What the AP Test Wants you to Know About the Media Linkage Institutions #7.
What the AP Test Wants you to Know About the Media Linkage Institutions #1.
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Transcript of What the AP Test Wants you to Know About the Media Linkage Institutions #1.
Old Media vs. New Media
Old Media (Newspapers and Magazines)Weaker overall in regards to politics.
Less readers/circulation
New Media (TV and Internet)Stronger overall in politics
More viewers/online presence
New Media’s Challenge to Old MediaMore people view Television than read the
NewspaperMore people read blog postings than magazine
articlesBloggers often serve as fact checkers to old media
sourcesInternet is the primary source of news for people
between ages 18-29
History of Media
The Party PressParties created, subsidized,
and controlled various newspapers
• Circulation small• Expensive subscriptions• Circulated among party elite• Government subsidized president’s party press
History of Media
Popular PressChanges in society and
technology made possible self-supporting, mass
readership daily newspapers.• High speed press• Telegraph gave local papers greater access• Associated Press (1848)• Urbanization• Sensationalism to grab more readers
History of MediaMagazines of Opinion
Middle class favored new, progressive periodicals
• Individual writers gained national following• Number of competing newspapers declines, reducing sensationalism• Readers more sophisticated• Today political magazines are a small fraction of declining number of magazines.
History of Media
Electronic JournalismRadio arrives in 1920s, television in the late 1940s
• Politicians could address voters directly• Fewer politicians get covered by these forms than newspapers• President routinely covered• Others must be controversial or have a national reputation• Shorter sound bites on the nightly news make it difficult for candidates and office holders to convey their messages
History of Media
The InternetOver 50% of American households have access to the
Internet.• Free market in political news• Playing a larger role in politics• Increasing communication between voters and political activists
Degree of Competition (Newspapers)
In 1900 more than 60% of cities had competing news papers
Today only 4% do
Degree of Competition (Electronic)
It is safe to say there might be a small amount of competition in
electronic media
National Media
Wire Services
National Magazines Television Network News Broadcasts
Cable News Networks National Newspapers
SignificanceLarge Readership
Political Elites follow them closely
Dictate local news coverage
Roles the Media Plays
Gatekeeper/Agenda SettingMedia influences which storiesbecome national stories and forhow long.
Scorekeeper/Horse-Race Journalism Tracks political reputations and candidacies. (At expense of policy details)
WatchdogInvestigates personalities and exposes scandals
Print Media Rules
First Amendment Protection1) Free from regulation2) No prior restraint (Cannot be stopped ahead
of time from running a story legally)
First Amendment does not protect from libel.
Media Rules
• Electronic Media– FCC Licensing• Deregulated• Increasing corporate ownership (Impact?)
– Fairness Doctrine Abolished– Equal Time Rule: Stations that sell
advertising to one candidate must sell equal time to opponent
How Media Impacts Politics
• Prominence of the President– Despite three “equal” branches, President gets most
coverage– Public perception of the power of the President
influenced• Congress– Resentful of lack of coverage (nobody watches
CSPAN)– Senate gets more coverage (“Presidential Candidate
Incubator”)
How Media Impacts Politics
• News Leaks –Separation of powers leads to
competition among branches, press used as a weapon•Not illegal to print most secrets
–Adversarial Press–Trial Balloon