What’s the Best Fit? - FarmSmart · 2017/02/17 · (lbs/bu yield) Yield to maintain 3% ... 5 231...
Transcript of What’s the Best Fit? - FarmSmart · 2017/02/17 · (lbs/bu yield) Yield to maintain 3% ... 5 231...
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What’s the Best Fit?
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Organic Amendment OptionsOutline:
• Why do we need organic amendments?
• How can organic amendments help soil?
• Synergies with other practices?
• How much can we afford to pay for amendments?
• What amendments are available?
• Opportunities?
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Why do we need Organic Amendments?
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Organic Matter In Ontario Soils (2002 - 2016)Data courtesy of Jack Legg – SGS Agri-Food Labs
Compiled by Christine Brown – OMAFRA Jan 2017
• Ranges from 12,300 to 23,100 total samples/year – all Ontario
• Samples are not from the same locations every year
• Clay soils will have a higher SOM level than sandy soils
• Livestock farms will have a higher SOM level than cash-crop farms
• Research projects and grid sampling are included in this data set
and can “skew” the data for 1 year
• Organic (muck) soils are included in this data set
• Unrealistic county averages (e.g., 23% for York) were left out
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How much yield gives enough residue to maintain SOM levels?
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Comparison of Approximate Crop Yields Required to Maintain 3% SOM
Crop Crop Residuelbs/ac1
Root Biomasslbs/ac1
Stable OM from
crop biomass(lbs/bu yield)
Yield to maintain 3% SOM
(1,800 lbs/ac OM) estimated
Crop residue Crop residue + Root Biomass
Corn 12,000 1,500 11.1 162 bu/ac 142 bu/acWheat 5,000 2,000 11.7 153 bu/ac 92 bu/ac
Soybeans 2,400 750 7.8 230 bu/ac 158 bu/ac
1 Source: Dale Cowan (AgriFood Lab info sheets) assumes 180 bu corn, 80 bu wheat and 45 bu/ac soy yield
Assumptions:
Soil organic matter level 3.0% goal
~ 3% of the SOM decomposes each year
2,000,000 lbs in surface 6 inches of soil/acre
2,000,000 x 0.03 = 60,000 lbs SOM/acre x 0.03/yr decomposition
= 1,800 lbs/ac lost by decomposition that needs to be replaced
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Comparison of Approximate Crop Yields Required to Maintain 3% Soil Organic Matter
Crop Yield to Maintain 3% SOM (1,800 lbs/ac OM) estimated
Crop residue Crop residue + Root Biomass
Corn 162 bu/ac 142 bu/acWheat 153 bu/ac 92 bu/acSoybeans 230 bu/ac 158 bu/ac
Example Crop Yields: Corn 200 bu/ac – Soy 50 bu/ac – Wheat 100 bu/ac
Impact of Soybeans in Rotation for Maintaining SOM
RotationYield
(combined bu/ac)Yield needed for SOM
(combined bu/ac)
Yield Balance/RotationBu/ac
Soys-Soys-Soys 150 474 - 324
Corn-Soy-Wheat 350 392 - 42
Corn-Corn-Soy 450 442 + 8
Corn-Corn-Soy-Wheat 550 532 + 16
Corn-Soy-Soy 300 458 - 158
Wheat-Corn-Soy-Soy 400 550 - 100
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Residue Management
Cover Crops
Organic Amendments
Steps to Maximum Soil Health
Rotation
Reduced Tillage
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Organic Amendment Synergy
Cover Crops without digestate Cover Crops with digestate- More top growth and root biomass
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sugars
cellulose
proteins
hemicellulose
polyphenols
lignin
humus
Cover crops
Digestate
Manure/Biosolids
Compost
Different Amendments provide Different Benefits to Soil
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Diversity benefits the soil
sugars
cellulose
proteins
hemicellulose
polyphenols
lignin
humus
BacteriaActinomycetes
Fungi
Cover crops
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Approximate Biomass Yield of Three Cover Crop Mixes with and without Organic Amendments
Cover Crop
With Manure Without Manure Increase from manure
Approximate Yield (ton/ac)*
Oats3.6 2.8 33 %
Multi-Species Mix: Planted at 40 lbs/ac
33% Oats, 4% Nitro radish, 2% Brassica, 2% Sorghum Sudangrass, 1% Phacelia, 2% Sunflowers, 4% Sun hemp, 5% Turnips, 25% Crimson Clover, 23% Austrian Peas
2.10 1.75 17 %
3 Species Mix: Planted at 30 lbs/ac
14% Nitro Radish, 16% Crimson Clover, 70% Oats2.85 1.83 36 %
* biomass yield that includes top-growth and comparative root massThe above data represents one site –one year 3,500 gal/ac digestate was applied in mid-August. Nutrient composition of digestate is similar to hog manure.
