what respiration is 1) Pathway of blood2) Cardiac cycle3) Principles governing blood

circulation4) Cardiovascular disease

1. The release of energyenergy 2. when food substancesfood substances are broken down

by 3.3. oxidationoxidation into simplersimpler substances 4. such as carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide and water.water.5.5. It is a chemical process.It is a chemical process.

AerobicAnaerobic

1. The release of a relatively largelarge amount of energy

2. by the breakdown of food substances3. in the presencepresence of oxygen

Aerobic Respiration occurs in the cell Aerobic Respiration occurs in the cell in the ….in the ….

MitochondriaMitochondria

Breakdown of food substancesOccurs in the mitochondriaSimilar to combustion of fuel

Inspiration Inspiration

Air breathed inAir breathed in

Occurs when air is taken into the lungs

ExpirationExpiration

Air breathed outAir breathed out

Occurs when air passes out of the lungs

Expired air

MirrorWater droplets

Can be written in a word equation:

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water +

Relatively lots of energy

Why are the amounts of oxygen, carbon Why are the amounts of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour different in dioxide and water vapour different in inspired and expired air?inspired and expired air?

Answer: Respiration uses oxygen and Answer: Respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water. Thus, produces carbon dioxide and water. Thus, the expired air contains the expired air contains less oxygenless oxygen and and

more carbon dioxide and watermore carbon dioxide and water

Are breathing and respiration the same?Are breathing and respiration the same?

Respiration is a chemical process.Respiration is a chemical process.

In aerobic respiration, we need oxygen.In aerobic respiration, we need oxygen.

How do we get the oxygen?How do we get the oxygen?

By BREATHINGBy BREATHING

Inhaling (breathing in) takes in oxygenInhaling (breathing in) takes in oxygen

Exhaling (breathing out) takes out carbon dioxide and Exhaling (breathing out) takes out carbon dioxide and

waterwater

Transports materials Nutrients from digested food Respiratory gases: CO2 and O2

Waste materials: toxins and nitrogenous wastes Antibodies Hormones Enzymes Blood pH Heat transport

As animals increase in size, more oxygen is required to meet their energy needs.

To deliver greater amounts of oxygen to cells, the respiratory membranes of the more complex animals must have an increased surface area.

Some animals,

such as earthworms, use their skin as a respiratory membrane

The skin must be kept moist at all times to allow the proper diffusion of gases.

Fish, some salamanders, clams, starfish, and crayfish

exchange gases through

their gills.

• Gills are, essentially, extensions of the outer surface

of the body.

The extensive folding and branching of the gills provide

increased surface area for the diffusion of gases, improving the

efficiency of the respiratory organ.

Fish also use a countercurrent flow—the water moves over the

gills in one direction while the blood, contained within the

capillaries inside the gill, moves in the opposite direction.

Countercurrent flow increases the efficiency of oxygen intake

and ensures that the oxygen diffuses into the blood over the

entire length of the blood vessel inside of the gill.

Although gills are ideal for aquatic environments, they are poorly adaptedfor land.

Why?

Exposing the large surface area of the respiratory membrane to air causes too much evaporation. If the gills become dry, the membrane becomesimpermeable to the diffusion of gases.

The body’s energy-releasing process depends on the digestive system and the breathing system.

? ??glucose is the fuel

supplied by the digestive system

oxygenoxygen is supplied by

the breathing system

1.What is the fuel used by the body’s cells?2.What gas is needed to release energy from

this fuel?3.Name three organ systems involved.

In the body’s cells, the chemical energy stored in glucose is usually released by a chemical reaction with oxygen.

This energy-releasing process is called:

glucoseoxygen

energy

respiration

Why does every living cell need a constant supply of glucose and oxygen?

Breathing in obtains the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration.

Breathing out removes the waste products of aerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration releases energy that is useful.

This process is a chemical reaction between glucose and oxygen which also produces waste products.

?glucose oxygen ? energy

Water vapour condenses into a liquid and becomes visible. What does this test tell you about aerobic respiration?

