What is yellow journalism?

Sensationalism اإلثارة . It is sensationalistic news. Yellow journalism is when someone makes up news to attract readers القراء لجذب األخبار .يختلق

Tabloids الشعبية الصحف are known for being

sensationalistic. Paparazzi المصورونrefer to

photojournalists who specialize

in candid photography of

celebrities, politicians, and

other prominent people.

Rupert Murdoch

• One of the most powerful men in the world of media

• He Introduced the Tabloid Culture to the world of Media

• The 3 S Scandal, Sex and Sport

• Infotainment المعلوامتاعية : a type of media which provides a combination of information and entertainment in order to enhance popularity with audiences and consumers وسائل من نوع وهو

م تقدم التي من زيجاالعالمأجل من والترفيه المعلومات

الجمهور التعزيز مع شعبيةوالمستهلكين

• Materialism • Commodification of

media products

Size and style

Tabloid: 380x300 mm (halfsize of broadsheet)

Broadsheet: 600x380mmBerliner or midi: 470x315 mmused by many European newspapers

Case study: change of format2004

It was redesigned to Berliner format

The Guardian used to be a broadsheet

2005

The advantage that The Guardian saw in the Berliner format was that though it is only a little wider than a tabloid, and is thus equally easy to read on public transport, its greater height gives more flexibility in page design. The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6% higher than the figure for December 2004.

Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian)

Case study: Change of format and style

Design and look:

Lots of text من الكثير النص

Importance of big coloured picture أهميةكبيرة صورة وجود ملونة

Look strict and monotonous تبدو

ومملة صارمة

The problem: unsuccessful broadsheet format (2003)

More:أكثر Colour and pictures وصور ألوان Friendly and surprising ودية

ومفاجئة Dynamicحيوية Magazin like المجلة تشبه

Less:أقل

Paper ورق Text and stories وتقارير نص

اخبار Strictصرامة

Question: Has internet influenced those changes? هذه على االنترنت أثر هل

؟ الصحيفة وتصميم شكل في التغييرات

2006: Tabloid

Tabloid or reference daily?

Bigger pictures (or different sizes) makes the article more lively.

Shorter texts work more accessible and less time-consuming.

Words like “catch”, “chilling” or “brazen” are very strong and emotional

Tabloid style and idea: Subscriptions are limited, title

page must sell the product Simply and sensationally written Give more prominence to

celebrities, sports, crime stories and even to hoaxes than reference papers.

They also more readily take a political position (either left- or right-wing) on news stories, ridiculing politicians, demanding resignations and predicting election results.

The style and idea of popular tabloid press grew out from Sunday papers.

They tend to borrow style and layout temporarily from each other to surprise readers and attract their attention.

8

Color printing is big step towards emotional journalismالعاطفية الصحافة نحو كبيرة خطوة تعتبر الملونة الطباعة

News Story Structure

Headline – It must be understandable without sub headings and images.

Lead – Basic facts: who-what-when-where-why. Sometimes used as title page teaser. Max. one paragraph, used to sell the story.

Development – Lead information should be resumed and detailed here. Short sentences, one paragraph contains only one idea.

Context – helps the reader to better understand the meaning of the provided information.

Hijackers seized passenger jet in Mauritania and landed on Spain's Canary Islands, police said.

Lead

Development

Context

Inverted pyramid

News Story Structure

Inverted Pyramid

Most Important Information

Next Most Important Information

Next Most Important Information

Less Important Information

Least Important Information

Story Structure It begins with the most important information — but after a few paragraphs it takes a turn and becomes a narrative, usually told in a time order.

Hourglass

Story Structure It would begin with an anecdote, introducing a character whose experience

illustrates what the story is all about. This small story would then broaden out to show its wider significance. Toward the end, the reporter would return to the individual character’s story as a way of concluding the narrative.

Diamond

News Lead

It is the most important part of the news story. It consists of one or two paragraphs, often no more than 30 words.

It opens with a brief, sharp statement of the story’s essential facts, the theme around which the story is to be unified.

