Whats new in Groovy 2.0?

Main sponsor

What’s New in Groovy 2.0?Guillaume LaforgeGroovy project Manager

@glaforge

Guillaume Laforge• Groovy Project Manager at VMware

• Initiator of the Grails framework• Creator of the Gaelyk

and Caelyf toolkits

• Co-author of Groovy in Action

• Follow me on...• My blog: http://glaforge.appspot.com• Twitter: @glaforge• Google+: http://gplus.to/glaforge

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http://gplus.to/glaforge


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Agenda

• What’s new in Groovy 1.8?–Nicer DSLs with command chains–Runtime performance improvements–GPars bundled for taming your multicores–Closure enhancements–Builtin JSON support–New AST transformations

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@glaforge

Agenda

• What’s cooking for Groovy 2.0?–Alignments with JDK 7

• Project Coin (small language changes)• Invoke Dynamic support

– Continued runtime performance improvements

–Static type checking–Static compilation–Modularity

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@glaforge

Command chains• A grammar improvement allowing you

to drop dots & parens when chaining method calls–an extended version of top-level statements like println

• Less dots, less parens allow you to –write more readable business rules–in almost plain English sentences

• (or any language, of course)

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@glaforge

Command chains

turn left then right

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Command chains


Alternation of method names

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Command chains


Alternation of method names

and parameters(even named ones)

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Command chains


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@glaforge

Command chains

turn left then right ( ). ( )

Equivalent to:

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Look Ma!No parens, no dots!

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Command chains

take 2.pills, of: chloroquinine, after: 6.hours

Before... we used to do...

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@glaforge

Command chains



Normal argument

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Command chains



Normal argument Named arguments

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Command chains



Normal argument Named arguments

Woud call:

def take(Map m, Quantity q)

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@glaforge

Command chains

take 2 pills of chloroquinine after 6 hours

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Now, even less punctuation!

@glaforge

Command chains

take 2 pills of chloroquinine after 6 hours ( ). ( ). ( ). ( )

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Now, even less punctuation!

@glaforge

Command chains

// Java fluent API approachclass RegimenBuilder { ... def take(int n) { this.pills = n return this }

def pills(String of) { return this } ...}

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@glaforge

Command chains

// variable injectiondef (of, after, hours) = /*...*/ // implementing the DSL logicdef take(n) { [pills: { of -‐> [chloroquinine: { after -‐> ['6': { time -‐> }] }] }]}

// -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐take 2 pills of chloroquinine after 6 hours

{ }

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@glaforge

Command chains

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@glaforge

Command chains

// methods with multiple arguments (commas)

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Command chains

// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor

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Command chains


// leverage named-‐args as punctuation

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Command chains


// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good

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Command chains



// closure parameters for new control structures

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Command chains



// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}

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Command chains




// zero-‐arg methods require parens

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Command chains




// zero-‐arg methods require parensselect all unique() from names

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Command chains





// possible with an odd number of terms

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@glaforge

Command chains





// possible with an odd number of termstake 3 cookies

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@glaforge

Command chains






( ). ( ). ( )

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@glaforge

Command chains






( ). ( ). ( )

( ). ( )

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@glaforge

Command chains






( ). ( ). ( )

( ). ( )

( ). ( ). ( )

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@glaforge

Command chains






( ). ( ). ( )

( ). ( )

( ). ( ). ( )

( ). . ( )

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@glaforge

Command chains






( ). ( ). ( )

( ). ( )

( ). ( ). ( )

( ). . ( )

( ).

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@glaforge

Runtime performance improvements

• Significant runtime improvements for primitive type operations–classical Fibonacci example x13 faster!–closer to Java performance

• Some direct method calls on this

• More on performance later on

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@glaforge

GPars bundled• GPars is bundled

in the Groovy distribution

• GPars covers a wide range of parallel and concurrent paradigms–actors, fork/join, map/filter/reduce, dataflow, agents–parallel arrays, executors, STM, and more...

• And you can use it from plain Java as well!