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EXAMPLE: 2016 Cover Crops Oats with and without digestate
Cover crop and Digestate Plots (harvested Oct 13, 2016)
Yield Yield & Quality *
Treatment
(ave of 18 samples)
Dry Weight
(t/ac) % Δ Milk/ton Milk/ac $$/acre
CC Oat 1.91 --- 1,985 2,997 $1,030
Digestate + CC Oat 3.24 41.2 1,916 6,312 $2,168*using Wisconsin MILK2013 and milk value = $0.78/L
Organic Amendment Synergy = $$Economic opportunities with cover crops and organic amendments
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EXAMPLE: 2016 Cover Crops Oats with and without digestate
Above ground
biomass only
OM
(lbs/acre)
P205
Uptake/removal
K20
uptake/removal
CC Oat 3,514 21 lbs/ac P205 97 lbs/ac K20
Digestate + CC Oat 5,861 42 lbs/ac P205 231 lbs K20/acre
SOM
Stable Carbon
(lbs/ac)
% Δ in SOMAbove ground only
Years to ↑ SOM by 1%
Above ground only
+ Root
Biomass
(estimate)**
Digestate only 101 0.005 200 200 yrs
CC Oat 422 0.02 47 26 yrs
Digestate + CC Oat 823 0.04 24 15 yrs** 1,685 lbs/acre (6” depth) of carbon from 8 wk oat growth (J. Environ Qual 30:1911-1918 (2001))
Organic Amendment Synergy = $$Economic opportunities with cover crops and organic amendments
If biomass was returned to the soil:
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Amendment TypeTotal N
(lbs/ton)
C:N
ratio
Application
rate (ton/ac)
Stable C
(lb/ton)
% SOM
increase
1% ↑
SOM (applicatons)
N - P205 - K20 (lbs/ac)*
(available)
High C:N dairy 6 lbs 49 340 19,992 1.0 1 327 – 625 - 1,179
High C:N dairy 6 49 150 8,820 0.44 2.3 145 - 276 – 520
Mushroom compost 24.8 10 400 99,200 1.0 1 3,143 - 5,000 - 9,390
Mushroom compost 24.8 10 25 1,240 0.062 16 196 – 313 - 587
Solid Dairy manure 18.32 16 341 19,991 1.0 1 1,160 - 3,600 - 6,900
Solid Dairy manure 18.32 16 32 1,875 0.094 10.6 109 – 338 – 650
Leaf/yard compost 19.6 17 300 19,992 1.0 1 1,808 - 2,315 - 3,445
Leaf/yard compost 19.6 17 34 2,266 0.113 8.8 204 - 263 – 390
Solid Horse manure 10 30 333 19,980 1.0 1 801 - 1,836 - 3,103
Solid Horse manure 10 30 62 3,720 0.186 5.4 149 - 342 - 578
*NMAN3 data using average database nutrient values for application 1 x per 3 years for a 180 bu corn crop
Materials are not created equally – Need to know the nutrient and OM, C:N ratio of the materials being considered.
Organic Amendments: Nutrients or Organic Matter?How long does it take and how much material is required to raise Soil Organic Matter by ~1%
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Sources of Organic Matter (& Nutrients)
• Cover crops
• Manure
• Biosolids
• Biosolids Pellets
• N-Viro
• Biochar
• Digestate
• Lystegro
• Compost (manure & municipal)
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There is a wide range in cost of the materials. The price is determined mainly by distance transported, application and volume (bulk density).Biosolids:
Terratec Environmental - Mark Janiec 905-878-2800 x223 [email protected]
WESSUC - Adrian Tod - 1-519 -752-0837 [email protected]
Processed Biosolids Pellets: David Buurma 519-671-2534 [email protected] Water Canada Inc.- Paul Purser 905-906-1292 [email protected] www.nutri-pel.ca
N-Viro – Ian Shipley 519-786-2106 or Lise LeBlanc 519-410-3228 [email protected] – Michael Dougherty 519-923-3539 [email protected] www.lystek.comMunicipal Compost:
AIM Environmental Group – Hamilton/Guelph – Frank Peters [email protected] or Mike Lishman 289-260-6820 [email protected]
MILLER Compost – Kyle Schumacher – 905-426-4222x232 [email protected]
ORGA - London Municipal Greenbin Compost – Chris O’Toole 519-649-4446 x 106 [email protected]
Ottawa Municipal Greenbin Compost - 613-822-2056Peel Region Compost – Terry DiNatale 905-791-7800 x7963 - [email protected] Recycling (compost) – Rick Vandersluis – 519-858-2199 [email protected]
Walker Environmental – Diana Aquino 905-329-4285 [email protected] www.walkerind.com
Municipal Digestate: Cornerstone Renewables – Travis Woolings 519-317-6756 [email protected]
Manure/Compost Brokers: M.P. Agri-Products Ted Empey 519-765-4535 [email protected] Matters – Scott Boldt 519-389-2888 [email protected]
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Livestock Manure (Solid)
What Is It?• Livestock waste with bedding materials (straw, wood chips etc.)