It limits itself to the central idea that introduces the theme and major contents of the story

News Lead

Three members of one family (WHO) were killed (WHAT) last night (WHEN) in Gaza (WHERE) when their car was hit (WHY) in the road by a big truck and caused it to overturn pinning its occupants beneath it (HOW)

An Italian pro-Palestinian activist has been kidnapped and killed by Islamic militants in Gaza. The body of Vittorio Arrigoni was found in an abandoned house in the Gaza Strip on Friday following his abduction by militants, a Hamas official said.

Types of leads:

Declarativeتصريحية Contrastتفسيرية Questionاستفهامية Quotationاقتباسية Summaryتلخيصية Explosive انفجارية

News Headlines

1. Attracts the reader’s attention

2. Summarizes the story

3. Helps set the tone of the newspaper

4. Define the situation

News Headlines Structure

Headlines should be short, interesting and easy to understand

Omission of articles and verb to "be" Opposition claims government responsible for crisis 15 killed in plane crash in Lebanon

2. The simple present form is used (stays/reaches) whether it is about something that is happening, or something that happens

repeatedly CHINA launches space satellite Bush meets Iraqi officials today

News Headlines Structure

3. The present progressive is used especially to describe

something that is developing but the auxiliary is deleted Britain heading for new crisis Israel seeking to legitimize colonies World getting colder,, says researchers

4. To refer to the future, headlines usually use the INFINITIVE

President to visit Egypt Britain to spend more on cancer

Activity 1Translate the following headlines into English:

1. االوروبي االتحاد مبعوث يقابل الملك2. وضع على قلقة اليونسكو منظمة

القدس3. صادرات على ستوافق السعودية

البترول4. مسؤولية المفاوضات يقول عباس

الوحدة حكومة وليس التحرير منظمة

5. سورية في النظام تساند روسيا

Activity 2Translate the following headlines into Arabic:

1. Robbers snatch $ 60,000 in gold

2. Iraqi oil to flow today after Bush gives green light

3. Ban Ki Mon arrives in Paris today

4. Israeli troops kill Gaza 'fishermen'

5. Rocket from Gaza lands in Israel

6. Barack Obama tells Gaddafi: Libya violence must stop

News article

Abstract (Summary)

Headline Lead

Attribution

Source PlaceTime

News Agency

Journalist’s Byline

Story

Main Event Event n

Background

Previous Events

History

Commentary

Verbal Reaction

Conclusions

Expectations Evaluations

Follow- Up

Reaction Consequences

ActionSetting

Time Place

Actors

Attribution

Activity 3

Read the following article and match each paragraph with its appropriate category/ies

See photocopies

Hijacking ends on Spanish Island

LAS PALMAS, Spain (Reuters) -- The hijacking of an Air Mauritania plane Thursday ended in the Canary Islands, a Spanish government official told RNE national radio.

An Air Mauritania Boeing 737 passenger plane with 71 passengers and eight crew members aboard was hijacked after takeoff from the airport in Nouakchott, Mauritania’s capital, Mauritanian officials said.

A single suspect was arrested, Spanish media said. Emergency services earlier said several people had been wounded by gunfire. No further details were immediately available.

"Fortunately the hijacking incident has ended favorably," Jose Segura, a government representative in the Canary Islands, told RNE.

Earlier, a police officer at Nouakchott airport said the plane had been hijacked on a flight to the northern Mauritania port town of Nouadhibou and had flown instead to Dakhla in Western Sahara to take on fuel.

The Canary Islands, off the northwest coast of Africa, are a territory of Spain.