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Closure enhancements• Closure annotation parameters

• Some more functional flavor–composition

• compose several closures into one single closure

–trampoline• avoid stack overflow errors for recursive algorithms

–memoization• remember the outcome of previous closure invocations

• Currying improvements

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Closure annotation parameters

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@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@interface Invariant { Class value() // a closure class} @Invariant({ number >= 0 })class Distance { float number String unit} def d = new Distance(number: 10, unit: "meters") def anno = Distance.getAnnotation(Invariant)def check = anno.value().newInstance(d, d)assert check(d)

{

@glaforge

Closure annotation parameters

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@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@interface Invariant { Class value() // a closure class} @Invariant({ number >= 0 })class Distance { float number String unit} def d = new Distance(number: 10, unit: "meters") def anno = Distance.getAnnotation(Invariant)def check = anno.value().newInstance(d, d)assert check(d)

{Poor-man’s GContracts

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Builtin JSON support

• Consuming

• Producing

• Pretty-printing

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import groovy.json.*

def payload = new URL( "http://github.../json/commits/...").text

def slurper = new JsonSlurper()def doc = slurper.parseText(payload)

doc.commits.message.each { println it }

@glaforge


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import groovy.json.* def json = new JsonBuilder() json.person { name "Guillaume" age 34 pets "Hector", "Felix"} println json.toString()

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import groovy.json.* def json = new JsonBuilder() json.person { name "Guillaume" age 34 pets "Hector", "Felix"} println json.toString()

{ "person": { "name": "Guillaume", "age": 34, "pets": [ "Hector", "Felix" ] }}

@glaforge


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import groovy.json.* println JsonOutput.prettyPrint( '''{"person":{"name":"Guillaume","age":34,''' + '''"pets":["Hector","Felix"]}}''')

{ "person": { "name": "Guillaume", "age": 34, "pets": [ "Hector", "Felix" ] }}

@glaforge

New AST transformations• @Log

• @Field

• @AutoClone• @AutoExternalizable

• @Canonical– @ToString, – @EqualsAndHashCode, – @TupleConstructor

• Controlling the execution of your code– @ThreadInterrupt, – @TimedInterrupt, – @ConditionalInterrupt

• @InheritConstructor

• @WithReadLock• @WithWriteLock

• @ListenerList

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@Log

• Four different loggers can be injected–@Log, @Commons, @Log4j, @Slf4j

• Possible to implement your own strategy

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import groovy.util.logging.* @Logclass Car { Car() { log.info 'Car constructed' }} def c = new Car()

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@Log

• Four different loggers can be injected–@Log, @Commons, @Log4j, @Slf4j

• Possible to implement your own strategy

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import groovy.util.logging.* @Logclass Car { Car() { log.info 'Car constructed' }} def c = new Car()

Guardedw/ an if

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• Your application may run user’s code–what if the code runs in infinite loops or for too long?–what if the code consumes too many resources?

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Controlling code execution

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• Your application may run user’s code–what if the code runs in infinite loops or for too long?–what if the code consumes too many resources?

• 3 new transforms at your rescue–@ThreadInterrupt: adds Thread#isInterrupted checks

so your executing thread stops when interrupted–@TimedInterrupt: adds checks in method and closure

bodies to verify it’s run longer than expected–@ConditionalInterrupt: adds checks with your own

conditional logic to break out from the user code

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Controlling code execution

@glaforge

@ThreadInterrupt

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@ThreadInterruptimport groovy.transform.ThreadInterrupt while (true) {

// eat lots of CPU}

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@ThreadInterrupt

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// eat lots of CPU}

if (Thread.currentThread.isInterrupted()) throw new InterruptedException(){ }

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@ThreadInterrupt

• Two optional annotation parameters available–checkOnMethodStart (true by default)–applyToAllClasses (true by default)

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// eat lots of CPU}

if (Thread.currentThread.isInterrupted()) throw new InterruptedException(){ }

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@ToString• Provides a default toString() method to your types• Available annotation options

– includeNames, includeFields, includeSuper, excludes

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import groovy.transform.ToString @ToStringclass Person { String name int age} println new Person(name: 'Pete', age: 15)// => Person(Pete, 15)