Benefits:• Available on-farm (livestock neighbours?)• provides many of the required macro and micro nutrients • supplies organic matter which will help maintain or improve soil health
Challenges:• contains odours and pathogens which,
– can lead to water contamination
• application to wet soils – can cause soil compaction.
• Nutrient content – usually not in proportions needed by crops
• Application to crops further from manure storage – takes time and planning
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Manure Has Value
Animal TypeDM
%
Useable N1
lbs
P2052
lbs
K20
lbs
Year 1 Value
$
Year 2-4 Value3
$
Liquid Hog /1000 gal 4 22 11 21 28.80 7.80
Liquid Dairy /1000 gal 8 17 8 27 26.70 7.40
Solid Cattle /ton 30 4.5 5.3 14 12.00 4.60
Poultry layers /ton 37 20 18 21 32.20 13.80
Poultry broilers/ton 66 25 26 39 47.30 20.90
Sheep /ton 32 6 6.3 16 14.50 5.00
Horses /ton 37 2.4 2.8 9 7.10 2.60
Spring applied; incorporated; 40% P in application year; Organic N and 40% P in yr 2-4
Are there opportunities to move/sell manure to fields with higher fertility needs?
http://fieldcropnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Nutrient-Value-of-Manure.pdf
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Compost (manure)
What Is It?
• Material with specific C:N ratio and moisture content that goes through a process of heating, turning and curing provides nutrients and organic matter with reduced volume and odour compared to the original material
Benefits:
• provides many of the required macro and micro nutrients (ration based)
• Low odour and pathogen content
• Low risk of nitrogen loss (leaching or volatilzation)
• supplies organic matter which will help maintain or improve soil health
Challenges:
• Higher labour requirement than with manure
• Could have odour issues if C:N ratio or
moisture content is too high or low
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Municipal CompostWhat Is It?
• Municipal good waste mixed with high carbon materials (ie wood
chips) and composted in-vessel, or in windrows, under specific conditions to meet MOE un-restricted compost guidelines
• Analysis will vary for each facility, depends on process and length of curing.
Benefits:
• High OM product with good balance of available N-P-K and micro nutrients. (Varies with inputs i.e. food waste v.s. leaf-yard waste)
• Cured compost = low odour & low risk of N loss
• Uniform application is easier than with most solid manure types
• Ideally applied once in the rotation (after cereal harvest) at ~10-15 ton/acre
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Municipal Greenbin CompostChallenges:
• Low bulk density as low as 20 lbs/cubic foot, makes transport expensive
• Contaminants – plastics
• Maturity – could result in class B compost = NASM 3 = more work
• Odour - Un-cured or green compost can have a distinct odour that re-occurs when wetted if material is not incorporated
• Temporary field storage can cause some compaction damage
• Timing of product availability and application
• Some variability in product – time of year input availability
• Un-incorporated, surface applied = soluble P runoff risk ?
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Compost Study - Yield/Quality Results 2011-2015
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AIM Hamilton Try Recycling CompostAnalysis Available (lbs/ton) Analysis Available (lbs/ton)
Dry Matter % 72 1,532 61.7 1,234Total Nitrogen % 2.4
19.5 + 3.8 = ~200.98
5.8 + 0.2 = ~5NH4-N (ppm) 2541 142Phosphorus % 0.62 22.7 (P205) 0.21 7.7 (P205)Potassium % 1.25 27 (K20) 0.53 11.4 (K20)Organic Matter % 50.1 720* 30.2 373*pH 6.60 8.10C:N ratio 12 : 1 17 : 1Bulk Density 329 kg/m3 20.5 lbs/ft3 596 kg/m3 37.2 lbs/ft3
Sulphur (ppm) 2373 4.7 1171 2.3EC (conductivity) (ms/cm) 9.81 12.6 3.15 4.0Sodium % 0.62 12.4 0.07 1.4Aluminum (ppm) 1458 2.9 2183 4.4Boron (ppm) 15.1 0.03 15 0.03Calcium (%) 3.28 66 3.70 74Copper (ppm) 31.6 0.06 35.5 0.07Iron (ppm) 2775 5.6 5644 11.3Magnesium (%) 0.39 7.8 0.79 15.8Manganese (ppm) 134.2 0.27 219.2 0.44Zinc (ppm) 94.6 0.18 251.0 0.50
* ~20% of OM is assumed stable
Knowing Material Composition is Important
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BiocharWhat is It?
