What is the latest research on 5G Architectures and Deployment Cases? What After?

I. F. Akyildiz

Ken Byers Chair Professor in Telecommunications Megagrant Research LeaderBroadband Wireless Networking Lab Wireless Networks LabSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute for Information TransmissionGeorgia Institute of Technology Problems (Kharkevich Institute) Atlanta, GA 30332, USA Russian Academy of Sciences

Moscow, 127051, Russia http://bwn.ece.gatech.edu http://www.iitp.ru

1

IFA’2018 ARGELA

OBJECTIVES OF 5G WIRELESS SYSTEMSI. F. AKYILDIZ, S. NIE, S. C. LIN, M. CHANDRASEKARAN, “5G ROADMAP: 10 KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES,”COMPUTER NETWORKS (ELSEVIER) JOURNAL, SEPT. 2016.

5GUltra High Data Rates

100x10 Gbps peak data rate100 Mbps cell edge data rate

Mobile Cybersecurity

Ultra High Capacity1000x capacity/km2 Flexible Network

Architectures

Reduced LatencyRAN Latency < 1ms

Energy Savings (90%) & Cost Reduction

(Almost Zero Latency)

Always Connected to Best Networks

Anytime, Anywhere

Connection of Billions of Things & People

(7 Billion People7 Trillion Things)

Scalability 2

IFA’2018 ARGELA

5G PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES

DATA RATES

RELIABILITY

LATENCYMin

Max

Max

3

ENERGY

Min

IFA’2018 ARGELA

Software Defined Networking (SDN)

Millimeter Wave & Terahertz Band

Massive MIMO

Internet of Things

Green Communications

Multiple Access Techniques

Ultra-Densification

D2D Communications

Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

Big Data & Mobile Cloud Computing &

AI & Machine Learning

4

10 KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR 5G

REVIEW OF 1st GENERATION W-SDN ARCHITECTURESI.F. Akyildiz, S.-C. Lin, and P. Wang,"Wireless SDNs & NFV for 5G Cellular Systems: An Overview and Qualitative Evaluation,"

Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, December 2015.

ARCHITECTURE NFV (CLOUDIFICATION) C/U-PLANE DECOUPLING

CellSDN Abstract concept Extension from SDN to W-SDN (Only Core)

ADRENALINE CORE and Network Orchestrator Deploy end-to-end virtualized NW functions

C-RAN(China Mobile)

RAN; Rough NFV; suffer from great I-Q transmissions

Fully & partial centralized architecture

EXTENDED C-RAN

NTT-DOCOMO RAN; Rough NFV; suffer great from I-Q transmissions

Variant C-RAN; use decoupling in phantom cell

SK Telecom CORE/RANRough NFV; suffer great from I-Q transmissions

Focus on HW and SW decoupling

5

IFA’2018 ARGELA 6

ARCHITECTURE NETWORKCONTROL/DATA PLANE

DECOUPLINGNETWORK

VIRTUALIZATIONSCALABILITY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

CONTENT(Nokia, IMDEA, Orange et al.) RAN and Core

Decoupling across heterogeneous physical

infrastructure

Infrastructure management layer

LowService Orchestration

layer

METIS(Nokia, Ericsson, Huawei, UPV, Orange et. al.)

RAN and CoreSynchronous/Asynchronous

User/Control FunctionsNo specific solution High

Central management entities

iJOIN(Intel, NEC, Telefonica, Uni Bremen et al.)

RAN and Core Conventional SDNRANaaS Orchestrator

and ManagerHigh

Network ControllerveNB Controller

CROWD(Juniper, Nextworks, Primetel et al.)

