What works to make you feel it’s like the real thing………?
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Transcript of What works to make you feel it’s like the real thing………?
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What works to make you feel it’s like the real thing………?
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- The Origin of Empathytheoretical part
- Iconicity and Abstractionwhat kind of information, in what form
- Immersion how much information
- Pictures vs. Text
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•Robert Vischer (1873): ‘Einfühlung’ (in relation to art)
•Theodor Lipps (1903): ‘Einfühlung’ (interpersonal understanding)
•Titchener (1908): translation to ‘empathy’
•Marc Jeannerod (March 2005):
“The concept of empathy implies that individuals involved in a given interaction share a similar mental state. Empathy requires that one has information on the experience and intentions of the person who is observed and whose mental content one is attempting to understand.”
The Origin of Empathy
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•Carol Toris (1994):“Empathy remains a concept whose definition lacks consensus.”
•Empathy as a decoding process: focus on the recipient of a communicated message (thing)
–cognitive (perception, understanding) > empathy–affective (emotional reactions) > sympathy
Wispe (1986):“Briefly, sympathy refers to the heightened awareness of another's plight as something to be alleviated. Empathy refers to the attempt of one self-aware self to understand the subjective experiences of another self. Sympathy is a way of relating. Empathy is a way of knowing” (p. 314).
The Origin of Empathy
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•Empathy as a encoding process: focus on the creation of the message by a sender (thing)
Truax and Carkhuff (1967):"Accurate empathy involves both the therapist's sensitivity to current feelings and his verbal facility to communicate this understanding in a language attuned to the client's current feelings" (p. 46).
•Empathy as an interactive process: communicative framework (thing)
Hogan (1975):“The empathetic actor (the encoder), and the empathetic audience person, (the decoder)." (p. 15).
The Origin of Empathy
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• A negotiation model of empathy: a process of successful negotiation of communicative goals and needs (process).
Carol Toris (1994):“Empathy exists neither in the head of the sender nor the
receiver, but in the emerging interaction that takes place between them.”
The Origin of Empathy
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Real life
RealisticPhotograph
IdealisedPhotograph
Icon
Iconicity and Abstraction
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Real life
RealisticPhotograph
IdealisedPhotograph
Icon
Iconicity and Abstraction
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going
A photo novel goes towards idealised…
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Stock photos, like these from Gettyimages, are very idealised and feel fake
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Cosmetics commercials offer the same idealised, ‘fake’ look
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However…
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Dove takes a different approach; ‘Time for real beauty’,And almost takes us back to the centre of realistic photography
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Real life
RealisticPhotograph
IdealisedPhotograph
Icon
Iconicity and Abstraction
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Real life
RealisticPhotograph
IdealisedPhotograph
Icon
Iconicity and Abstraction
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RealisticPhotograph
Icon
Iconicity and Abstraction
As you move from realism to iconicity, you go from feeling you’re seeing someone else, to seeing yourself
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Iconicity and Abstraction
What does this mean for design visualisation?• The designer shouldn’t feel like he becomes the persona• The level of iconicity has to be ‘just right’• And it can vary between different actors in a scenario
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Immersion
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What do you think happened?
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This happened
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…..And this happened…..
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…..And this happened…..
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………….do you still think it’s interesting?
immersion
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immersionUnder taxed
People get apathetic/bored
Over taxed
People get stressed/frustrated
Lose sense of real world.
Intense feeling of joy & satisfaction
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Search a balance, think of immersion level of receiver and what kind of abstraction level
should be used
Pictures vs. Text
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Jean-Marc Fellous, & Michael A. Arbib (eds.)Who needs emotions?CH6: How do we decipher others’ minds? by Marc Jeannerod p.154-156CH12: Beware of the passionate robot. by Michael A. Arbib p.368-370
Gustav JahodaTheodor Lipps and the sift from ‘sympathy’ to ‘empathy’Journal of the History of the Behavorial Sciences 41(2), p.151-163. Spring 2005
Carol TorisA Negotiation Model of Empathy9th International Balint Federation Congress, 1994.
Empathy test by Simon Baron-Cohen:http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/news/page/0,12983,937443,00.html
Scott McLoudUnderstanding comics