• Black carbon material produced from a thermochemical process (pyrolysis) of organic feedstocks
• Stable, inert material that can adsorb nutrients and increase nutrient retention without carbon release to atmosphere
Benefits:
• Increases water holding capacity when applied at high rates
• Yield response to biochar when added to fall applied liquid manure:
– Viscosity (thickness) increased
– Provides odour control
– benefit from immobilization of NH4-N & NO3-N to slow release / could ↓ N loss
Challenges:
• Soil applied (without manure) - little impact on biomass grain yield
• Difficult to handle and apply in a practical operation
• Composition influenced by feedstock and manufacturing conditions
• Supply driven by energy industry (carbon offsets) -limited Ontario supply
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Biosolids What Is It?
• Dried & dewatered sewage biosolids
• Pulp & paper waste
• Processing waste
Benefits:
• similar to manure from nutrient and organic matter perspective
• custom applied and applied at no cost for the farm (usually)
• regulatory changes in 2010 - application rates set to meet crop needs
Challenges:
• Sewage biosolids contain little or no potash
• contain trace elements (ie lead, copper)
• wider setbacks are required from residences and sensitive features
• setback areas = additional trip with commercial fertilizer
• regulatory requirements – NASM plan required pre-application
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N-ViroWhat Is It?
• Biosolids material processed with kiln dust to provide liming benefit
• Regulated through CFIA - treated as a fertilizer material
Benefits:
• high calcium and potassium = liming capacity
• relatively high sulphur content
• ideal product for sandy soils with low pH
• regulated through CFIA = product consistency and no need for NASM plan
Challenges:
• nitrogen contribution and organic matter is relatively low.
• N-Viro is dusty and should be applied under low wind conditions
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Biosolids Pellets What Are They?
• Process takes digested sewage to biosolids cake (dewatered, thickening agents added) then pelletization (heating and drying) process occurs
• Regulated through CFIA - treated as a fertilizer
Benefits:
• excellent source of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and micro-nutrients
• Regulated through CFIA = product consistency and no need for NASM plan
• processed biosolids pellets are available from Windsor, Detroit and Toronto and are similar in nutrient content
Challenges:
• Low K = not the product of choice if potash is an important requirement
• Can heat and ignite in storage
• Water treatment processes result in differences in aluminum, calcium, iron levels which could affect phosphorus availability, especially in low pH soils
• Pellets application rate restricted to meet heavy metals limits (~1 T/ha for Toronto pellets)
![Page 32: What’s the Best Fit? - FarmSmart · 2017/02/17 · (lbs/bu yield) Yield to maintain 3% ... 5 231 lbs K 2 0/acre SOM Stable Carbon (lbs/ac) ... • Maturity –could result in class](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011801/5b04726f7f8b9a6c0b8dd2d3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Label (guaranteed analysis) v.s. “real analysis”
Label: 4.6 – 6.0 - 0
Actual: 5.0 – 6.7 – 0
Available: 2.6 -5.3 - 0
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LystegroWhat Is It?
• Regulated through CFIA - treated as a fertilizer material
• Patented process that combines sewage biosolids + potassium hydroxide + heat (70 °C) + a lysing process
Benefits:
• 12-13% dry matter
• ~ 30 – 27 – 31 lbs/1000 gal of available N-P205-K20 in year of application
• relatively high sulphur (~12 lbs) and high organic matter (~ 500 lbs) content
• regulated through CFIA = product consistency - no need for NASM plan
• Custom applied
Challenges:
• Ideal rate between 3,000 – 4,000 gal/ac for corn
• High pH, high NH4-N = high volatilization risk
• Requires immediate incorporation (cover crops)
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Label (guaranteed analysis) v.s. “real analysis”
Label: 4.5 – 7 – 2.5
Actual: 4.9 – 10 - 4
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Anaerobic DigestateWhat Is It?