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@EqualsAndHashCode

• Provides default implementations for equals() and hashCode() methods

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import groovy.transform.EqualsAndHashCode @EqualsAndHashCodeclass Coord { int x, y} def c1 = new Coord(x: 20, y: 5)def c2 = new Coord(x: 20, y: 5) assert c1 == c2assert c1.hashCode() == c2.hashCode()

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@TupleConstructor• Provides a «classical» constructor with all properties• Several annotation parameter options available

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import groovy.transform.TupleConstructor @TupleConstructor class Person { String name int age} def m = new Person('Marion', 3) assert m.name == 'Marion'assert m.age == 3

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@Canonical

• One annotation to rule them all!–@Canonical mixes together

• @ToString• @EqualsAndHashCode• @TupleConstructor

• You can customize behavior by combining @Canonical and one of the other annotations

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@InheritConstructors

• Classes like Exception are painful when extended, as all the base constructors should be replicated

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class CustomException extends Exception { CustomException() { super() } CustomException(String msg) { super(msg) } CustomException(String msg, Throwable t) { super(msg, t) } CustomException(Throwable t) { super(t) }}

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@InheritConstructors

• Classes like Exception are painful when extended, as all the base constructors should be replicated

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class CustomException extends Exception { CustomException() { super() } CustomException(String msg) { super(msg) } CustomException(String msg, Throwable t) { super(msg, t) } CustomException(Throwable t) { super(t) }}

import groovy.transform.*

@InheritConstructorsclass CustomException extends Exception {

}

@glaforge

Miscelanous• Compilation customizers • Java 7 diamond operator• Slashy and dollar slashy strings• New GDK methods• (G)String to Enum coercion• Customizing the Groovysh prompt• Executing remote scripts

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Compilation customizers• Ability to apply some customization to the Groovy

compilation process

• Three available customizers–ImportCustomizer–ASTTransformationCustomizer–SecureASTCustomizer

• But you can implement your own

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Imports customizer

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def configuration = new CompilerConfiguration() def custo = new ImportCustomizer()custo.addStaticStar(Math.name)configuration.addCompilationCustomizers(custo) def result = new GroovyShell(configuration) // import static java.lang.Math.* .evaluate(" cos PI/3 ")

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Customizing the Groovysh prompt

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What’s cookingfor 2.0?

@glaforge

Groovy 2.0 roadmap• Java 7 alignements: Project Coin

–binary literals–underscore in literals–multicatch

• JDK 7: InvokeDynamic• Towards a more modular Groovy• Static type checking • Static compilation

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@glaforge

Groovy 2.0 roadmap• Java 7 alignements: Project Coin

–binary literals–underscore in literals–multicatch

• JDK 7: InvokeDynamic• Towards a more modular Groovy• Static type checking • Static compilation

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End of April?

@glaforge

Java 7 / JDK 7

• Project Coin and InvokeDynamic

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@glaforge

Binary literals

• We had decimal, octal and hexadecimal notations for number literals

• We can now use binary representations too

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int x = 0b10101111assert x == 175 byte aByte = 0b00100001assert aByte == 33 int anInt = 0b1010000101000101assert anInt == 41285

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Underscore in literals

• Now we can also add underscores in number literals for more readability

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long creditCardNumber = 1234_5678_9012_3456Llong socialSecurityNumbers = 999_99_9999Lfloat monetaryAmount = 12_345_132.12long hexBytes = 0xFF_EC_DE_5Elong hexWords = 0xFFEC_DE5Elong maxLong = 0x7fff_ffff_ffff_ffffLlong alsoMaxLong = 9_223_372_036_854_775_807Llong bytes = 0b11010010_01101001_10010100_10010010

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Multicatch

• One block for multiple exception caught–rather than duplicating the block

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try { /* ... */} catch(IOException | NullPointerException e) { /* one block to treat 2 exceptions */}

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InvokeDynamic• Groovy 2.0 supports JDK 7’s invokeDynamic

–compiler will have a flag for compiling against JDK 7–might use the invokeDynamic backport for < JDK 7

• Benefits–more runtime performance!