Activity 4

1- Predict the content of the following headline:

Mystery Disappearance of English Teacher: Students Suspected

Activity 52. use the information to compose a news report to go with

the headline:

Tip: A common order for newspaper reports of this kind is:

Headline General info about crime [news lead] More details about what happened A description of any suspects or the criminals What police have done / are doing to try to solve the

crime (possible appeal for witnesses)

Activity 61- Predict the content of the following headline:

Mystery of the Disappearing Teacher Solved

Attribution

Attribution means telling your readers about the source of your information, and who is being quoted. أو االقتباسمصدر عن القراء تخبر أن يعني العزو

اقتباسه يتم ومن .معلوماتك،

Information from sources can be paraphrased or quoted directly. نقلها يمكن المصادر من المعلومات

صياغتها اعادة أو مباشر .بشكل

Different Types of Attribution

On the record: السجل All statements are علىdirectly quotable and attributable, by name and title. مباشر بشكل اقتباسها يتم التصريحات كل

والمنصب االسم باستخدام Example: "The U.S. has no plans to invade Iran,"

said White House press secretary Jim Smith. Reporters should strive to have their sources

speak on the record whenever possible. A named source gives a story greater credibility.

Different Types of Attribution

Off the Record: السجل خارجInformation is for the reporter's use only and is not to be printed or made public in anyway. المعلومات

نشرها يتم وال فقط المراسل يستخدمهااألحوال من حال بأي عنها االعالن .او

Different Types of Attribution On Background: الخلفية All statements are directly في

quotable, but can't be attributed by name or specific title to the person commenting. اقتباسها يتم التصريحات كلومنصب باسم عوزها يتم ال ولكن مباشر بشكل

بالتصريح يدلي الذي .الشخص Example: "The U.S. has no plans to invade Iran," a state

department official said. On Deep Background: العميقة الخلفية Anything في

that is said in the interview is usable but not in direct quotation and not for attribution. The reporter writes it on his or her own. يتم المقابلة في قوله يتم شيء كليnعزى وال مباشر اقتباس بدون ولكن استخدامهكالمه أنه على المراسل يقدمه وإنما محدد لشخص

به .الخاص Example: The U.S. has no plans to invade Iran.

Deciding Which sources to Use? How does this source know what he or she knows? (Is this

person in a position to know these things?) How can I confirm this information through other sources or

through documents? How representative is my source’s point of view? (Is this just

one person who complains loudly about the situation, because they have a personal problem? Or is this the most articulate voice speaking for an entire group of people who have serious, legitimate problems?)

Has this source been reliable and credible in the past? Am I only using this source because it’s the easy way to go or

because I know I’ll get something I can use? What is the source’s motive for providing information? (Is this

person trying to make himself look good, or to make others look bad? Why is he or she talking to me in the first place?)

Favourable Reporting Verbs “Say” and “Tell” are generally neutral. “Repeat”, “reiterate” and “explain” are generally positive

reporting verbs. “disclose” and “reveal” generally presuppose the truth of the

statement and the reader is given a piece of confidential information.

President Bush disclosed for the first time yesterday that Iraqi troops were deploying powerful surface-to-surface missiles“

"aerial photographs reveal that the bridge was destroyed“ “confirm” implies the idea that what is said is true. It points to the

reliability of the sayer.

Defence secretary confirmed in Warsaw that 150,000 American reinforcements...

Unfavourable Reporting Verbs “claim” and “allege” generally raise doubts in the minds of the

reader about the truth of the words said.

“Iraqi officials alleged that bombs dropped by Allied forces on Thursday had missed a bridge and struck an apartment building”

"Libya yesterday claimed to have destroyed a NATO unmanned aircraft in the Libyan desert”

Pattern 1: reporting verb + that + subject + verb

acknowledge admit agree allege argue

assert assume believe claim conclude

consider decide demonstrate deny determine discover doubt emphasize explain find hypothesize imply indicate infer note

object observe point out prove reveal

say how state suggest think

(a) Scientists argue that previous researchers have misinterpreted the data. (b) Researchers have demonstrated that the procedure is harmful. (c) Scientists find that social problems increase social tensions. (d) Analysts observe that both states are essential.

Pattern 2: reporting verb + somebody/something + for + noun/gerund

applaud blame censure criticize disparage

fault praise ridicule single out thank

(a) John criticized Adam for his use of incomplete data

(b) Both Smith and Jones condemn previous researchers for distorting the data.

(c) Ali thanked Mohammed for his contribution to the discovery of insulin.