Another waste product of aerobic respiration must be…

What happens when you breathe out onto a cold pane of glass?

What happens when you breathe out on a freezing cold day?

In both cases, you can see some of the air that you have breathed out. Why?

water vapour

…water.

carbondioxideglucose oxygen water

carbondioxide

wateroxygenglucose

energy

energy

When does the body need to release more energy?

During which type of activities is the rate of aerobic respiration higher?

not very active

= low energy requirements

very active

= high energy requirements

Do All Animals & Plants Respire? We can check this by seeing if they produce carbon dioxide.

Lime water goes cloudy & bicarbonate indicator goes from red to yellow if carbon dioxide is present.

Smoking: Tobacco smoke contains:Nicotine : addictiveTar : Smokers cough; cancerCarbon monoxide : small babies due to poor

growth.

HeartAtriumVentricle

Blood vesselsArteriesArteriolesCapillaries and

capillary bedsVenulesVeins

Blood

Voice production relies on: RespirationPhonationResonance

Each of these processes is not independent, and they may change simultaneously.

The upper respiratory tract (respiration, eating, articulation, resonance, and phonation)Nasal cavityOral cavityPharynxLarynx

The lower respiratory tract (breathing for life and for speech)TracheaBronchiLungs (with bronchioles/alveoli)

Positive pressure breathing in frogs

“Gulping in” air

Negative pressure breathing in reptiles and mammals

Rib muscles and diaphragm change lung volume and pressure

CO2 transport7% in plasma23% bound to

hemoglobin70% as HCO3-

buffer

1. What are the reactants in the respiration equation?

2. What are the products of respiration?

3. What is the useful product of respiration?

4. Give one reason why respiration must take place in our bodies.

6. What is the difference between respiration and combustion?

5. Where in our bodies does respiration take place?

R side of heart:pulmonary circuit

L side of heart:systemic circuit

one way valves:atrioventricular

valvessemilunar valves

1. right atrium receives O2-poor blood from superior and inferior venae cavae

2. from right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve

3. pumped into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary semilunar valve to lungs

4. O2-rich blood from lungs is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins

5. enters the left ventricle via the mitral or bicuspid valve

6. exits the left ventricle into the aorta via the aortic semilunar valve

7. circulated to body tissues

Open circulatory system

Phylum Arthropoda, Phylum Mollusca (with one exception)

hemolymph heart(s) sinuses ostia

heart(s)diffusion from sinuses to

organsoften serve a support

purposedisadvantage: loss of

pressure in sinuses insects: well-developed

respiratory systems, O2 not transported through the blood

FISHSingle-circulationFish heart

2-chamberedatrium and ventricle

African lungfish heart3-chambered

2 atriaLA: O2-rich bloodRA: O2-poor bloodspiral fold

partially divided ventricle

Amphibians

Pulmocutaneous and systemic circulation are partly separated

Amphibian heart1 ventricle2 atria:

LA: O2-rich bloodRA: O2-poor blood

advantage: oxygen-rich blood reaches the body’s organs faster

disadvantage: some mixing of O2-rich and poor blood occurs

Reptiles

Reptilian heart3-chambers

(crocodilians have 4)2 atria1 ventricle (2 in

crocodiles and alligators) partially divided,

decreases mixing

Birds and Mammals 4 chambered heart:

2 atria 2 ventricles

full separation of pulmonary and systemic circuits

Advantages1. no mixing of oxygenated and

deoxygenated blood2. gas exchange is maximized3. pulmonary and systemic circuits

operate at different pressures

Importance1. Endothermic high nutrient and O2

demands in tissues

2. Numerous vessels great deal of resistance, so requires high pressure

Glucose and oxygen enter the body in different ways.

Glucose and oxygen are transported around the body

by the circulatory system.

Blood flowing in blood vessels takes these important substances to where they are needed – the body’s cells.

Glucose enters by the digestive system.Oxygen enters by the Breathing System.