• at least as fast as current «dynamic» Groovy

–in the long run, will allow us to get rid of code!• call site caching, thanks to MethodHandles• metaclass registry, thanks to ClassValues• will let the JIT inline calls more easily

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Groovy Modularity• Groovy’s «all» JAR weighs in at 4MB

• Nobody needs everything–Template engine, Ant scripting, Swing UI building...

• Provide a smaller core–and several smaller JARs per feature

• Provide hooks for setting up DGM methods, etc.

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Static Type Checking• Goal: make the Groovy compiler «grumpy»!

–and throw compilation errors (not at runtime)• Not everybody needs dynamic features all the time

–think Java libraries scripting• Grumpy should...

–tell you about your method or variable typos–complain if you call methods that don’t exist–shout on assignments of wrong types–infer the types of your variables–figure out GDK methods–etc...

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@glaforge

Typos in your variable or method

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import groovy.transform.TypeChecked void method() {} @TypeChecked test() { // Cannot find matching method metthhoood() metthhoood() def name = "Guillaume" // variable naamme is undeclared println naamme}

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Compilationerrors!

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Compilationerrors!

Annotation can be atclass or method level

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Complain on wrong assignments

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// cannot assign value of type... to variable...int x = new Object()Set set = new Object() def o = new Object()int x = o String[] strings = ['a','b','c']int str = strings[0] // cannot find matching method plus()int i = 0i += '1'

@glaforge

Complain on wrong assignments

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// cannot assign value of type... to variable...int x = new Object()Set set = new Object() def o = new Object()int x = o String[] strings = ['a','b','c']int str = strings[0] // cannot find matching method plus()int i = 0i += '1'

Compilationerrors!

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Complain on wrong return types

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// checks if/else branch return valuesint method() { if (true) { 'String' } else { 42 }}// works for switch/case & try/catch/finally // transparent toString() impliedString greeting(String name) { def sb = new StringBuilder() sb << "Hi " << name}

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Complain on wrong return types

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// checks if/else branch return valuesint method() { if (true) { 'String' } else { 42 }}// works for switch/case & try/catch/finally // transparent toString() impliedString greeting(String name) { def sb = new StringBuilder() sb << "Hi " << name}

Compilationerror!

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Type inference

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@TypeChecked test() { def name = " Guillaume " // String type infered (even inside GString) println "NAME = ${name.toUpperCase()}" // Groovy GDK method support // (GDK operator overloading too) println name.trim() int[] numbers = [1, 2, 3] // Element n is an int for (int n in numbers) { println n }}

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Staticly checked & dyn. methods

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@TypeCheckedString greeting(String name) { // call method with dynamic behavior // but with proper signature generateMarkup(name.toUpperCase())} // usual dynamic behaviorString generateMarkup(String name) { def sw = new StringWriter() new MarkupBuilder(sw).html { body { div name } } sw.toString()}

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Instanceof checks

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@TypeChecked void test(Object val) {

if (val instanceof String) { println val.toUpperCase() } else if (val instanceof Number) { println "X" * val.intValue() }

}

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Instanceof checks

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}

No needfor casts

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Instanceof checks

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}

No needfor casts

Can call String#multiply(int)from the Groovy Development Kit

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Lowest Upper Bound• Represents the lowest «super» type classes have

in common–may be virtual (aka «non-denotable»)

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@TypeChecked test() { // an integer and a BigDecimal return [1234, 3.14]}

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Lowest Upper Bound• Represents the lowest «super» type classes have

in common–may be virtual (aka «non-denotable»)

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@TypeChecked test() { // an integer and a BigDecimal return [1234, 3.14]}

Inferred return type:List<Number>

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Flow typing• Static type checking shouldn’t complain even for

bad coding practicies which work w/o type checks

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@TypeChecked test() { def var = 123 // inferred type is int int x = var // var is an int var = "123" // assign var with a String

x = var.toInteger() // no problem, no need to cast

var = 123 x = var.toUpperCase() // error, var is int!}

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Gotchas: static checking vs dynamic• Type checking works at compile-time

