)protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral)
2. electron clouds (negative region)
electrons (negative)
+
+
– –
+
–
2
2
2
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Massnumber = 4
+
+
2e–
Electroncloud
Nucleus
3 subatomic particles….. 2 regions
![Page 5: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Electrons(-)
It’s electric … no thanks..
neutrons
NEUTRAL
protons
p.p.p.p.p.pppositive
PP ….. Ewe….
![Page 6: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Atoms and ElementsAtoms and Elements
![Page 7: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ELEMENTSELEMENTS, ATOMS, AND MOLECULES
• Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements
– About 25 different chemical elements• Are essential to life
– About 90 naturally occurring elements• Listed on the periodic table with some
unnatural ones
![Page 8: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• How many different naturally occuring elements are there?
a. About 25b. About 90c. Over 1000
![Page 9: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Atoms and ElementsElements• Horizontal rows are called periodsperiods.
• Vertical columns are called groupsgroups.
![Page 11: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
•Differences in Elements– Atoms of each element
• Are distinguished by a specific number of protonsprotons
![Page 12: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
IRONIRON
Atomic number
Symbol
Atomic mass
![Page 13: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
IRONIRON
Atomic number ------- 26
Atomic Mass ------ 56
Protons -------- 26
Neutrons -------- 3030
Electrons -------- 26
![Page 14: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
– CarbonCarbon, hydrogenhydrogen, oxygenoxygen, and nitrogennitrogen
• Make up the bulk of living matter
![Page 15: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
•Trace elements Trace elements are common additives to food and water
– Dietary deficiencies in trace elements• Can cause various physiological
conditions
![Page 16: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
– Trace elements Trace elements are essential to human health
• And may be added to food or water
![Page 17: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Which elements are the most common in living things?
a. Carbon, Helium, Chlorine and Sulfurb. Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen and
Calciumc. Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen and
Hydrogen
![Page 18: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• What’s makes gold gold and lead lead?
a. The number of protonsb. The number of neutronsc. The number of electron
![Page 19: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
•IsotopesIsotopes– The number of neutrons in an atom may vary
• Variant forms of an element are called isotopes
• Some isotopes are radioactive
Table 2.4
![Page 20: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
•Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom
Hydrogen (H)Atomic number = 1
Electron
Carbon (C)Atomic number = 6
Nitrogen (N)Atomic number = 7
Oxygen (O)Atomic number = 8
Outermost electron shell (can hold 8 electrons)
First electron shell (can hold 2 electrons)
![Page 21: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
– Atoms whose shells are not full • Tend to interact with other atoms
and gain, lose, or share electrons
– These interactions• Form chemical bondschemical bonds
![Page 22: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Why do atoms form bonds to make molecules?
a. To gather more protons for their nucleib. To increase the number of their electronsc. To have a stable number of electrons in
their outermost shell
![Page 23: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Elements can combine to form compoundscompounds– Chemical elements
• Combine in fixed ratios to form compounds• Millions of different molecules possible
Sodium Chlorine Sodium Chloride
![Page 24: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
elementelement
compoundcompound
Pure substance can be found in nature
Pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine.
atom
molecule
MATTERMATTER
![Page 25: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
molecules
O
HH
_
++
![Page 26: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
•Ionic bonds Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge
– When atoms gain or lose electrons• Charged atoms called ions are created
Transfer of electron
NaSodium atom
ClChlorine atom Na+
Sodium ion
Cl–
Chloride ion
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Na Cl ClNa
+ ––
–
![Page 27: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
– An electrical attraction between ions with opposite charges
• Results in an ionic bond
Transfer of electron
NaSodium atom
ClChlorine atom Na+
Sodium ion
Cl–
Chloride ion
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Na Cl ClNa
+ ––
–
![Page 28: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
– Sodium and chloride ions • Bond to form sodium chloride, common table
salt
Na+
Cl–
![Page 29: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Ionic Bonding
![Page 30: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
•Covalent bonds Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing
![Page 31: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Molecules can be represented in many ways
![Page 32: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
•Unequal electron sharing creates polar moleculespolar molecules
– A molecule is nonpolar• When its covalently bonded atoms
share electrons equally
(–) (–)
(+) (+)
O
HH
![Page 33: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
– In a polar covalent bond• Electrons are shared unequally between
atoms, creating a polar molecule
(–) (–)
(+) (+)
O
HH
Figure 2.9
![Page 34: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Hydrogen bondsHydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life
– The charged regions on water molecules
• Are attracted to the oppositely charged regions on nearby molecules
(–) (–)
(+) (+)
O
HH
![Page 35: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
– This attraction forms weak bonds • Called hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bond(+)
(+)
H
H(+)
(+)
(–)
(–)
(–)(–)
O
![Page 36: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• 1. What type of bond is formed by sharing electrons?
a. Hydrogenb. Covalentc. Ionic
![Page 37: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• 2. What type of bond is very weak but important to holding together DNA?
a. Hydrogenb. Covalentc. Ionic
![Page 38: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• 3. What type of strong bond does salt make from sodium and chlorine?
a. Hydrogenb. Covalentc. Ionic
![Page 39: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
4. Why do atoms of elements form chemical bonds with other atoms to form molecules?
a. To fill their nucleus with a stable number of protons
b. To fill the outer shell of their atoms with a stable number of electrons
c. To add to the number of neutrons in their nucleus
![Page 40: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
5. Water is a molecule formed from Oxygen and 2 Hydrogen sharing electrons. What type of bond is this?
a. Covalentb. Hydrogenc. Ionic
![Page 41: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
6. What makes each element unique is the number of protons it has in its nucleus.
True or False
![Page 42: What’s the MATTER? Anything that has mass and takes up space What about air ….](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e905503460f94b95361/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
7. Which type of chemical bonding is weakest?
a. Covalentb. Ionicc. Hydrogen