• By-product of anaerobic digesters – main program for GHG
• Composition will vary with inputs – testing is important
• Opportunity for liquid solid separation – further composting
Benefits:
• Higher N & lower C:N ratio compared to pre-AD
• Spring application to growing crops is ideal
• odour and pathogens lower (closed system)
• Liquid application can be difficult if ↑ N content
Challenges:
• ↑ NH4-N and ↓C:N ratio – similar composition to liquid hog manure
• Higher risk = more management
– Application rate, uniformity, timing is more important
– ↑pH, ↑ NH4-N – Higher risk of volatilization & leaching
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R² = 0.8138
R² = 0.8001
R² = 0.8277
R² = 0.8265
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Do
sim
ete
r R
ead
ings
(p
pm
/hr)
Hours After Application
Comparing Ammonia Loss Trends – Injected and Surface Applied Manure to Digestate
check
injected digestate
surface digestate
surface manure
injected manure
Surface Applied DigestateSurface Applied ManureInjected DigestateInjected Manure
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75
95
115
135
155
175
195
Riverview Shelbourne New Lowell Meaford Average
Yie
ld (
bu
/acr
e)
75
95
115
135
155
175
195
215
235
Riverview Dundalk Elora Meaford Stayner Average
Yie
ld (
bu
/acr
e)
4,500 gal/ac
3,000 gal/ac
N-P-K equivalent
2015 Wet SummerAverage:
16 bu/ac ↑ yield
2016 – Dry SummerAverage:
1 bu/ac ↑ yield
Lystegro Field Trials (2015-16)Georgian Region S & C project
?
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75
95
115
135
155
175
195
Riverview Shelbourne New Lowell Meaford Average
Yie
ld (
bu
/acr
e)
Lystegro Field Trials (2015-16)
?
Approximate Nutrients Applied (lbs/ac N - P205 - K20)
Fertilizer check 127 – 92 – 1433,000 gal/ac 101 – 131 ̶ 1064,500 gal/ac 151 – 197 – 118
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D = Digestate ( BioEn - Elmira)
B = Processed Biosolids (Lystegro)
4R Application of Organic Amendments Small Plot StudyDon King, Ann Huber - SRG
R² = 0.7606
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
corn
yie
ld (
bu
/acr
e)
Initial + added K (ppm in soil)
K "total vs yield
60-80 ppm KRecommendation: 80 lbs/ac K
Applied:
Digestate: 22 lbs/acLystgro: 41 lbs/ac
![Page 40: What’s the Best Fit? - FarmSmart · 2017/02/17 · (lbs/bu yield) Yield to maintain 3% ... 5 231 lbs K 2 0/acre SOM Stable Carbon (lbs/ac) ... • Maturity –could result in class](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011801/5b04726f7f8b9a6c0b8dd2d3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
D = Digestate ( BioEn - Elmira)
B = Processed Biosolids (Lystegro)
4R Application of Organic Amendments Small Plot StudyDon King, Ann Huber - SRG
R² = 0.7606
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
corn
yie
ld (
bu
/acr
e)
Initial + added K (ppm in soil)
K "total vs yield
Critical Level = 1.20 %
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
Dni Bni D-0 B-0 0+N D+N B+N check
K (
%)
Corn leaf tissue %K
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Opportunities with Organic AmendmentsIssues: • municipal organics production - daily• application –
o limited to growing season o no application when soils are frozen or snow covered.
• Storage of liquids is expensive • Storage of solids (temporary field storage options)• Solids have lower environmental risk
Opportunities: Mixing materials to match needs• Examples: ↑carbon solid + ↑ N liquid = ↑ nutrient concentration
= ↑ marketability to agriculture (e.g. digestate mixed with leaf-yard based compost)
• match nutrient needs vs organic matter
• match products to where they have greatest benefit
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Opportunities with Organic Amendments
• Marketing to agriculture• Example immature compost – as a potential market
• Mixing products to match niche markets
• Government initiatives• Soil Health (GLASI funding for adding OM)• Lake Erie phosphorus reduction• Climate Change
• Improving logistics • Shared transportation? Improved efficiency?
• Working with fertilizer industry • 4R initiative• Storage/ marketing/application opportunities for
“August-October” applications with cover crops
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Summary:
• Ontario soils at risk for erosion, compaction, OM depletion
• Farm interest in soil health is increasing• Cover crops, organic amendments, GPS tools & funding programs
• Less livestock manure – but could be distributed better
• Municipal sourced organics - ↑ with urban population
• Policy to decrease organics from landfill
• Policies: soil health, GL water quality, climate change & pollinator health have OM as a key element
• Various markets / end uses for organic waste (competition)
• Cooperative efforts? marketing, policy (↓ red tape), innovation
• The future is filled with opportunities – lets make it happen!