–adding @TypeChecked doesn’t change behavior• do not confuse with static compilation

• Most dynamic features cannot be type checked–metaclass changes, categories–dynamically bound variables (ex: script’s binding)

• However, compile-time metaprogramming works–as long as proper type information is defined

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Gotchas: runtime metaprogramming

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@TypeChecked void test() { Integer.metaClass.foo = {} 123.foo()}

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Not allowed:metaClass property

is dynamic

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Not allowed:metaClass property

is dynamic

Method notrecognized

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Gotchas: closures need explicit types

• A «Groovy Enhancement Proposal» to address this issue

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@TypeChecked test() { ["a", "b", "c"].collect { it.toUpperCase() // Not OK }}

@glaforge

Gotchas: closures need explicit types

• A «Groovy Enhancement Proposal» to address this issue

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@TypeChecked test() { ["a", "b", "c"].collect { String it -‐> it.toUpperCase() // OK, it’s a String }}

@glaforge

Closure shared variables

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@TypeChecked test() { def var = "abc" def cl = { var = new Date() } cl() var.toUpperCase() // Not OK!}

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var assigned in the closure:«shared closure variable»

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Impossible to ensure the assignment really happens

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Impossible to ensure the assignment really happens

Only methods of the most specific compatible type (LUB)are allowed by the type checker

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class A { void foo() {} }class B extends A { void bar() {} }

@TypeChecked test() { def var = new A() def cl = { var = new B() } cl() var.foo() // OK!}

@glaforge


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class A { void foo() {} }class B extends A { void bar() {} }

@TypeChecked test() { def var = new A() def cl = { var = new B() } cl() var.foo() // OK!}

var is at leastan instance of A

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Static Compilation

• Given your Groovy code can be type checked...we can as well compile it «statically»

–ie. generate the same byte code as javac

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@glaforge

Static Compilation: advantages• You gain:

–Type safety• thanks to static type checking

– static compilation builds upon static type checking

–Faster code• as close to Java’s performance as possible

–Code immune to «monkey patching»• metaprogramming badly used can interfere with framework code

–Smaller bytecode size

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@glaforge

Static Compilation: disadvantages• But you loose:

–Dynamic features• metaclass changes, categories, etc.

–Dynamic method dispatch• although emulated as close as possible to «dynamic» Groovy

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@glaforge

Staticly compiled & dyn. methods

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@CompileStaticString greeting(String name) { // call method with dynamic behavior // but with proper signature generateMarkup(name.toUpperCase())} // usual dynamic behaviorString generateMarkup(String name) { def sw = new StringWriter() new MarkupBuilder(sw).html { body { div name } } sw.toString()}

@glaforge

What about performance?• Comparisons between:

–Java

–Groovy static compilation• ie. Groovy 2.0

–Groovy with primitive optimizations• ie. since Groovy 1.8

–Groovy without optimizations• ie. Groovy 1.7 and before

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@glaforge

What about performance?

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Fibonacci Pi (π) quadrature

Binarytrees

Java

StaMccompilaMon

PrimiMve opMmizaMons

No prim.opMmizaMons

140 ms 93 ms 4.5 s

150 ms 220 ms 7.6 s

270 ms 110 ms 29.6 s

3800 ms 3.8 s 50.0 s1.7

1.8

2.0

@glaforge

Summary• Main themes of the Groovy 2.0 release

–Modularity

–Embark the JDK 7 enhancements• Project Coin• Invoke Dynamic

–Static aspects• Static type checking• Static compilation

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@glaforge

Summary

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ROCKS!

@glaforge

Thank you!

Guillaume Laforge

Head of Groovy Development

Email: [email protected]

Twitter: @glaforge

Google+: http://gplus.to/glaforge

Blog: http://glaforge.appspot.com

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mailto:[email protected]








































Q&AGot questions,

really?