RAN focusedTwo-level hierarchical

separationNo specific solution Low

Local and Regional Controllers

REVIEW OF 1ST GENERATION EU W-SDN ARCHITECTURES

IFA’2018 ARGELA

SOFTAIR PROJECT (NSF: 2015-2018; HUAWEI HQ: 2012-2016)

SoftAirArchitecture

SoftAir Management Tools

SoftAirTraffic Engineering

Solutions

1. Scalable Design for SD-RAN & SD-CN (Scalable Cloudification)

2. Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

1. Control Traffic Management

2. Network Virtualization

* Network Hypervisor

* Wireless Hypervisor

* Switch Hypervisor

3. Traffic Classifier

1. Dynamic RRH Formation

2. Collaborative Scheduling

3. Mobility Management

I. F. Akyildiz, P. Wang, and S. C. Lin, “SoftAir: A Software Defined Networking Architecture for 5G Wireless Systems” Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, July 2015.

7

REVIEW OF 2ND GENERATION W-SDN ARCHITECTURES

ARCHITECTURE CONTROL PLANE DATA PLANE SCALABILITY ADAPTABILITY MODULARITY FRONT-HAUL MEC/CACHE

NGMN(Vodafone, Ericsson,

Orange..)

Dynamic Distributed

CU/DU High High NA Not Addressed Yes

METIS – II(Nokia-Bell Labs, Ericsson, Huawei, Orange, Samsung et al.)

Dynamic Distributed

CU/DU High High High Not Addressed Yes

NORMA(Nokia, NEC, Atos, Nomor et al.)

Dynamic Centralized

CU/DU Limited Yes High Not Addressed Yes

X-HAUL(I2CAT/UPC, Huawei, Cosmote, Airrays)

Static Distributed

Transport NodeArchitecture

BasedLimited NA

Multiple Functional Splits

Yes

ONF M-CORD (x-RAN & ProgRAN)

Dynamic Distributed

CU/DU + eNB High Limited HighSingle

Functional SplitNA

TIP vRANTelecom Infrastructure Project (Facebook)

NFV Only Solution(No SDN)

NFV Only Solution (No SDN)

Limited Limited LimitedMultiple PHY

Functional SplitsNA

ARBAT(RAS-IITP)

DynamicDistributed

UND High High HighMultiple

Functional SplitsYes

8

IFA’2018 ARGELA 9

ARBAT: A Flexible Software Architecture for QoE-Aware Communication in 5G Systems,I.F. Akyildiz, A. Kak, E. Khorov, A. Krasilov, A. Kureev, Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, Dec. 2019.

IFA’2018 ARGELA

TEAM IN MOSCOW AT RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

10

IFA’2018 ARGELA

ARBATArchitecture

ARBAT Management Tools

ARBATMulti RAT Operations

1. Universal Network Device

2. Unified Cellular Network

3. xSTREAM Platform4. Multi-layer RRM

Framework5. ServiceBRIDGE

Orchestration

1. Control Traffic

Management

2. Diverse Hypervisors

3. Multidimensional Slicing

Framework

4. Traffic Classifier

1. RRM in MULTI RAT

2. RRM CoMP Transmission

3. Orchestration of BSs in

License Exempt Bands

4. Coexistence & Cooperation

of different RATs working

in license exempt bands

5. Multi-technology RANs

11

NEW RADIO

1. mm waves2. URLLC3. TeraHertz

MEGA-GRANT PROJECT AT IITP-RAS (2018-2023)

IFA’2018 ARGELA

5G OPERATOR DEPLOYMENTS: PREAMBLE

12

USA 2019

Europe 2018

USA 2018

Japan 2020

South Korea 2019

Europe 2019-20

5G TRIALS

• Vodafone (Spain), Telefonica (Spain), Deutsche Telekom (Germany), Telefonica DE (Germany), Orange FR (France), Swisscom (Switzerland)

AT&T, SPRINT, T-MOBILE & VERIZON• Start of mobile 5G deployments in 2019

5G LAUNCH SCHEDULE• Telia (Finland: 2019), Telenor (Norway: 2020), EE

(UK: 2020), Germany: 2020, France: 2020, Spain:2020

SK TELECOM• Start of next-generation core deployment in 2019

NTT DOCOMO• 5G launch targeted for 2020

AT&T “5G-EVOLUTION”• LTE-Advanced in reality• 256-QAM• Massive MIMO

IFA’2018 ARGELA

5G OPERATOR DEPLOYMENTS: AT&T (USA)