@glaforge

Image credits• Iceberg: http://hqworld.net/gallery/data/media/20/tip_of_the_iceberg.jpg

• Bicycle: http://drunkcyclist.com/gallery/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=2131&g2_serialNumber=2

• Pills: http://www.we-ew.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/plan-b-pills.jpg

• Chains: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GXDVqUYSCa0/TVdBsON4tdI/AAAAAAAAAW4/EgJOUmAxB28/s1600/breaking-chains5_copy9611.jpg

• Cooking: http://www.flickr.com/photos/eole/449958332/sizes/l/

• Oui nide iou: http://desencyclopedie.wikia.com/wiki/Fichier:Superdupont_we_need_you.jpg

• Guitar: http://www.lelitteraire.com/IMG/breveon323.jpg

• Trampoline: http://www.fitness-online.fr/images/trampoline-1-m.jpg

• Curry: http://www.pot-a-epices.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/curry1.jpg

• Slurp: http://www.ohpacha.com/218-532-thickbox/gamelle-slurp.jpg

• Caution: http://www.jeunes-epinay-sur-seine.fr/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/caution-colocation.jpg

• Grumpy: http://mafeuilledechou.fr/__oneclick_uploads/2010/05/grumpy.jpg

• Modularity: http://php.jglobal.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/modularity.jpg

• Agenda: http://www.plombiereslesbains.fr/images/stories/agenda.jpg

• Java 7: http://geeknizer.com/wp-content/uploads/java7.jpg

• WIP: http://www.connetport.com/wp-content/uploads/Work_in_progress.svg_.png

• Grumpy 2: http://grumpy.division-par-zero.fr/wp-content/images/grumpy.jpg

•

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http://hqworld.net/gallery/data/media/20/tip_of_the_iceberg.jpg

http://hqworld.net/gallery/data/media/20/tip_of_the_iceberg.jpg

http://drunkcyclist.com/gallery/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=2131&g2_serialNumber=2

http://drunkcyclist.com/gallery/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=2131&g2_serialNumber=2

http://www.we-ew.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/plan-b-pills.jpg

http://www.we-ew.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/plan-b-pills.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GXDVqUYSCa0/TVdBsON4tdI/AAAAAAAAAW4/EgJOUmAxB28/s1600/breaking-chains5_copy9611.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GXDVqUYSCa0/TVdBsON4tdI/AAAAAAAAAW4/EgJOUmAxB28/s1600/breaking-chains5_copy9611.jpg

http://www.flickr.com/photos/eole/449958332/sizes/l/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/eole/449958332/sizes/l/

http://desencyclopedie.wikia.com/wiki/Fichier:Superdupont_we_need_you.jpg

http://desencyclopedie.wikia.com/wiki/Fichier:Superdupont_we_need_you.jpg

http://www.lelitteraire.com/IMG/breveon323.jpg

http://www.lelitteraire.com/IMG/breveon323.jpg

http://www.fitness-online.fr/images/trampoline-1-m.jpg

http://www.fitness-online.fr/images/trampoline-1-m.jpg

http://www.pot-a-epices.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/curry1.jpg

http://www.pot-a-epices.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/curry1.jpg

http://www.ohpacha.com/218-532-thickbox/gamelle-slurp.jpg

http://www.ohpacha.com/218-532-thickbox/gamelle-slurp.jpg

http://www.jeunes-epinay-sur-seine.fr/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/caution-colocation.jpg

http://www.jeunes-epinay-sur-seine.fr/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/caution-colocation.jpg

http://mafeuilledechou.fr/__oneclick_uploads/2010/05/grumpy.jpg

http://mafeuilledechou.fr/__oneclick_uploads/2010/05/grumpy.jpg

http://php.jglobal.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/modularity.jpg

http://php.jglobal.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/modularity.jpg

http://www.plombiereslesbains.fr/images/stories/agenda.jpg

http://www.plombiereslesbains.fr/images/stories/agenda.jpg

http://geeknizer.com/wp-content/uploads/java7.jpg

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Whats new in Groovy 2.0?

Technology

Transcript of Whats new in Groovy 2.0?