13

FirstNet• Nationwide public safety broadband platform• Band 14 (700 MHz) spectrum

MOBILE 5G

• Based on mmWave• Equipment: Ericsson, Nokia, and Samsung• Deployment: early 2019 onwards• Locations: 19 cities including Atlanta, Dallas, Charlotte, Oklahoma City

IFA’2018 ARGELA 14

5G OPERATOR DEPLOYMENTS: Verizon Wireless (USA)

• mmWave based fixed-wireless access launched in Oct. 2018

• Not based on 3GPP Release 15 Standard

• Launch cities:• Sacramento, Houston, L.A., and Indianapolis

• Small cells on utilities poles & street lights in several cities incl. Sacramento, San Jose, Santa Cruz, and Boston

• Acquired spectrum in 28 and 39 GHz bands

IFA’2018 ARGELA

5G OPERATOR DEPLOYMENTS: T-Mobile (USA)

15

• Agreement signed with Ericsson for providing 5G NR equipment in Sept. 2018

• mmWave deployment expected to start in late 2018.

• First 5G smartphones in early 2019

• Deployment of mobile 5G in 30 cities in 2019;starting with NYC, LA, Dallas, Vegas.

to cover 2/3 of the US with "over 25-Mbs" by 2021, and 90% by 2024.

600 MHz

Over 600 MHz

IFA’2018 ARGELA

Launch mobile 5G in 6 cities (first half of 2019)

16

• Access to a beautifully designed 5G phone

• In 2019: Deployment of thousands of massive MIMO radios significantly increasing data speeds and network capacity !

• Upgrade existing towers to leverage all 3 spectrum bands (800 MHz, 1.9 GHz and 2.5 GHz)

• Small cells > 100K Sprint Magic Boxes deployed in about 200 cities

CURRENT 5G OPERATOR DEPLOYMENTS: Sprint (USA)

IFA’2018 ARGELA

5G TRIALS IN A RANGE OF SPECTRUM BANDS

17

2%

32%

39%

28%

Sub-1 GHz 1-6 GHz

>6 GHz Unconfirmed bands

Within the 1-6 GHz range, 3.5 GHz has the largest number of trials

Trials in Canada, China, Croatia, Finland,Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania, SaudiArabia, South Korea, Switzerland and UK

Within the >6 GHz range, 26/28 GHz has the largest number of trials

Trials in Argentina, Australia, Canada,Chile, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea,Spain, UK and US

IFA’2018 ARGELA

PRIORITY USE CASES IN 5G DEPLOYMENTS

18

Enhanced Mobile Broadband

Massive IoT URLLC

74%

21% 5%

• Smart Homes• Smart Cities• Smart Buildings• Connected Vehicles• Energy/Utilities• Autonomous Vehicles• Manufacturing and

Logistics

• Advanced AR and VR• Connected and Autonomous Vehicles• Industrial and Vehicular Automation• Mission Critical Broadband (e.g.,

Emergency Services)

• Ultra-fast Internet (Gigabytes/s) • Enhanced Video (4K, 8K, 3D,

360-degree video, ultra HD live streaming on mobile)

• Integrated mobile/video customer experience

• Early Augmented and Virtual Reality • Work and Play in the Cloud

Alternative to Fixed Broadband Connectivity !

Over 5 billion IoT connectionsin the US by 2025

+ Fixed Wireless(launch in 2018)

IFA’2018 ARGELA

A QUICK VIEW INTO THE FUTURE

19

Intelligent Communication Environments

TeraHertz Band Communication

Internet of NanoThings

Internet of BioNanoThingsfor Health Applications

Internet of Space Things/CubeSat Communications

IFA’2018 ARGELA

INTELLIGENT COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENTS

20

Supports only:

λ/2

Normal Reflection

Reflectarrays Metasurfaces

<< λ/2

Additionally supports:

Controlled reflection Polarized reflection Absorption

Enabled byNanotechnology

IFA’2018 ARGELA

EU-FET PROJECT: VisorSurfProgrammable Metasurfaces: (2017-2021)

• FET Project: Very competitive 3%• 6 Million Euro (4 years)• Wireless Com environments with ambient intelligence; NanoMaterials (Graphene & Metamaterials)

• Support of low (1GHz) to very high freqs. incl. 60 GHz-10THz

• Partners: FORTH (Greece), University of Cyprus*, Aalto Univ (Finland), Fraunhofer Institute (Berlin, Germany), UPC (Barcelona, Spain)

http://www.visorsurf.eu

* C. Liaskos, S. Nie, A. Tsioliaridou, A. Pitsillides, S. Ioannidis, I. F. Akyildiz. “A New Wireless Communication Paradigm through Software-controlled Metasurfaces”IEEE Communications Magazine, Sept. 2018.

* C. Liaskos, A. Tsioliaridou, A. Pitsillides, S. Ioannidis, I. F. Akyildiz. “Using any Surface to Realize a New Paradigm for Wireless Communications”Communications of the ACM, Nov. 2018.

Patent applied for. 21

IFA’2018 ARGELA

HYPERSURFACES: PROGRAMMABLE WIRELESS ENVIRONMENTS

Gateway: specifies HW &protocols that enable bidirectional communication between controller NW and external world and communication between the tiles

meta atoms/metallic patches/unit cells

Allows programmer to customize, deploy or retract functionalities on demand via API with appropriate call-backs

Supports SW descriptions of metasurface EM functions

22

IFA’2018 ARGELA

INTERNET OF NANO-THINGSI.F. Akyildiz and J.M. Jornet, “Internet of Nano-Things”, IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, Dec. 2010.

23

Pervasive Nano-Things

Bio-Nano-Things

Molecular Communication

EMCommunication

To Internet

Voice Control

IFA’2018 ARGELA

SCIENTIFIC AMERICA:TOP 10 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES OF 2016

Internet of Things goes NANO

https://www.scientificamerican.com/report/the-top-10-emerging-technologies-of-2016/

24

IFA’2018 ARGELA

CalciumSignaling

Bacteria Communication

MolecularMotors

HormonesInternet

HealthcareProvider

Bio-CyberInterface

INTERNET OF BIO-NANOTHINGS:I.F. AKYILDIZ, M. PIEROBON, S. BALASUBRAMANIAM, Y. KOUCHERYAVY, "THE INTERNET OF BIO-NANOTHINGS”, IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE, MARCH 2015.

Objective:To interconnect the heterogeneous Bio-NanoThings Networks to the Internet

Neurons

25

IFA’2018 ARGELA

INTERNET OF SPACE THINGS

IoST Hub

IoST Hub

IoST Hub

LEO Satellite

LEO Satellite

26

IFA’2018 ARGELA

WHAT IS A CUBESAT?

Small satellites originally used at CalPoly in 1999

Also referred as “nano/micro satellites”

1U = 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm mug size

Can be airborne launched

Original CubeSat Specification27

IFA’2018 ARGELA 28

INTERNET OF SPACE THINGS: ARCHITECTURE

Customer Applications

IoST Hub

CubeSat

Passive Sensing Customer Premises

(Sink)Active Sensing

Ground-satellite Links

Inter-satellite Links

Imaging

Sensor

IFA’2018 ARGELA

IOST-CUBESAT (2018 – 2022)

29

Objective: To develop IoST: A cyber-physical system that expands across ground, air, and space, to enhance and expand the functionalities of wireless communication networks!

NG CubeSat HW Design Operating in Multi-Frequency Bands

SDN/NFV

• System Architecture Design

• Placement and Synchronization of Controllers

• Minimize Control Traffic Overhead

• Cross-layer Resource Allocation

• Automated Device Provisioning

• Multi-frequency Transceiver Design

• Massive and Ultra-Massive MIMO Communications

• Distributed MIMO Communications

• Global Resource Allocation Techniques

• I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet, and S. Nie, “A New CubeSat Design with Reconfigurable Multi-Band Radios for Satellite Communication in Dynamic Spectrum Frequencies”, Patent applied for.

• I. F. Akyildiz and A. Kak, “Internet of Space Things”, Patent applied for.

IFA’2018 ARGELA 30